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Temperature fast change during a step or several steps is required by latest etching process in IC manufacturing. Two methods to reach this requirement was described, and several simulation devices are designed to test the capability. The temperature control unit (TCU) need to provide two different channels coolant with high and low temperature. One method is to switch the different channels connect to main tool electrostatic chuck (ESC). Two different base temperatures can be used for main tool, the heater in the ESC is controlled to get the final temperature. Another is to mix the two different temperatures with motor valves to reach the target temperature. Two types of equipment are developed using the corresponding method. The test devices are introduced, and the test shows transient temperature response of two equipment. Both channels must return to their respective set points with ±1°C variation within 120 seconds. The maximum deviation of supply temperature must below 20℃ when temperature ramp up or ramp down. These TCU can support the latest etching process and the switch or mix test with simulation devices can be used to judge the TCU performance.

We measure the flow regime change of C60 molecular beams, produced by a Knudsen oven with an orifice (diameter, 1 mm; thickness, 0.5 mm), from effusive to transitional. We determine the change temperature to be about 800 K and find an inefficient translational cooling of C60 molecules in the transitional regime. Such an inefficient cooling leads us to modify the velocity distribution function assumed standardly in directed molecular beams. The determined change temperature could be used as a benchmark for estimating the beam regime in experiments involving C60 molecular beams prepared by a Knudsen oven with a thin millimeter-scale orifice.

Indented writing on thermal paper made with either one, two, or three sheets of paper above the thermal paper has been visualized by the controlled application of heat to the thermal paper at temperatures below the paper's normal color change temperature. Indentations created by applying a variable pressure to a steel letter stamp showed that, with one sheet above the thermal paper, indentations were more visible at lower pressures than with either two or three sheets above. Handwriting from 20 volunteers produced indented writing graded with most of the text clear and easy to read for all samples with one sheet above, half the samples with two sheets above and eight samples with three sheets above. Comparison with ESDA showed that, with three sheets above, there was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.01), with heating producing more samples than ESDA with most of the text clear and easy to read.

The implementation of integrated science learning in junior high schools is still not thematic and integrates 21st century learning into the learning process. 21st Century Learning requires students to have literacy skills, knowledge skills, skills and attitudes, and mastery of technology. Increased knowledge, attitudes and skills are caused by the lack of availability of relevant learning resources. One learning resource that can improve 21st-century skills is students’ books. The method used in this study is the model of plomp development which consists of three stages, namely preliminary investigation, Prototyping stage, Assessment phase. The research has reached the Prototyping stage and has been tested for validity. The instrument used in this study is a questionnaire consisting of Aspects of content; Construction Aspect; Language aspects; Integrity aspect.

Automatic analysis of complex rodent social behavior, especially aggressive ones, is of important scientific interest. In this paper we analyze the properties of the data created as a result of aggressive rodent social behavior. Detection of specific aggressive behaviors is based on the event of leaving traces of saliva on the fur of the attacked individual, which are clearly visible in the thermal imaging. The traces change temperature in time in a specific way. After bite, saliva is cooled and then heated to the body temperature. Usage of this method in social behavior analysis ensures detection and tracking aggressive behaviors even if the event itself is invisible.

People who live in a crowded jungle of metropolis are easy getting stressed and extremely need relaxing activities, e.g. gardening. The considerations about limited space, busy day and scarce experience will stop people to take action on gardening. They do need a device to help them taking care of plant, a smart device which is able to remotely control would be popular to the business of interior planting. This demand encouraged many designers to create the modules for interior planting. It also pushes researchers to study how interior planting is able to capture particles, to absorb VOC, to transform CO2, to change temperature and moisture. However, planting module with smart control of indoor air quality is rare until now. So we created an environmental manipulator in which environmental monitoring sensors, planting modules, and remote relays are fused together. This study described the process how we get the optimal design of environmental manipulator under a series of interviews based on Evaluation Grid Method (EGM).

Predator presence causes acute stress in mammals. A prey animal's stress response increases its chance of survival during life-threatening situations through adaptive changes in behavior and physiology. Some components of the physiological stress response can lead to changes in body surface temperatures. Body temperature changes in prey could provide information about prey state to predators that sense heat, such as pit vipers. We determined whether wild rodents undergo a stress-induced change in body surface temperature upon detecting and investigating rattlesnake predators. We staged encounters between free-ranging Merriam's kangaroo rats (Dipodomys merriami) and tethered Mojave rattlesnakes (Crotalus scutulatus) at baited feeding stations, and recorded interactions with a thermal-imaging camera. Kangaroo rats showed a significant change in maximum head temperature, snout temperature, and hind leg temperature during interactions with rattlesnakes. This supports the hypothesis that presence of a predator induces body temperature changes in prey animals. If changes in prey heat signature are detectable by heat-sensitive rattlesnakes, rattlesnakes could use this information to evaluate prey vigilance or arousal before striking; however, more detailed information on the sensory ecology of the pit organ under field conditions is needed to evaluate this possibility.

