Search

Objective This study was conducted to investigate the effect of corn grain particle size on ruminant fermentation and blood metabolites in Holstein steers fed total mixed ration (TMR) as a basal diet to explain fundamental data of corn grain for cattle in Korea. Methods Four ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (body weight 592±29.9 kg) fed TMR as a basal diet were housed individually in an auto temperature and humidity modulated chamber (24°C and 60% for 22 h/d). Treatments in a 4×4 Latin square design were TMR only (control), TMR with whole corn grain (WC), coarsely ground corn grain (CC), and finely ground corn grain (FC), respectively. The corn feeds substituted for 20% energy intake of TMR intake. To measure the ruminal pH, ammonia N, and volatile fatty acids (VFA), ruminal digesta was sampled through ruminal cannula at 1 h intervals after the morning feeding to determine ruminal fermentation characteristics. Blood was sampled via the jugular vein after the ruminal digesta sampling. Results There was no difference in dry matter (DM) intake between different corn particle size because the DM intake was restricted to 1.66% of body weight. Different corn particle size did not change mean ammonia N and total VFA concentrations whereas lower (p

We hypothesized that supplementing finishing diets with palm oil would promote adipogenic gene expression but depress stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) gene expression in intramuscular (i.m.) adipose tissues of Hanwoo steers during fattening period (from 16 to 32 mon of age). Fourteen Hanwoo steers were allotted randomly to 2 groups of 7 steers based on initial BW and fed either a basal diet (control) or the basal diet supplemented with 5% palm oil (BDSP). At slaughter, i.m. adipose tissue was harvested for analysis of adipogenic gene expression and fatty acid composition. There were no differences in BW or average daily gain between treatment groups. Supplemental palm oil had no effect on carcass quality traits (carcass weight, backfat thickness, loin muscle area, or marbling scores) or meat color values. Palm oil increased (p

Four ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (BW 482.9 ± 8.10 kg), fed low protein TMR (CP 11.7%) as a basal diet, were used to investigate changes in rumen fermentation and blood metabolism according to protein fraction, cornell net carbohydrates and protein system (CNCPS), and enriched feeds. The steers, arranged in a 4 × 4 Latin square design, consumed TMR only (control), TMR supplemented with rapeseed meal (AB1), soybean meal (B2), and perilla meal (B3C), respectively. The protein feeds were substituted for 23.0% of CP in TMR. Ruminal pH, ammonia-N, and volatile fatty acids (VFA) in rumen digesta, sampled through ruminal cannula at 1 h-interval after the morning feeding, were analyzed. For plasma metabolites analysis, blood was sampled via the jugular vein after the rumen digesta sampling. Different N fraction-enriched protein feeds did not affect (p > 0.05) mean ruminal pH except AB1 being numerically lower 1 - 3 h post-feeding than the other groups. Mean ammonia-N was statistically (p < 0.05) higher for AB1 than for the other groups, but VFA did not differ among the groups. Blood urea nitrogen was statistically (p < 0.05) higher for B2 than for the other groups, which was rather unclear due to relatively low ruminal ammonia-N. This indicates that additional studies on relationships between dietary N fractions and ruminant metabolism according to different levels of CP in a basal diet should be required.

An in vitro trial was conducted to examine the effects of total mixed rations (TMR) on fermentation characteristics and effective degradability (ED) by rumen microbes. Three TMR diets were growing period TMR (GR-TMR, 67% TDN), early fattening period TMR (EF-TMR, 75.4% TDN) and late fattening TMR (LF-TMR, 80% TDN). Three TMR diets (3 g of TMRs in each incubation bottles) was added to the mixed culture solution of stained rumen fluid with artificial saliva (1:1, v/v) and incubated anaerobically for 48 hours at 39℃. The pH in all incubation solutions tended to decrease up to 48h, but the opposite results were found in concentration of total gas production, ammonia-N and total VFA in all incubations.The total gas production (p＜0.05) in LF-TMR was highest compared with those of other diets. Also, concentration of total VFA was tended to increase in LF-TMR compared with other TMR diets in all incubations. The EDDM in both EF-TMR and LF-TMR was tended to high compared with GR-TMR (p=0.100). In this in vitro trials, concentration of propionate in all incubation solution was not affected by increased concentration of TDN. The results of the present in vitro study indicate that TMR may provide more favorable condition for nutrient digestion both in the rumen.

Four ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (BW 401.0 ± 2.22 kg) fed TMR containing low protein (CP 9.63 %) as a basal diet were used to investigate the effects of cornell net carbohydrates and protein system (CNCPS) fraction enriched protein feeds on rumen fermentation and blood metabolites. The steers used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design consumed TMR only (control), TMR with rapeseed meal (AB1), TMR with soybean meal (B2) and TMR with perilla meal (B3C), respectively. The protein feeds were substituted for 30 % crude protein of TMR intake. For measuring ruminal pH, ammonia-N and volatile fatty acids (VFA), ruminal digesta was sampled through ruminal cannula at 1 h-interval after the afternoon feeding. Blood was sampled via the jugular vein after the ruminal digesta sampling. Different CNCPS fraction-enriched proteins did not affect (p>0.05) ruminal pH except B3C being numerically low compared with the other groups. Ammonia-N and VFA were not significantly different among the experimental groups. Numerically low ammonia-N appeared in the steers fed rapeseed meal even though it contained high soluble N composition (A and B1 fractions). The discrepancy is unclear; however this may be related to low protein level in the diet and/or low DM intake. Blood metabolites were not significantly affected by the protein substitution except for blood urea nitrogen that was significantly (p

