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To solve the problem of valve noise, a multi-hole sleeve valve with secondary pressure-reducing function is presented in this paper. During the flow design of the valve, the flow resistance coefficient of the valve served as an important parameter. Because of two pressure-reducing components assembled to a multi-hole sleeve valve, the flow resistance coefficient of the valve changed. Thus, correction of the flow resistance coefficient had to be affected. In this paper, the relationship between the flow rate and flow resistance coefficient of the valve was first mapped and established. Then, the flow rate of the sleeve was obtained using SolidWorks simulation software. Locally refined finite element mesh technology was applied to the simulation to improve simulation accuracy. A parallel flow test platform for the regulating valve was established, and the flow rate of the multi-hole sleeve valve was detected at different openings, thus, verifying the reliability of the numerical simulation results. Finally, the simulation flow rate of the valve at different openings was substituted into the mapping relationship formula, in this way, the flow resistance coefficient of the sleeve valve was obtained. By using the modified flow resistance coefficient, the flow rate characteristics of the multi-hole, secondary pressure-reducing sleeve valve were efficiently and accurately established.

The biological chemistry would be responsible for the meat quality. This study tried to investigate the transcript expression profile and explain the characteristics of differentially expressed genes between the Wujin and Landrace pigs. The results showed that 526 differentially expressed genes were found by comparing the transcript expression profile of muscle tissue between Wujin and Landrace pigs. Among them, 335 genes showed up-regulations and 191 genes showed down-regulations in Wujin pigs compared with the Landrace pigs. Gene ontology (GO) analysis indicated that the differentially expressed genes were clustered into three groups involving in protein synthesis, energy metabolism and immune response. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis found that these differentially expressed genes participated in protein synthesis metabolism, energy metabolism and immune response pathway. The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) analysis of protein function and protein domains function also confirmed that differentially expressed genes belonged to protein synthesis, energy metabolism and immune response. Genes related protein synthesis metabolism pathway in Landrace was higher than in Wujin pigs. However, differentially expressed genes related energy metabolism and immune response was up-regulated in Wujin pigs compared with Landrace pigs. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR on selected genes was used to confirm the results from the microarray. These suggested that the genes related to protein synthesis, energy metabolism and immune response would contribute to the growth performance, meat quality as well as anti-disease capacity.

Data centers comprised of racks and corresponding servers form the backbone of today’s cloud computing. Continuous operation of large numbers of servers can generate large amounts of heat which in turn requires high capacity cooling systems. These cooling systems can consume a significant portion of the energy required to run a data center and can negatively impact data center efficiency. With increasing operational costs, the data center industry has started to actively search for efficiency improvements to slow down the rising cost of running services. One of the most prominent ways to cut power consumption is free cooling, which uses outside air for cooling IT equipment completely or part of the time. This system is often used in colder climates and requires less energy since it doesn’t use compressors for cooling incoming air. This paper presents an evaluation of Shanghai as a data center location. As temperature affects data center cooling consumption, focus of the paper is on evaluating optimal operating conditions for local data centers.

Porcine skeletal muscle genes play a major role in determining muscle growth and meat quality. Construction of a full-length cDNA library is an effective way to understand the expression of functional genes in muscle tissues. In addition, novel genes for further research could be identified in the library. In this study, we constructed a full-length cDNA library from porcine muscle tissue. The estimated average size of the cDNA inserts was 1 076 bp, and the cDNA fullness ratio was 86.2%. A total of 1 058 unique sequences with 342 contigs (32.3%) and 716 singleton (67.7%) expressed sequence tags (EST) were obtained by clustering and assembling. Meanwhile, 826 (78.1%) ESTs were categorized as known genes, and 232 (21.9%) ESTs were categorized as unknown genes. 65 novel porcine genes that exhibit no identity in the TIGR gene index of Sus scrofa and 124 full-length sequences with unknown functions were deposited in the dbEST division of GenBank (accession numbers: EU650784-EU650788, GE843306, GH228978-GH229100). The abundantly expressed genes in porcine muscle tissue were related to muscle fiber development, energy metabolism and protein synthesis. Gene ontology analysis showed that sequences expressed in porcine muscle tissue contained a high percentage of binding activity, catalytic activity, structural molecule activity and motor activity, which involved mainly in metabolic, cellular and developmental process, distributed mainly in intracellular region. The sequence data generated in this study would provide valuable information for identifying porcine genes expressed in muscle tissue and help to advance the study on the structure and function of genes in pigs.

