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We presented the development of a consensus guideline for managing juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis (JIAU) in Taiwan, considering regional differences in manifestation and epidemiology. The Taiwan Ocular Inflammation Society (TOIS) committee formulated this guideline using a modified Delphi approach with two panel meetings. Recommendations were based on a comprehensive evidence-based literature review and expert clinical experiences, and were graded according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine's “Levels of Evidence” guideline (March 2009). The TOIS consensus guideline consists of 10 recommendations in four categories: screening and diagnosis, treatment, complications, and monitoring, covering a total of 27 items. These recommendations received over 75% agreement from the panelists. Early diagnosis and a coordinated referral system between ophthalmologists and pediatric rheumatologists are crucial to prevent irreversible visual impairment in children with JIAU. However, achieving a balance between disease activity and medication use remains a key challenge in JIAU management, necessitating further clinical studies.

AbstractPurpose To offer consensus on the utilization of corticosteroids (CS) for treating non-infectious uveitis in the context of clinical practice in Taiwan. This entails examining the different administration methods, their advantages and disadvantages, and considering alternative treatments according to the prevailing evidence and health policies.Methods Ten ophthalmologists and one rheumatologist convened on December 11, 2022, to review and discuss literature on the topic. The databases explored were the Central Cochrane library, EMBASE, Medline, PUBMED, and Web of Science using relevant keywords. The search spanned from January 1996 to June 2023. After the initial results of the literature review were presented, open voting determined the final statements, with a statement being accepted if it secured more than 70% agreement. This consensus was then presented at significant meetings for further discussions before the final version was established.Results A flow chart and nine statements emerged from the deliberations. They address the importance of CS in uveitis management, guidelines for using topical CS, indications for both periocular or intravitreal and systemic therapies, and tapering and discontinuation methods for both topical and systemic CS.Conclusion While CS are a cornerstone for non-infectious uveitis treatment, their administration requires careful consideration, depending on the clinical situation and the specific type of uveitis. The consensus generated from this article provides a guideline for practitioners in Taiwan, taking into account local health policies and the latest research on the subject. It emphasizes the significance of strategic tapering, the potential for alternative therapies, and the importance of patient-centric care.

Purpose: To investigate the treatment outcome, visual outcome, and adverse effects of five-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) to medium- and large-sized uveal melanoma with a non-invasive eye immobilization device. Methods: Medical records of 14 patients with uveal melanoma receiving SRS with a total dose of 50 Gy in five fractions from 2008 to 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. A non-invasive eye fixation device was used to achieve and monitor eye immobilization. Results: Local tumor control rates were 85.7% and 75.0% at 2 and 5 years, respectively. The average tumor diameter decreased significantly from 10.0 ± 3.21 mm to 8.36 ± 3.71 mm (p = 0.038) 15 months after SRS, while the average tumor thickness decreased significantly from 5.45 ± 2.21 mm to 4.34 ± 2.29 (p = 0.036) 21 months after SRS. The 5-year metastasis-free survival was 87.5%. The mean best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) deteriorated from logMAR 0.296 at baseline to logMAR 1.112 at the last individual follow-up visits (p

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) uveitis, a type of herpetic uveitis, is a major cause of infectious uveitis. Anterior and posterior CMV uveitis have diverse clinical presentations and treatment modalities. Based on expert consensus in Taiwan, this article provides suggestions regarding clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment strategies for CMV uveitis based on clinical practice experience in Taiwan. CMV uveitis may have a distinct clinical presentation. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an essential diagnostic tool to confirm a diagnosis. Antiviral therapy is the mainstay of treatment. Different agents, routes, and other supplemental treatments have been summarized and discussed in this article. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of CMV uveitis are crucial to avoid irreversible complications and vision loss. This consensus provides practical guidelines for ophthalmologists in Taiwan.