We previously demonstrated that bovine subcutaneous preadipocytes promote adipogenic gene expression in muscle satellite cells in a co-culture system. Herein we hypothesize that saturated fatty acids would promote adipogenic/lipogenic gene expression, whereas mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids would have the opposite effect. Bovine semimembranosus satellite cells (BSC) and intramuscular preadipocytes (IPA) were isolated from crossbred steers and cultured with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS)/Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) and 1% antibiotics during the 3-d proliferation period. After proliferation, cells were treated for 3 d with 3% horse serum/DMEM (BSC) or 5% FBS/DMEM (IPA) with antibiotics. Media also contained 10 μg/mL insulin and 10 μg/mL pioglitazone. Subsequently, differentiating BSC and IPA were cultured in their respective media with 40 μM palmitic, stearic, oleic, or linoleic acid for 4 d. Finally, BSC and IPA were single- or co-cultured for an additional 2 h. All fatty acid treatments increased (p = 0.001) carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 beta (CPT1β) gene expression, but the increase in CPT1β gene expression was especially pronounced in IPA incubated with palmitic and stearic acid (6- to 17- fold increases). Oleic and linoleic acid decreased (p = 0.001) stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) gene expression over 80% in both BSC and IPA. Conversely, palmitic and stearic acid increased SCD gene expression three fold in co-cultured in IPA, and stearic acid increased AMPKα gene expression in single- and co-cultured BSC and IPA. Consistent with our hypothesis, saturated fatty acids, especially stearic acid, promoted adipogenic and lipogenic gene expression, whereas unsaturated fatty acids decreased expression of those genes associated with fatty acid metabolism.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding seleniferous whole crop barley silage (WCBS) on the growth performance, blood and carcass characteristics, and tissue selenium deposition infinishing Hanwoo steers. A total of 20 growing Hanwoo steers were selected and assigned to one of the following feed groups: control (0.1 ppm Se), T1 (0.3 ppm Se), T2 (0.9 ppm Se), and T3 (0.9 ppm of inorganic Se). Five steers were allocated to each treatment group, and the trial lasted for 90 days. All experimental diets combined seleniferous and/or non-seleniferous WCBS up to a ratio of 30%. For the T3 diet, 0.9 ppm Se in the form of sodium selenite was added to the control diet. Dietary level and type of selenium did not affect feed intake and body weight gain. Blood total lipid and triglyceride concentrations were significantly (p

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of indigenous herbal supplements on growth, blood metabolites and carcass characteristics in the late fattening period of Hanwoo steers. In a 6 month feeding trial, thirty Hanwoo steers (647±32 kg) were allotted to one of 5 treatment groups, control (basal diet contained lasalocid), licorice, clove, turmeric and silymarin, with six steers per pen. All groups received ad libitum concentrate and 1 kg rice straw/animal/d throughout the feeding trial. Blood samples were collected at the beginning, middle, and the end of the experiment and the steers were slaughtered at the end. Blood glucose, triglyceride, total protein, and albumin concentrations were higher in the turmeric treatment compared with other treatments. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations were highest (p

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of supplementation of high linoleic (C18:2) oil or high linolenic (C18:3) oil to the diet on milking performance and content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers in goat milk fat. Forty five dairy goats (Sumnen, 25 d post-partum, 62.5±1.2 kg) were randomly assigned to three treatment groups with each group of 15 dairy goats. The goats were fed a basal diet (CON) consisting 1.2 kg concentrate and 1.2 kg chopped hay (0.6 chopped alfalfa and 0.6 kg hay) daily with 4% soybean oil (SO) or 4% linseed oil (LO). Daily feed intake was not influenced (p>0.05) but daily milk yield (p

We hypothesized that supplementing finishing diets with palm oil would promote adipocyte differentiation in subcutaneous adipose tissue of feedlot steers, and that soybean oil supplementation would depress adipocyte differentiation. Twenty-eight Angus steers were assigned randomly to 3 groups of 9 or 10 steers and fed a basal diet without additional fat (control), with 3% palm oil (rich in palmitic acid), or with 3% soybean oil (rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids), for 10 wk, top-dressed daily. Palm oil had no effect (P > 0.05) on ADG, food intake, or G:F, whereas soybean oil depressed ADG (P = 0.02), food intake (P = 0.04), and G:F (P = 0.05). Marbling scores tended (P = 0.09) to be greater in palm oil-fed steers (Modest(09)) than in soybean oil-fed steers (Small(55)). Subcutaneous adipocyte mean volume was greater in palm oil-fed steers (515.9 pL) than in soybean-supplemented cattle (395.6 pL; P = 0.01). Similarly, glucose and acetate incorporation into total lipids in vitro was greater in subcutaneous adipose tissue of palm oil-fed steers (119.9 and 242.8 nmol·3h(-1)·10(5) cells, respectively) than adipose tissue of soybean oil-fed steers in (48.9 and 95.8 nmol·3h(-1)·10(5) cells, respectively). Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADP-malate dehydrogenase activities were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in subcutaneous adipose tissue of palm oil-fed steers than in adipose tissue of control steers. Palm oil did not increase palmitic acid or decrease oleic acid in subcutaneous adipose tissue or LM, but decreased (P ≤ 0.05) myristoleic, palmitoleic, and cis-vaccenic acid in adipose tissue, indicating a depression in stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase activity. Soybean oil increased the proportion of α-linolenic acid in adipose tissue and muscle and increased linoleic acid and 18:1trans-10 in muscle. We conclude that palm oil supplementation promoted lipid synthesis in adipose tissue without depressing feed efficiency or increasing the palmitic acid content of beef.