In the study the results of the thermal effect influence on the measurements of three different analog accelerometer sensors (ADXL335, ADXL327, LIS344ALH) and one digital sensor (MPU-9255) are presented. The measurement data was registered within the -2°C ÷ 65°C temperature range. The first part of the article characterizes the procedure of determining the acceleration for analog and digital sensors. Moreover, the study includes the methods of determining parameters such as Zero-g Offset and sensitivity. The temperature parameters of the accelerometers, such as Sensitivity change vs. Temperature and Zero-g Offset vs. change Temperature, were also determined. The indicators were determined separately for each of the OX, OY, OZ axes for the investigated MEMS sensors. Finally, the obtained results were compared with the parameters guaranteed by the accelerometric sensor manufacturers.

The literature and proper data concerning evaluation of thermoproduction and thermoutput of different regions of the human body are analyzed in the article. The human thermoexchange with environment was assessed in human beings weighing 69–73 kg in special thermocamera. The organism was shown to change temperature of the body tissues in definite limits only by means of thermotransfer without changing thermoproduction and thermoutput. This mechanism can explain the phenomenon of subfebrile temperature in various human diseases.

In long-period running of switch cabinet, the temperature of contact points will be rose by the big contact resistance, poor contact and longtime overloading. Overheat can cause oxidation of contact points and the increasing of contact resistance, and then the contact may be generated the spark and arc discharge. That is a bad circle. So the temperature of contact points can affect the reliability of switch cabinet. For detecting the temperature of contacts and the switch cabinet’s environment in Yanjin transformer substation, we design an Insulated FBG temperature sensor. The surveys of upper reaches indicate that the temperature of moving contact A gets the maximum 32.98°C Aug.20, 2011, the temperature of stationary contact A gets the minimum 5.75°C, and the change temperature between contacts and environment gets the maximum 2.82°C. According to relevant state regulations, the contact’s temperature of 70 °C and temperature’s changes of 35 °C in the case of environment’s temperature below 40°C are Alarm threshold value of switch cabinet.

There is increased use of nuclear energy after the Second World War which results in increase in artificial radioactivity on our planet. The objective of this article is to show the estimated amount of artificial radioactivity on earth surface and its effect by comparing it with the radioactive decay which took place in Hiroshima bombing by 'little boy'. There is estimated amount of 100 trillion curie of radioactivity on earth surface for human use. This man made radioactivity on earth surface has capacity to change temperature of the earth by 0.97 o C if heat is evenly distributed and unfortunately Hiroshima bombing did not stop but continued at rate of 39 'little boy' bombing of the earth per second. Every second 39 atomic bombs of 'little boy' size are dropped. One can see the large amount of bombing taking place on the earth by artificial radioactivity and the bombing should be stopped and further analysis of artificial radioactivity should also be done.

We investigate the temperature dependence and the thickness dependence of anomalous Hall effect (AHE) of TbFeCo ultra-thin films under high magnetic field. The sign change on temperature dependence of AHE in 20nm-thick TbFeCo film with rare-earth (RE) rich composition was observed. The AHE sign at low temperature is negative while it gradually becomes positive as the temperature increases. Moreover, the AHE sign for 5nm-thick TbFeCo film remains positive while that for 50nm-thick TbFeCo film remains negative at temperature in the range from 5 K to 400 K. The similar thickness dependence of AHE in TM-rich samples was also observed. From the mean-field approximation, the sign change temperature in AHE is related to the compensation temperature and the existence of interfacial region, which has the TM-rich composition and the weak anisotropy. Therefore, We clarified that the novel behavior of AHE sign changes in TbFeCo thin films with different thickness can be explained by the interfacial layer with weak anisotropy and two phase model.