A data center energy-saving system and method based on virtual IT technology resource distribution technology is proposed in this paper. Through monitoring virtual environment resources in data center, the limited IT resources can be dynamically migrated and the auxiliary equipment resources such as air conditioner can be rationally managed. Then the resources can be reasonably and efficiently allocated by monitoring the virtual environment. With a closed-loop feedback control mechanism, it effectively improves the utilization of data center resources, and ultimately achieves the operation and maintenance for data center of green energy-saving target. This method was implemented in a true data center for cloud computing. Test results show that the total energy consumption of this system can be reduced by 13%, and the power usage effectiveness drops to 1.5.

Server refers to one special computer providing users with the management of resources and services. Opposed to an ordinary PC, server demands much higher stability, security, performance and etc., hence the hardware including CPU, chipset, memory, disk system, and network set is different from PC.

Pu-erh tea has shown anti-obesity effects but little is known about its effect on proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes. This study investigated the effects of the aqueous extracts of raw pu-erh tea and ripened pu-erh tea on proliferation and differentiation of murine 3T3-L1 preadiopocytes. We examined dose and time effects of both aqueous extracts on proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The contents of triglycerides in cytoplasm and the mRNA expression of critical transcriptional factors involved in differentiation were determined. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis rate of preadipocytes by pu-erh tea extracts treatment were test for toxic and pro-apoptotic effects. Both aqueous extracts of pu-erh tea inhibited the proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes at the selected time points. At lower concentration of raw pu-erh tea extracts (less than 300 µg/ml) and ripened pu-erh tea extracts (less than 350 µg/ml), no significant cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic were observed. Ripened pu-erh tea was more effective with lower IC50 than raw pu-erh tea. Both extracts suppressed the differentiation and down-regulated the gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins-α. Therefore, these results indicate that both aqueous extracts of pu-erh tea can inhibit proliferation and differentiation with ripened pu-erh tea more potent. Polyphenol rich in both extracts may play a role in the inhibition of proliferation and differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.

It is the largest specification effort ever in the history of PICMC association, which contains more than 100 companies participating, to work on ATCA technique. To be named as AdvancedTCA (ATCA), it is officially called PICMG 3.x protocol, which was stipulated by the PICMG organization in Dec, 2002. It is mainly targeted to achieve requirements for the next generation of "carrier grade" equipments, widely now used in telecommunication core or access networks [1].

Xuanwei style ham is one of the famous dry-cured hams in the world. The influences of different ingredients and processing techniques on sensory properties, brine diffusing rate, chemical composition and hygienic quality of Xuanwei style cured ham were studied. Modified cured ham processing techniques were employed in this study. Massaging of green ham and injection of curing solution improved brine diffusing rate (P 0.05). PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The paper studied the Chinese famous Xuanwei dry-cured ham, modified curing ingredient and processing techniques of Xuanwei ham are beneficial for improving the ham quality and important to shorten the traditional cured ham processing procedure such as longer processing time and seasonal processing method to adapt to the new industrial procedures of manufacturing and marketing of Xuanwei cured ham.

Twenty castrated male goats, each of Yun-Ling Black goats (YLB goat), N × YLB hybrid goats (Nubian ♂× Yun-Ling Black goats♀) and B × YLB hybrid goats (Boer ♂× Yun-Ling Black goats♀), were used to evaluate the effect of crossbreeding on the meat chemical composition in the YLB goats of China. After weaning of 90 days, all the experimental goats were reared on natural pasture when they were slaughtered at an age of 730 days. The longissimus dorsi (LD) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles were sampled from each carcass to determine chemical compositions. Both hybrid goats had higher protein content (P＜0.01) and lower fat content (P＜0.05) than the YLB goats in the two types of muscle. The inosinic acid contents of LD muscle for the YLB goats and the B×YLB hybrid goats were significantly higher (P＜0.05) than that for the N×YLB hybrid goats. The LD muscle from the YLB goats contained higher essential amino acid (P＜0.01), total amino acid (P＜0.01), and some individual amino acid (P＜0.05) than those from the hybrid goats. The concentration of unsaturated fatty acid (USFA) of LD muscle from the N×YLB hybrid goats was significantly higher than the other two goat breeds (P＜0.05) but did not differ between the other two goat breeds (P＞0.05). The YLB goats had significantly higher (P＜0.05) concentrations of oleic acid (C18:1) and linolenic acid (C18:3) of LD muscle than the hybrid goats, had significantly higher (P＜0.05) proportion of mono-unsaturated (Sum for C16:1 and C18:1) than the B×YLB hybrid goats, and tended to be higher than the N×YLB hybrid goats (P＞0.05). In contrast, the proportion of poly-unsaturated in the YLB goats was significantly lower (P＜0.05) than that in the hybrid goats.