Objective: Using medicinal plant by-products (MPBP) as feed additives may be an eco-friendly option as substitutes for feedstuffs and may assist in reducing the improper disposal of MPBP. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the influences of MPBP on the meat quality of Hanwoo steers fed a total mixed ration (TMR). Methods: Twenty seven steers (body weight = 573+/-57 kg) were randomly divided into three treat-ments with a control group and two tested groups as follows: control, 1,000 g/kg TMR; treatment 1 (MPBP30), 970 g/kg TMR and 30 g/kg MPBP; treatment 2 (MPBP50), 950 g/kg TMR and 50 g/kg MPBP. Results: Average daily gain, feed conversion ratio and the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage L* of muscle were improved (p

The effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) feeding on growth performance and fatty acid profiles in thigh meat of broiler chicken was investigated using meta-analysis with a total of 9 studies. Overall effects were calculated by standardized mean differences between treatment (CLA fed) and control using Hedges's adjusted g from fixed and random effect models. Meta-regression was conducted to evaluate the effect of CLA levels. Subgroups in the same study were designated according to used levels of CLA, CP levels or substituted oils in diets. The effects on final body weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were investigated as growth parameters. Total saturated and unsaturated fatty acid concentrations and C16:0, C18:0, C18:2 and C18:3 concentrations in thigh meat of broiler chicken were used as fatty acid profile parameters. The overall effect of CLA feeding on final weight was negative and it was only significant in fixed effect model (p

The present study has been conducted to investigate the effects of feeding seleniferous whole crop barley (WCB) to fin-ishing pigs on their growth performance, blood and carcass characteristics as well as on tissue selenium deposition. A totalof 40 cross-bred barrows ((Landrace×Yorkshire)×Duroc) were allotted to five replicates of four treatments. Each replicatewas arranged to 2 pigs per pen; the experimental period lasted for 6 weeks. The finishing pigs were fed diets containing 0.1(non-seleniferous WCB as a control), 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 ppm of selenium (Se) by supplementing the diets with seleniferousWCB. The isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets containing 5% non-seleniferous or seleniferous WCB were formulated. Feed-ing seleniferous WCB did not affect ( p

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) maintains energy homeostasis in skeletal muscle. Nonetheless, its functional role on protein synthesis with different nutrient availability has not been elucidated. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the effect of AMPK activity on protein content in C2C12 myotubes incubated with low (5 mM; LG) or high (25 mM; HG) glucose media. LG stimulated (p

A feeding experiment with 15 lactating goats and 3 dietary treatments was conducted to investigate supplementation of safflower or linseed oil on milk production and the fatty acid (FA) profile of blood plasma and milk, and to measure the mRNA abundance of stearyl CoA desaturase (SCD), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) in mammary biopsies. Goats were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups with five goats per treatment consisting of a basal diet supplemented with chopped alfalfa hay at a level of 299.9 g/kg (dry matter (DM) basis) as the control (CON); CON diet mixed with safflower oil (50 g/kg of TMR DM) as a source of C18:2 (SO) or linseed oil (50 g/kg of TMR DM) as a source of C18:3 (LO). The experiment lasted 8 wks which included a 2 wk adjustment period. Milk fat yield (P

Present study was performed to investigate the effect of single and co-culture of adipocyte and muscle cell lines on cell differentiation. 3T3-L1 (adipocyte) and L6 (muscle) cell lines were single-cultured on the condition of 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS)/Dulbeco's modified eagle's medium (DMEM) for 48 h followed by culture within 5% FBS/DMEM as a growth media. Then, the growth media was replaced by differentiation media composed of 2% FBS/DMEM without additives in single- or co-culture of the 3T3-L1 and the L6 cells to induce differentiation of both cell types. In co-culture system, the 3T3-L1 and the L6 cells were grown in separated places by being seeded on a 0.4 μm insert membrane and on the bottom of 6 well plate, respectively. Cell differentiation was measured using morphological investigation and cytosolic analysis of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH; for 3T3-L1) and creatine kinase (CK; for L6). Based on the GPDH results, the presence of L6 cells did not stimulate 3T3-L1 differentiation showing more differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells in the single-culture compared to the co-culture condition. In contrast, 3T3-L1 cells in the co-culture promoted differentiation of L6 cells. Enzymatic analysis supported this result showing that 3T3-L1 cells showed statistically (P

This study was conducted to investigate the feeding fermented agro-industrial by-products on estimating the productivity and nutrient utilization of fattening black goats. Four experimental groups were set up with each of 6 animals for a 30 days feeding trial on growth performance and 12 black goats on nutrient digestibility were allocated to 4 groups of 3 animals each by latin-square design, control (offered concentrate and rice straw) and 3 treatment groups (offered fermentation feed and rice straw). Average daily gain (ADG) showed a significant high in control group, T3 was lower than other groups (p

Department of Animal Science, Gyeongsang National University, KoreaABSTRACTThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of grain sources on the ruminal methane production in Hanwoo steers. Six Hanwoo steers(BW = 614.4 ± 8.3kg) were fed, on a DM basis(TDN 6.91kg), 10% rice straw and 90% barley or corn based concentrate, respectively, according to Korean Feeding Standards(Hanwoo). Each period lasted 18 days including a 14-day adaptation and a 4-day measuring period. The steers were in the ventilated hood-type respiration chamber system(one cattle per chamber) during each measuring period to measure heat and methane production for 1 day. Nutrient intake and digestibility were not affected by steer fed grain sources. Methane concentration was not affected by steer fed either barley or corn-based concentrate, respectively(0.022% vs. 0.025%). Methane production was greater by steers fed corn than those fed barley(119.3 g/day vs. 139.4g/day). This result indicated that methane emission factor by maintenance energy requirement for the late fattening Hanwoo fed corn was higher than the steers fed barley(43.6kg/head/year) vs. corn(50.9kg/head/year). Methane conversion rate (Ym) was 0.04 Ym and 0.05 Ym for barley and corn, respectively. (Key words :Barley, Corn, Methane)