A calibration test is described for monitoring the operation of equipment used to develop latent fingerprints on thermal paper by the application of either controlled or uncontrolled heat. A working solution of a water/glycerol emulsion and butylene glycol is applied to thermal paper by means of either a vinyl stamp and pad, or a marker pen. Varying the amount of butylene glycol enables the thermal paper to change color at different temperatures between approximately 40 and 60°C, which is below the normal color change temperature of the paper. The described test may be used to verify the correct operation, at different temperatures, of a controlled heat source during and after fingerprint development (such as the Hot Print System) or to monitor the paper temperature with an uncontrolled heat source (such as a warm air blower), thereby avoiding unintentional coloring of the entire paper surface.

Cyclic phase change involves the successive freezing and melting of a region driven by a boundary temperature that cycles above and below the solid/liquid phase change temperature. In this paper, a recently proposed fixed grid phase change enthalpy method is modified and applied to cyclic solid/liquid phase change problems. The basic approach is demonstrated on application to a one‐dimensional, heat conduction controlled phase change. Then the method is used to investigate a cyclic phase change problem that involves fluid flow. The interaction of the melting and freezing with the phase change leads to some interesting predictions for the location and shape of the solid/liquid interface. The results also indicate that melting cycles are more effective than freezing cycles.

For the distinctive power load and resource characteristics in an area, the relationship is analyzed between regional peak load and typical meteorological factors in summer. The forecasting model for daily peak load in summer is established, considering not only the general meteorological factors such as season, temperature, humidity, precipitation and the continuous sunny days, but also the persistent drought, the average temperature difference, the atmospheric conditions, human comfort and other factors. Particularly, due to the prolonged heat or abrupt change, the forecasting model is revised using the accumulation effect with high temperature and substitute average value for the abrupt change temperature. The calculated results show that the revised forecasting model is more accurate and feasible.

A one-dimensional model for combustion wave propagation in deformed media is proposed taking into account the coherence of the deformation and temperature fields. It is shown that stresses and deformations change temperature profiles in the steady-state combustion wave and the conditions of steady-state combustion wave stability loss. The concept of the thermomechanical loss of combustion wave stability is introduced, which can occur before the thermal loss of combustion stability. It is shown that the coherence of deformation and temperature fields can be the reason for the exponential stability loss.

Performance of wood-stud walls depends on the integrity of nailed connections between the sheathing and the framing members. The performance of nailed connections has been studied at room temperature, but the effects of intense thermal loads, such as those from fire, are still poorly understood. This study examines the temperature distribution within nailed joints exposed to fire; this information is essential in modeling strength and stiffness of connections in wall systems. The finite-element method was used to determine the effects of wood density, nail size, and type of gypsum board on temperature distribution within a set of connections. Temperature distributions were verified in nailed joints exposed in fire tests conducted in accordance with ASTM E119-88. The principal path of heat flow through the connection was along the nail, rather than directly through the interface between gypsum board and wood. Wood species, type of gypsum board, and nail length did not change temperature distribution significantly.

Several organizations independently tested the same lot of 5.56mm ammunition temperature conditioned to -55, 125, and 160 deg F and reported discrepancies in chamber pressures and muzzle velocities. These discrepancies precipitated this investigation into the time required to temperature condition 5.56mm ammunition and the effect of using an unconditioned weapon to fire conditioned ammunition. The unconditioned weapon dramatically affected the temperature of the conditioned ammunition. Substantial changes in the cartridge temperature occurred when the cartridge remained in the chamber, even for a short time. Cartridges loaded into a 30 round magazine took about 3 times as long to change temperature as did single rounds.

For the assessment of Mediterranean temperature under anthropogenically forced climate conditions canonical correlation models are established for the 1948–98 period between highly resolved Mediterranean temperatures and large-scale North-Atlantic–European 1000 hPa-/500 hPa-geopotential height fields. Predictor output from two different global general circulation model runs (ECHAM4/OPYC3 and HadCM3), both forced with B2 scenario assumptions according to the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES), is used to assess Mediterranean temperature changes in the 21st century. The results show a temperature increase for the whole Mediterranean area for all months of the year in the period 2071–2100 compared to 1990–2019. The assessed temperature rise varies depending on region and season, but overall substantial temperature changes of partly more than 4 °C by the end of this century have to be anticipated under enhanced greenhouse warming conditions.

An adaptive composite containing a shape memory alloy as an active component is the subject of the paper. This composite utilizes the unique properties of shape memory alloys (SMA), which change their crystalline structure in response to the change temperature and stress. Previous research shows that the combination of a shape memory alloy as an active and the elastic material as a passive components allows one to improve the properties of the SMA itself (create two-way shape memory) and to engineer a composite material with controlled superelastic properties [1,2].