An immense amount of information has now accrued about the factors that influence the increment of heat and the efficiency with which the energy of food is used by different animal species. Heat increment is one of the major factors that decrease the efficiency of energy utilization. In growing animals, the free energy content of the basal ATP requirement is typically about one-third of dietary basal heat production (thermogenesis). Thermogenesis is an evolutionary and biologically significant mechanism for adaptive, homeostatic heat production in animals, including shivering thermogenesis (ST), nonshivering thermogenesis (NST), diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT), febrile response (fever), and so on. The main focus of this review is on the effect of DIT on energy metabolism.

This study was to investigate the regulation of monoclonal antibodies against adipocyte membrane proteins (McAb) on lipid metabolism in pigs. Forty Landrace x Saba pigs were randomly divided into eight groups; the control group was given 10 mL saline and the treat groups were given monoclonal antibody against adipocyte-specific membrane protein with 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg kg −1 body weight at 15 and 60 kg body weight, respectively, by intraperitoneal injection. The results showed that McAb could increase, significantly, serum lipoprotein lipase activity and reduce serum nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) content. Meanwhile, McAb increased content of serum lipid, triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (CHO), high density lipoprotein (HDL), and low density lipoprotein (LDL) both at 15 and 60 kg body weight. However, McAb affected more significantly the lipid metabolism at 15 kg body weight than at 60 kg body weight. Moreover, this effect of McAb on lipid metabolism exhibited dose-dependent effect. These results suggested that this monoclonal antibody increased lipase activity, promoted lipolysis, and utilization of lipid so that McAb could be applied to restrain excessive fat deposition in porcine production through the regulation of fat metabolism.

To detect the effects of the polyclonal antibodies raised in sheep against porcine adipocyte plasma membranes on the porcine carcass composition and meat quality, 30 pigs assigned into 6 treatment groups were given intraperitoneal injections of sheep antipig adipocyte plasma membrane immunoglobulin (ASIg) or sheep nonimmune serum immunoglobulin (NSIg). At the end of the experiment, the pigs were slaughtered at 90 kg body weight, and carcasses and meat quality were evaluated. The results showed that when pigs intraperitoneally immunized with 20 or 30 mg ASIg at 15 kg body weight, 20 mg purified ASIg twice at 15 and 60 kg body weight, or 20 mg purified ASIg at 60 kg body weight, respectively, their lean meat percentage, fat meat percentage, backfat thickness, loin eye area leaf fat weight, caul fat weight, heart weight, liver weight, and kidney weight were significantly affected. However, the kidney weight, lung weight, dressing percentage, and spleen weight did not remarkably change. Our results indicated that pigs intraperitoneally immunized with 20 or 30 mg ASIg at 15 kg body weight, and 20 mg ASIg twice at 15 and 60 kg body weight, have significantly different drip loss rate, cooked meat ratio, tenderness, storage loss rate, muscle fiber diameter, moisture content, dry matter content, crude protein content, and crude fat content from the control group that received 20 mg NSIg at 15 kg body weight. However, meat pH, meat color value, meat marbling score, inosinate, and myohemoglobin were not significantly affected. Our results indicated ASIg could not significantly affect the content of most muscular amino acids and intramuscular fatty acids.