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of soluble protein supplements on concentration of soluble non-ammonia nitrogen (SNAN) in the liquid phase of ruminal (RD) and omasal digesta (OD) of Korean native steers, and to investigate diurnal pattern in SNAN concentration in RD and OD. Three ruminally cannulated Korean native steers in a 3x3 Latin square design consumed a basal diet of rice straw and corn-based concentrate (control), and that supplemented (kg/d DM basis) with intact casein (0.24; IC) or acid hydrolyzed casein (0.46; AHC). Ruminal digesta was sampled using a vacuum pump, whereas OD was collected using an omasal sampling system at 2.0 h intervals after a morning feeding. The SNAN fractions (free amino acid (AA), peptide and soluble protein) in RD and OD were assessed using the ninhydrin assay. Concentrations of free AA and total SNAN in RD were significantly (p

This study was conducted to examine the effects of glucose, chromium picolinate (CrP), and vitamin C (Vit C) on lipid metabolism in Korean native steers fitted with indwelling catheters. A total of 12 Korean native steers were randomly allocated to the following treatments: 1) normal control diet, 2) same as 1) +250 g of glucose by intravenous (IV) infusion, 3) same as 2)+13.5 g CrP administered orally, and 4) same as 3)+2.52 g Vit C by IV infusion. Glucose, Vit C, and CrP treatments were administered for five days. At days 1 and 3, serum insulin was higher in treated animals than in those fed the control diet (p

Multiparous Hanwoo cull cows have been generally regarded to have poor meat quality compared to young and primiparous Hanwoo in Korea, and there have been few studies attempting to understand various feeding programs for the multiparous Hanwoo cull cow. In this study, the effects of a feeding program consisting of two different diets for multiparous Hanwoo cull cows on meat production and quality were tested in comparison to a commercially used diet. Diets for treatment consisted of two levels of crude protein contents, 14.28% and 12.70% for early fattening and finishing, respectively. For a control, commercially used fattening feed (12.39% crude protein) was used. Feeding trials were performed at three different farms. In farm A, 29 herds of multiparous Hanwoo cull cows were used for the treatment group and 3 herds for the control. In farms B and C, the number of animal herds for treatment and control were 8 vs. 3 and 11 vs. 4 herds, respectively. Experiment diets were fed for an average of 211 days and in treatment, early fattening diet was fed for 4 months and then finishing feed was fed until slaughter. Average daily gains, thickness of back fat, area of Longissimus dorsi, carcass weight, index of carcass weight, intramuscular fat, meat color and texture were analyzed after slaughter. Random effect model [8] was employed in effect analysis. Positive effects of treatment were found in terms of average daily gain, back fat thickness, Longissimus dorsi area, carcass weight, and intramuscular fat. Carcass yield index, meat color and texture showed a negative effect. In this study, significant results were not found in all factors analyzed because the variance between experiment farms was large, however the 90% confidence interval of summary effects of ADG, back fat thickness, Longissimus dorsi area and carcass weight were significant and that of carcass yield index, intramuscular fat, meat color and texture were less so. Conclusively, a high protein diet fed early during the fattening period in multiparous Hanwoo cull cows could have positive effects on meat production.

We proposed that stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activity dictates fatty acid composition of adipose tissue and muscle in beef cattle, regardless of ruminal or hepatic fatty acid hydrogenation or desaturation. Twelve Angus steers were assigned to a calf-fed (CF) group and slaughtered at weaning (8 mo of age; n=4), 12 mo of age (n=4), or 16 mo of age (n=4). Twelve steers were assigned to a yearling-fed (YF) group and slaughtered at 12 mo of age (n=4), 16 mo of age (n=4), and 17.5 mo of age (n=4; 525 kg, market weight). Data were analyzed based on time on the corn-based finishing diet, with terminal age as a covariate, and orthogonal polynomial contrasts were tested on the main effects of treatment group and time on the finishing diet. Fatty acids from duodenal digesta, plasma, liver, LM, and subcutaneous and intramuscular adipose tissue were measured, and SCD gene expression was measured in intramuscular and subcutaneous adipose tissues. In duodenal digesta, palmitic and linoleic acids increased by 100% over the sampling period, α-linolenic acid decreased over the sampling period, and trans-vaccenic acid was greater in YF than in CF steers (all P < 0.01). The proportion of α-linolenic acid decreased over time in all tissues, including liver. The SCD index (ratio of SCD fatty acid products to SCD fatty acid substrates) increased over time in LM and in intramuscular and subcutaneous adipose tissues. The SCD:glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA ratio was virtually undetectable at the initial sampling periods in subcutaneous adipose tissue of YF and CF steers, and it increased over time (P < 0.01). The SCD index and SCD:glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase ratio were greater in intramuscular adipose tissue of CF steers than in that of YF steers. The SCD index did not change over time in liver and decreased over time in duodenal digesta. We conclude that, unlike essential fatty acids, the SFA and MUFA composition of adipose tissue is regulated by adipose tissue fatty acid desaturation, with little contribution from hepatic or duodenal fatty acids.

Four ruminally cannulated Hanwoo steers(BW 600±48.4kg) fed whole crop rice silage(WRS) as forage were used to investigate the effects of its dietary on rumen fermentation and blood metabolites at different harvesting time such as milk, dough, yellow ripe and mature stages of WRS, respectively. Mean ruminal pH sampled at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h after the morning feeding was not significantly(p>0.05) different between the WRS by the harvesting time. In diurnal pattern in ruminal pH, the lowest pH for the mature stage treatment (Mature) appeared at 6 h after the feeding while it appeared at 2-4h for the other treatments. This may indicate that retention time in the rumen of Hanwoo fed WRS harvested at the Mature increased. Although feeding WRS harvested at different stages did not significantly(p>0.05) affect ruminal ammonia N concentration, the ammonia N for WRS harvested at the milk stage(Milk) tended (p=0.11) to decrease compared with that for the yellow stage treatment(Yellow). In the blood metabolites analysis, BUN concentration for Yellow numerically decreased compared with that for Milk. This, taking lower concentration of ruminal ammonia N for Milk than the other treatments into account, clearly indicates that the BUN concentrations may not increase in proportion to ruminal ammonia N concentration according to ammonia N concentration entering into the lower gastric tracts. Lower(p=0.03) concentration of blood albumin for the dough stage treatment than that for Mature may indicate high protein synthesis in Hanwoo fed WRS at the dough stage, but further studies in terms of mechanism of nutrients distribution should be required. Present results indicate that different harvesting time did not affect rumen fermentation and blood metabolites in Hanwoo. Thus, based on the results of the present and the previous studies, utilizing WRS harvested at yellow stage could be recommendable for Hanwoo steers. (Key words: Rumen fermentation, Whole crop rice silage, Hanwoo, Blood metabolites)