Listeria monocytogenes is a ubiquitous pathogenic microorganism which has been described as growing at temperatures of interest to food production and especially at low temperatures (-2 degrees to 8 degrees C) in storage process. However, the general relationship between the maximum specific growth rate, mumax and temperature has not often been studied for L. monocytogenes in the whole temperature range from minimal to maximal growth temperature. A global analysis of this relationship for temperatures between -2 degrees C and 42 degrees C was therefore done. The global shape of this relationship was that usually observed for microorganisms, especially in the neighbourhood of the optimal temperature, Topt. But a more detailed study showed the existence of a so-called "change temperature", occurring between 10 degrees and 15 degrees C, below which L. monocytogenes grows faster than one would expect. This implies that the minimal growth temperature of both studied strains of L. monocytogenes is lower than expected.

Europe is warmed by the North Atlantic Current, part of a system of warm and cool ocean currents that is driven by convective overturning at the northern end of the Atlantic. But human emissions of greenhouse gases could change temperature and rainfall patterns enough to stop this circulation, and so radically alter the regional climate. The rate of greenhouse-gas increase may be as important as the final concentrations reached.Europe is warmed by the North Atlantic Current, part of a system of warm and cool ocean currents that is driven by convective overturning at the northern end of the Atlantic. But human emissions of greenhouse gases could change temperature and rainfall patterns enough to stop this circulation, and so radically alter the regional climate. The rate of greenhouse-gas increase may be as important as the final concentrations reached.

Cryomicroscopy is the study, by microscopy, as they happen, of events occurring at subzero temperatures. The techniques employed can be very simple, or extremely complex. In its simplest form, cryomicroscopy consists of sitting a microscope in a cold room. The lack of cold tolerance of most microscopists is a serious limitation to this method, but it is a method with a long and honorable history. A more flexible, and more comfortable, approach is to equip a microscope with a special, temperature-controlled stage. A variety of such stages exists, and many are discussed by Diller (I). The degree of sophistication required in the design of such stages is in part determined by their operational requirements. Stages which are required to have close temperature control, together with an ability to change temperature very rapidly while still maintaining control, are more demanding in their construction. Stages for which the required temperature control is less or which need only produce intermediate rates of controlled temperature change are simpler. The freezing and thawing processes of aqueous biological systems can often be studied using a cryomicroscope. Although simply observing through the microscope can be an entertaining pastime, it is necessary to attempt to identify and characterize at least the key processes. In corn

Measurement of temperature rise (N = 5 replications) in water (1000 ml), chicken frankfurters (46 ± 2 g/frankfurter) and cake cones (40 g/cone) after conventional hot air (160°C) and after microwave (2450 MHz; 50% and 100% power of 645 ± 25 W) processing indicated that temperature rise occurred more often in products heat-processed in microwave than in hot air ovens. Duration and extent of post-processing temperature rise (PPTR) in beef loaf patties (150 g/patty), pork and turkey roasts (approximately 2.3 kg/roast) and turkey casserole (0.9 kg/casserole) prepared in microwave ovens was quantified during three replications. Although present, PPTR should not change temperature objectives for domestic microwave processing of foods because of the extensive variability of duration and extent in PPTR within and among experimental products tested. However, PPTR should be given consideration when commercial products to be processed in microwave ovens and those used in mathematical modeling of microwave cooking/heating procedures are designed.

The thermal conductivity of 15 organic compounds near the melting phase change temperature is studied experimentally. An evaluation of the variation in thermal conductivity accompanying these phase changes is conducted.

We obtain approximate solutions of Stefan's problem for various boundary conditions and for an initial temperature equal to the phase change temperature; the distribution of temperature along a coordinate direction in a region of increasing phase is given in the form of a quadratic expression.

The rabbits anaesthetized with urethane were made hyperthermic under heat stress. Effect of naloxone injected intracerebroventricularly on arterial baroreflex sensitivity (ABS) was investigated. The experimental animals were divided into two groups: the control and the naloxone-treated group. ABS decreased stepwisely in the control group when rectal temperature rose to over 40 °C. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) dropped markedly beyond 42°C. However, in the naloxone-treated group, ABS showed no significant change temperature reached 42°C. but it decreased dramatically at 43°C. Then, MAP was still maintained at about 90 mmHg. The results suggested that the marked reduction of ABS during hyperthermia might be related to endogenous opioid release.