The current methods for differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes start with growth arrest by contact inhibition. However, on day 6, 3T3-L1 preadipocytes reliably detach and differentiation could no longer proceed. In the present study, we used serum starvation to induce growth arrest in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and investigated their differentiation by the modified hormonal adipogenic cocktail. About 85% of 3T3-L1 cells were in G0/G1 stage under serum deprivation. There were no significant difference between the percentage of cells in G0/G1 phase under these serum deprivation condition and that of post-confluent cells. Growth assays indicated that cells under serum starvation condition grew slow, two-days later than growing and post-confluent cells. We determined that 0.5% FBS for 48 h was the optimal condition to arrest 3T3-L1 cells at the G0/G1 phase. The grow-arrested 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were induced to differentiation by hormonal adipogenic cocktail. After 19 days of differentiation, over 90% 3T3-L1 cells exhibited adipocyte morphology with ring-like lipid droplet in cytoplasm. The mRNA levels of critical transcriptional factor CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins-α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ were determined to validate the differentiation. These results indicated that serum starvation effectively arrested the growth of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and prevented cells from detachemnt caused by contact inhibition at confluence. Furthermore, growth arrested 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by serum starvation successfully differentiated into adipocytes by the hormonal adipogenic cocktail. Key words: Cell cycle, detachment, differentiation, growth arrest, preadipocytes, serum starvation

Pu-erh tea has shown anti-obesity effects but little is known about its effect on proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes. This study investigated the effects of the aqueous extracts of raw pu-erh tea and ripened pu-erh tea on proliferation and differentiation of murine 3T3-L1 preadiopocytes. We examined dose and time effects of both aqueous extracts on proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The contents of triglycerides in cytoplasm and the mRNA expression of critical transcriptional factors involved in differentiation were determined. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis rate of preadipocytes by pu-erh tea extracts treatment were test for toxic and pro-apoptotic effects. Both aqueous extracts of pu-erh tea inhibited the proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes at the selected time points. At lower concentration of raw pu-erh tea extracts (less than 300 µg/ml) and ripened pu-erh tea extracts (less than 350 µg/ml), no significant cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic were observed. Ripened pu-erh tea was more effective with lower IC50 than raw pu-erh tea. Both extracts suppressed the differentiation and down-regulated the gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins-α. Therefore, these results indicate that both aqueous extracts of pu-erh tea can inhibit proliferation and differentiation with ripened pu-erh tea more potent. Polyphenol rich in both extracts may play a role in the inhibition of proliferation and differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.

The antiobesity and antihyperlipidaemic effects of pu-erh tea in rats with high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity were investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups and fed varying diets for an 8-week period: control diet, HFD, and HFD supplemented with low, moderate or high doses of pu-erh tea extract (0.5 g, 2 g and 4 g/kg BW/day, respectively). Pu-erh tea significantly reduced the total body weight and the weight of various adipose pads. Pu-erh tea administration also significantly lowered plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride concentrations and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels in rats with HFD-induced obesity, but did not affect high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels. Moreover, pu-erh tea significantly increased lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase activities in epididymal fat tissue in rats with HFD-induced obesity. Analysis of real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction results indicated that pu-erh tea significantly enhanced mRNA levels of hormone-sensitive lipase in rats with HFD-induced obesity. These results suggest that pu-erh tea attenuated visceral fat accumulation and improved hyperlipidemia in a rat model of HFD-induced obesity.

Paneth cells are important effectors of intestinal innate immunity. It has been generally accepted that Paneth cells do not participate in the synthesis of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) or the secretion of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the small intestine. However, we have previously shown that pIgR is specifically localized in Paneth cells of the rat small intestine. We therefore investigated the possibility that pIgR is also localized in human Paneth cells.Double-labeled fluorescent immunohistochemistry and double-labeled fluorescent in situ hybridization were used to determine RNA and protein expression in normal human small intestine.Both pIgR mRNA and protein were colocalized with lysozyme in normal human Paneth cells. Furthermore, IgA was colocalized with lysozyme in the secretory granules of human Paneth cells.This is the first study to demonstrate that pIgR and IgA are colocalized in the secretory granules of human Paneth cells. These findings suggest that, in addition to their well-recognized role in innate immunity, Paneth cells are involved in IgA-mediated acquired immunity in the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, these results add to accumulating evidence that Paneth cells participate in intestinal inflammation.