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of saponin contained plant extracts on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and methane production. Ruminal fluid was collected from rumen cannulated Hanwoo steers fed rice straw and concentrate (5:5). Collected rumen fluids, corn starch and buffer including saponin contained plant extracts (ginseng, Ogapi, soapwort, tea plant and yucca; 0.5%/15 ml) were incubated at 39 for 24 h. All incubations were repeated five times. Rumen pH in all treatments was lower (p

Methane production during anaerobic fermentation in the rumen represents an energy loss to the host animal and induces emissions of greenhouse gases in the environment. Our study focused on comparison in methane production from growing Korean native steers fed different grain sources. Six Hanwoo steers (BW = 180.6 ± 3.1 kg) were fed, on a DM basis (TDN 2.80 kg), 40% timothy and 60% barley concentrate (Barley) or corn concentrate (Corn), respectively, based on the Korean Feeding Standards. Each period lasted 18 days including a 14-day adaptation and a 4-day measuring times. The steers were in the head hood chamber system (one cattle per chamber) during each measuring time to measure heat and methane production per day. Different grain sources did not affect digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, NDF, ADF and nitrogen-free extract. The mean methane concentrations per day were 202.0 and 177.1 ppm for Barley and Corn, respectively. Methane emission averaged 86.8 and 77.7 g/day for Barley and Corn, respectively. Methane emission factor by maintenance energy requirement for the growing steers fed barley based concentrate was higher than the steers fed corn based concentrate (Barley vs. Corn, 31.7 kg CH4 head 1 yr 1 vs. 28.4 kg CH4 head 1 yr 1 ). Thus, methane conversion rate was 0.065 (6.5%) and 0.055 (5.5%) for Barley and

Present experiment was carried out to determine maintenance energy requirements for growing Hanwoo steers. Six Hanwoo steers (BW = kg) were used in two 3 3 latin square design with three different energy intake levels; TDN 1.70 kg (Low), 2.05 kg (Medium), 2.80 kg (High), respectively, based on the Korean Feeding Standards. Each period lasted 18 days including a 14-day adaptation and a 4-day measuring period. The steers were in the head hood chamber system (one cattle per chamber) during each measuring time to measure heat and methane production for 1 day. Dry matter intake was 2,058, 3,256 and 3,881 g/day for Low, Medium and High TDN, respectively. Increase in energy intake did not affect digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, NDF, ADF and nitrogen-free extract. Gross energy intake averaged 180.21, 292.74 and 337.15 kcal/ for Low, Medium and High TDN, respectively. Energy loss was 28.7% in feces and 2.1% in urine of gross energy intake. Further, energy loss from methane produced during rumen fermentation was 6~8.3%, while body heat loss averaged 34~60%. Intercept of regression equation between ME intake and retained energy indicated that the energy requirement was 109.84 kcal ME/.

Thirty six Hanwoo steers (average BW, 564.5± 25.7 kg; average age, approximately 23 months) were used to evaluate the effects of a mixture of eugenol (14%), thymol (1%) and malate (85%) on growth performance, beef quality and liver function in Hanwoo finishing steers fed ahigh-concentrate diet. A feeding trial was conducted for 7 months in National Agricultural Cooperative Federation farm located in Anseong, Korea. Steers were assigned randomly to one of three treatments: control (without additive supplementation), treatment 1 (0.05% additive of concentrate), treatment 2 (0.1% additiveof concentrate). The results of this study showed that initial and final BW averaged 564 and 755 kg, respectively, and BW gain was significantly higher (P

This study was conducted to determine the effects of ruminally protected amino acid-enriched fatty acids (RPAAFA) on bodyweight gain, feed intake and carcass characteristics of fattening Hanwoo cows. Twenty eight Hanwoo cows, 6.0±1.7 years old andweighing an average of 463.2±77.6 kg, were used for 4 months. Animals were fed a basal diet supplemented with RPAAFA at 0g (control) and 100 g (treatment), respectively. Average daily gain, dry matter intake and feed conversion ratio were not differentamong the control and treatment. The supplementation of RPAAFA did not affect carcass weight and rib eye areas. Quality gradescore (1 ++ ,1 + and 1) for treatment was higher in RPAAFA supplemented group compared with the control, whereas no differencesappeared in meat color, fat color, texture and maturity. Thus present results indicate that supplementation of RPAAFA may berecommended for producing high quality beef from fattening Hanwoo cows.( Key words : Hanwoo cows, Ruminally protected amino acid-enriched fatty acids, Carcass characteristics, Beef fattening)

Twelve pigs were used to investigate the effects of polyclonal antibody candidate against abdominal (AAb) and subcutaneous adipocyte membrane proteins (SAb) on body weight, fecaldigestibility and blood metabolites. When AAb and SAb developed by Choi et al. (2010) were injected to pigs, the numerical increase in BW (body weight) occurred at 4 weeks post-treatment, but BW for an entire period was also increased, indicating that the BW increase may not be affected by the antibodies injection. Antibodies treatment did not affect (P>0.05) fecal digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat and crude fiber. Fecal digestibility of crude ash for control (no treatment) at 2 weeks decreased, and that for non-immunized serum treatmentgroup at 4 weeks post-treatment increased, respectively (P

This study was designed to investigate the effects of supplementation of spent mushroom substrates (SMS) on rumen fermentation and blood metabolites in Hanwoo steers. The experiment was conducted as a duplicated Latin square design with six Hanwoo steers (600±47 kg), each permanently fitted with a ruminal cannula. There were three treatments; i) control (concentrates 4.8 kg +rice straw 1.2 kg/d), ii) Pleurotus eryngiia (PE) treatment (concentrates 4.8 kg+rice straw 0.73 kg+Pleurotus eryngiia 1.20 kg/d) and iii) Pleurotus osteratus (PO) treatment (concentrates 4.8 kg+rice straw 0.73 kg+Pleurotus osteratus 1.20 kg/d). There were no major effects of different dietary treatments on rumen parameters such as pH, ammonia-N, individual and total VFA production. Parameters of N utilization, including blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total protein and albumin levels, were not significantly different among the treatments, except for creatinine. Thus, the present results indicated that protein utilization was mostly unaffected by SMS treatments such as PE and PO, even though creatinine concentration was lower in PE compared with control and PO treatments (p

Three Hanwoo steers (BW ) with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were used to investigate nutrients degradability and total digestible nutrient (TDN) of whole crop rice silage (WRS) harvested at different mature stages using in situ technique. Crude protein content (mean 4.81%) decreased with progressed maturity at harvest except for WRS harvested at yellow stage. Ruminal dry matter degradability of WRS at milk stage tended to be slightly lower than that of the other stages during the entire incubation time from 12 h post-incubation. The rapidly degradable N (a-fraction) of WRS harvested at milk stage was significantly (p0.05) between the harvest stages. TDN of WRS harvested at yellow stage in Hanwoo steers was statistically (compared with milk stage) and numerically (compared with dough and mature stages) higher than TDN of the other WRS. Overall, taking present feed evaluation into consideration, WRS harvested at yellow stage may be recommended for Hanwoo steers. Further studies on in vivo rumen fermentation pattern and minimizing nutrients loss during harvest should be required for accurate feed evaluation.

The aim of the present study was to develop polyclonal antibodies to regional inedible adipocytes of pigs and investigate the effect of these antibodies on adipocytes in vitro. As antigens, abdominal and subcutaneous adipocyte PMPs from pigs were injected into sheep 3 times per 3 wk intervals for passive immunization, and non-immunized serum, antisera against abodominal (AAb) or subcutaneous adipocyte PMPs (SAb) were collected before and after the injections. Titers of the antisera obtained from sheep and their cross-reactivities with the heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, and spleen of pig were determined by ELISA. Isolation and culture of abdominal and subcutaneous adipocytes from pigs were performed to analyze LDH concentration. At a 1:1,000 dilution, little antibody reactivity was observed for non-immunized serum whereas both AAb and SAb had relatively strong reactivity up to a dilution of 1:16,000. These findings may indicate that strong antibodies against adipocyte PMPs can be developed using an immunological approach. Extremely low reactivity of AAb and SAb was detected with the PMPs of the organs. Both antisera most strongly reacted with each adipocyte PMPs and showed statistically (p

Sixteen ruminally cannulated Korean native steers (Hanwoo; kg) were used to investigate the effects of polyclonal antibodies against abdominal (AAb) and subcutaneous adipocyte membrane proteins (SAb) on ruminal fermentation patterns and blood metabolites. The body weight (BW) of Hanwoo was decreased 2-weeks after AAb and SAb injection, BW reduction was also observed in control and non-immunized serum groups, indicating that stress induced by other factors (e.g. blood sampling etc.) rather than antibodies injection may affect the BW reduction. Antibodies treatment did not affect (P > 0.05) rumen pH, volatile fatty acids and ammonia-N concentration. The ranges were similar with typical ranges of those in Hanwoo. Compared with control, blood urea N concentration was decreased in AAb group and increased (P 0.05) affected at 2- or 4-weeks after the treatment. Concentration of plasma glucose in the non-immunized serum group was significantly higher (P 0.05) between the groups and ranged from 11.4 to 19.9 mg/dl, which is the perfect range of plasma triglyceride of Hanwoo fed concentrate based diets. In conclusion, these results may indicate that the present AAb and SAb have safety in nutritional physiological metabolism in Hanwoo. Further study on in vivo fat reduction of the antibodies against abdominal and subcutaneous adipocytes PMPs of Hanwoo is required for inedible fat-reduced high quality beef production.

It is well documented that grain feeding stimulates adipogenesis in beef cattle, whereas pasture feeding depresses the development of adipose tissues, including intramuscular (i.m.) adipose tissue. Additionally, production practices that depress adipocyte differentiation also limit the synthesis of MUFA. Marbling scores and MUFA increase in parallel suggesting that stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase (SCD) gene expression is closely associated with and necessary for marbling adipocyte differentiation. Similarly, marbling scores and fatty acid indices of SCD activity are depressed in response to dietary vitamin A restriction. In bovine preadipocytes, vitamins A and D both decrease glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity, an index of adipocyte differentiation, whereas incubation of bovine preadipocytes with l-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate increases GPDH activity. Exposing bovine preadipocytes to zinc also stimulates adipogenesis, putatively by inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) production. However, incubation of bovine preadipocytes with arginine, a biological precursor of NO, strongly promotes differentiation in concert with increased SCD expression. This suggests that the effect of either arginine or zinc on adipogenesis is independent of NO synthesis in bovine preadipocytes. Enhanced expression of SCD is associated with a greater accumulation of MUFA both in bovine preadipocyte cultures and during development in growing steers. In bovine preadipocytes, trans-10, cis-12 CLA strongly depresses adipocyte differentiation and SCD gene expression, thereby reducing MUFA concentrations. The bovine preadipocyte culture studies suggest that any production practice that elevates vitamins A or D or trans-10, cis-12 CLA in bovine adipose tissue will reduce i.m. adipose tissue development. Conversely, supplementation with vitamin C or zinc may promote the development of i.m. adipose tissue.

This study aimed to develop polyclonal antibodies to regional inedible adipocytes of Korean native cattle (Hanwoo) and investigate cross-reactivity of the antibodies. Patterns in plasma membrane proteins (PMPs) from abdominal and subcutaneous adipocytes of Hanwoo isolated by collagenase digestion were investigated using SDS-PAGE. As antigens, abdominal and subcutaneous adipocyte PMPs of Hanwoo were injected to sheep 3 times at 3 wk intervals for passive immunization, and non-immunized serum and antisera were collected before and after the injections. Titers of the antisera obtained from sheep and their cross-reactivities with heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, and spleen of Hanwoo were determined by ELISA. Isolation and culture of abdominal and subcutaneous adipocytes of Hanwoo were performed for analysing LDH concentration. Based on the SDS-PAGE analysis, specific proteins of PMPs in abdominal and subcutaneous adipocytes appeared despite rather similar patterns between both adipocytes. At the level of 1:1,000 dilution, little antibody reactivity appeared in non-immunized serum whereas the antisera had relatively strong reactivity up to the level of 1:128,000 and 1:64,000 dilution. These findings may indicate that strong antibodies against adipocyte PMPs can be developed using an immunological approach. Extremely low reactivities of abdominal and subcutaneous adipocyte antisera were detected with PMPs of the organs. Both antisera strongly reacted with each adipocyte PMPs and showed statistically (p

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary addition of caprylic acid(CA)-cyclodextrin (CD) complex on in vitro fermentation characteristics, total gas and methane production. Experiment was done with six treatment groups; 1) no CA-CD complex(control), 2) CA 20 mg(T1), 3) CD 830 mg(T2), 4) CA-CD complex 425 mg(T3), CA-CD complex 850mg(T4), CA-CD complex 1,700 mg(T5). Ruminal pH, ammonia and total VFA concentrations of T2, T3, T4 and T5 were lower(P

Plasma membrane proteins from pig adipocytes, brain, heart, kidney, liver and spleen were isolated using a 32% sucrose gradient. An adult male sheep was immunized three times at 3-wk intervals with the purified pig adipocyte plasma membrane (APM) proteins. Blood samples were taken from the immunized sheep 12 d after the third immunization. Antiserum showed strong reactivity with APM proteins determined by ELISA, and the reactivity could be detected at dilutions in excess of 1:128,000. Antiserum showed very low binding affinity with proteins isolated from brain, heart, kidney, liver or spleen. Ninety weanling pigs were allocated randomly to three treatment groups and were injected i.p. with 40 ml of antiserum (n = 30) or 20 ml of lyophilized antiserum (21.5 mg/ml; n = 30). A control group (n = 30) received 40 ml of saline, and all pigs were slaughtered at 24 wk of age. The polyclonal antiserum did not change BW or ADG. Carcass percentage of pigs was numerically increased by the antiserum treatment compared with control. Both antiserum treatments did not significantly (p>0.05) affect body composition, including body fat content, relative to the control group.

Three experiments with different stage of Hanwoo steers (average BW of 167 kg, 355 kg and 449 kg, respectively) were conducted to examine the effect of different quantities of CP intake with similar DM intake on protein balance and N excretion. Twelve Hanwoo steers in each experiment were offered three diets containing three levels of protein (9, 14 and 18 % on DM basis) in the concentrate formulated with using different amount of ground corn grain or corn gluten meal. There were significant effects of increasing CP intake on CP digestibility but not on DM digestibility. Despite different CP intake, apparent fecal N outputs were not significantly affected. However, amounts of N excreted into urine increased (p

Sixty-seven Hanwoo calves were allocated into two groups, 27 spring calves (SC) and 40 fall calves (FC) to investigate the effects of calving season on water and nutrient intakes, growth performance and disease occurrence for the nursing and the post-weaning period. Mean DMI of 3 to 4 mo old FC was lower than that of SC due to low temperature in winter for FC. Water intake was higher for FC (birth to 1 mo old) but lower for SC (2 to 4 mo old) than the others. Mean BW did not differ between SC and FC, but average daily gain for over 2 mo old SC were significantly higher than FC. Diarrhea was mainly observed when the calves were before 60 d old; in particular, it occurred more frequently for less than 30 d old FC compared with SC. The present results indicate that calving season may affect water intake, feed intake and growth performance of Hanwoo calves.

Twenty four Holstein steers fed commercial concentrates with rice straw (T1), mixed grass hay (T2), or wet brewer's grains based TMR ad libitum (T3) were used to investigate the effects of roughage feeding type during the growing and early-fattening periods on growth performance, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics. Growth performance and feed efficiency were investigated during the feeding trial conducted from 6 to 23 mo of age, and carcass characteristics were investigated after slaughter. Body weight at slaughter and daily gains were 751 to 802 kg (mean 782 kg) and 1.064 to 1.159 kg/d (mean 1.122 kg/d), respectively, showing that those for T2 were highest followed by T3. Compared with T1, the daily gain for T2 was improved by 8.9%. The TDN intakes per kg gain were 6.87, 7.17 and 7.15 kg for T1, T3 and T2, respectively, indicating that feed efficiency for T2 was improved (approx. 5%) compared with T1. The feeding treatments did not change dressing percentage (mean 60.8%), back fat thickness (6.68 mm) and rib-eye area (84.0 cm 2 ). Neither meat quality characteristics nor physicochemical properties were significantly different among the treatments. However, economic analysis accounting for 882.8, 991.7 and 943.8 thousand won per head for T1, T2 and T3, respectively, indicated that T2 and T3 increased (7~12%) total net income compared with T1. Therefore, it may be concluded that high quality meat of Holstein steers can be produced if they are fattened until 23 mo of age and that feeding mixed grass hay as roughage or TMR containing mainly wet brewer's grains during the growing and early-fattening periods can improve growth performance compared with feeding rice straw. (Key words : Holstein steers, Roughage feeding type, Growing period, Meat quantity, Meat quality)

S. W. Kang*, Y. K. Oh*, K. H. Kim*, C. W. Choi* and Y. S. Son**National Livestock Research Institute, R.D.A.*,College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Korea University**ABSTRACTPresent study was conducted to investigate the optimal feeding levels for producing the high qualitymeat on the basis of the information deriving from the comparison of the growth performance and carcasscharacteristics among breeds(Holstein vs F1, Holstein ♀×Hanwoo ), sex♂ (steer vs heifer) and interactionbetween breed and sex. Thirty two animals on 4 treatments(i.e. eight head each) were used for 540 daysfrom seven to 24 months of age.The results obtained are summarized as follows; the range of average daily gains was 0.733 to 1.018,0.994 to 1.255, 0.947 to 1.259 and 0.736 to 0.824kg for the growing, the early-fattening, the mid-fattening and the finishing periods, respectively. The range of average daily gains for the entire period was0.882 to 1.061kg. The gains were higher for Holstein(7.3%) and the steers(10.5%) than F1 and theheifers, respectively. Concentrates and total digestible nutrients intakes per kg gain were higher for Holsteinand the heifers than F1 and the steers, respectively. These findings may indicate that feed utilization ishigher for Holstein than F1, and higher for the steers than the heifers.In carcass characteristics, back fat thickness was thicker for Holstein than F1, and rib-eye area wassmaller for Holstein than F1. The rib-eye area per kg carcass weight was larger for F1 and the heifersthan Holstein and the steers, respectively. Meat color was better for Holstein than F1, but the sexdistinction did not show any differences. In physicochemical properties of longissimus dorsi, shear force,cooking loss, water holding capacity and the panel test scores of juiciness, tenderness and flavor for F1and the heifers were better than those for Holstein and the steers, respectively.According to the above results, we may conclude that F1 and heifers rather than Holstein and steers arerecommended for high quality meat production. In steers and heifers of Holstein and F1, the optimalfeeding levels may be 1.9% of apparent body weight for concentrates and 25% of concentrates intake forrice straw.(Keywords : Holstein, F1, Steers, Heifers, Growth, Carcass Characteristics)Corresponding author:S. W. Kang, National Livestock Research Institute, R. D. A., Omokchun-dong, Kwonsun-gu, Suwon-Si, Kyeongki-do, 441-350, Korea. Tel:031-290-1641, Fax:031-290-1660,E-mail:swkang@rda.go.kr.

The objectives of the current study were to develop polyclonal antibodies in sheep against adipocyte plasma membrane(APM) proteins isolated from swine, to investigate tissue specificity, and to determine cytotoxic effects of antiserum on swine adipocytes. Plasma membrane proteins from adipocyte, brain, heart, kidney, liver, and spleen were isolated using a 32% sucrose gradient. Adult male sheep was immunized three times at three week interval with the purified swine APM proteins. Antiserum was taken from immunized sheep at 10, 12, and 14 days after the third immunization. Antiserum expressed strong reactivity with APM proteins determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA), and the reactivity could be detected at dilutions in excess of 1 : 81,000. Antiserum showed very low binding affinity with proteins isolated from brain, heart, kidney, liver, or spleen. Tissue specificity of the antiserum was reconfirmed by Western immunoblotting using anti-sheep immunoglobulin G•alkalinephosphatase conjugate as a secondary antibody. The reactivity of antiserum to the external surface of fixed swine adipocytes was confmned by an immunohistochemical technique using anti-sheep immunoglobulin G-FITC. Confluent swine adipocytes in culture were lysed by antiserum treatment and cytosolie lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) was released as a dose-dependent patterns while adipocytes treated with normal sheep serum maintained their integrity and expressed low level of LDH. These results implicate that fat contents in the pigs can be reduced by immunological methods.

Five ruminally fistulated dairy cows were used to study the flow of soluble non-ammonia nitrogen (SNAN) from the rumen and to compare flow estimates based on ruminal fluid (RF) and omasal digesta (OD) samplings. The treatments in a 5×5 Latin square design consisted of a basal diet of grass silage and barley grain (50:50) and four protein supplemented diets. Nitrogen (N) content of the basal diet (24 g/kg dry matter (DM)) was increased to 28 g/kg DM by replacing the basal diet with skimmed milk powder (2.1 kg per day), wet distiller’s solubles (3.0 kg per day), untreated rapeseed meal (2.1 kg per day) or treated rapeseed meal (2.1 kg per day). Rumen liquid outflow was determined using a ruminal dose of LiCo–EDTA. For SNAN analysis, digesta was collected from both the rumen and omasal canal at 1 h intervals during a 12 h feeding cycle, sequentially centrifuged to eliminate microbes, and precipitated with trichloroacetic acid followed by centrifugation. Different N fractions, i.e. free amino acids (AA), peptides and protein in RF and OD were assessed using the ninhydrin assay. Protein supplements did not affect rumen liquid outflow, and only tended to increase milk yield. Protein supplements increased (P≤0.10) SNAN fractions except for peptides. Mean flow of each SNAN fraction was higher in OD than that in RF (P≤0.10), except for the soluble protein fraction. In both RF and OD, peptide N constituted the largest proportion of total SNAN suggesting that hydrolysis of peptides to AA rather than hydrolysis of soluble proteins to peptides or deamination of AA to ammonia is the most limiting step in rumen degradation. Estimated SNAN flow per kg of DM intake from the basal diet and protein supplemented diets indicated that 118, 113, 136 and 96 g/kg of N in skimmed milk powder, wet distiller’s solubles, untreated rapeseed meal and treated rapeseed meal, respectively, escaped ruminal degradation as SNAN.