Abstract Objective The optimal treatment for vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL) remains a challenge, as central nervous system (CNS) relapse occurs frequently, leading to the worst impact on survival. We previously proposed combined intravitreal methotrexate and systemic high‐dose methotrexate therapy for this disease. This study aimed to report the long‐term outcomes of patients with VRL using this combination treatment. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study on patients with VRL at a tertiary referral center between 2003 and 2018. Results Thirty‐two patients were included, of whom 23 had primary VRL (PVRL) and nine had concurrent intraocular and CNS diseases. The treatment was well tolerated. Twenty‐six (81.3%) patients achieved complete response (CR). After a median follow‐up time of 103.5 months, the 5‐year survival rate was 73.3%, whereas the 5‐year progression‐free survival (PFS) rate was 29.9%. Twenty‐four (75%) patients relapsed, including 12 with isolated intraocular relapses at first relapse and a total of 17 with CNS/systemic relapses. The development of CNS/systemic relapse negatively affected survival, but intraocular relapse did not. The median CNS/systemic PFS was 69.5 months, but the risk of CNS/systemic relapse increased steadily with a cumulative incidence rate at 2, 5, and 10 years being 22.6%, 44.2%, and 65%, respectively. Multivariate analysis identified concurrent CNS disease at diagnosis as the only poor‐risk factor for CNS/systemic relapse. Conclusions This study confirms good efficacy and acceptable toxicities of the combination approach. However, incorporation of further intensive consolidation strategies into the treatment protocol to effectively prevent subsequent CNS/systemic relapse deserves to be considered.

We report a case of Schnyder corneal dystrophy (SCD) treated with deep phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK). A 33-year-old man presented with a 5-year history of blurred vision and corneal haze in both eyes. Slit-lamp examination revealed needle-like subepithelial crystalline depositions and prominent arcus lipoides bilaterally. Similar clinical findings were observed in the patient's father. A diagnosis of SCD was made on the basis of the clinical presentation. PTK was performed using a multizone, multipass, and shoot and check technique with the WaveLight EX500 excimer laser. After 22 months of follow-up, the best-corrected visual acuity had increased from 0.5 to 0.9 in the right eye and from 0.3 to 0.9 in the left eye. SCD is rare but has a unique ocular presentation, which facilitates the diagnosis. PTK can increase patients' visual acuity and eliminate the need for aggressive management through penetrating keratoplasty or deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty.

To report a unique case of a 31-year-old woman developing corneal ectasia after an abandoned laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) procedure with incomplete flap creation without laser ablation. A 31-year-old Taiwanese woman presented with corneal ectasia after a failed LASIK with an incomplete flap creation without laser procedure in her right eye 4 years ago. A visible scar was observed in the flap margin from the 7 to 10 o'clock position. The auto refractometer revealed myopia with high astigmatism, −1.25/−7.25 × 30. Keratometry was 47.00/40.75 D. In contrast, no sign of keratoconus was found in the fellow eye, which did not experience any surgery. Corneal tomography indicated that the incomplete flap scar was compatible with the main area of corneal ectasia. Furthermore, anterior segment optical coherence tomography showed a deep cutting plane and a relatively thin corneal bed. Both findings explained the cause for corneal ectasia. Corneal ectasia can occur whenever corneal structure or integrity is compromised.

Purpose: To assess ocular involvement in sarcoidosis and to analyze the manifestations of ocular sarcoidosis (OS) in Taiwan. Methods: A retrospective review was performed in 364 patients diagnosed as sarcoidosis at National Taiwan University Hospital from 2015 to 2019. The OS diagnosis was based on the revised criteria of International Workshop on Ocular Sarcoidosis. Demographics, clinical manifestations, treatment and effects, complications, visual outcomes and risk factors of poor vision (

Uveitis is a sight-threatening disease that can be associated with many different etiologies. Successful treatment of uveitis relies on accurate diagnosis and prompt efficient therapy. History taking, physical and ocular examinations, systemic evaluations, and response to treatment provide crucial information to differentiate possible etiologies involved in the pathophysiology of intraocular inflammation. This article provides recommendations for a step-wise approach to patients with uveitis in Taiwan based on an expert meeting and consensus. Systemic evaluations for uveitis should be performed step-by-step and include investigation of patients’ general systemic conditions, ruling out infectious etiologies, and obtaining evidential biomarkers to diagnose a specific disease entity.

Background/purpose: To investigate the clinical characteristics of intraocular lymphoma and to evaluate two protocols of intravitreal methotrexate injection. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted of newly-diagnosed intraocular lymphoma patients between January 2013 and January 2018 at National Taiwan University Hospital. Patients were divided into two groups. In Group A, intravitreal methotrexate was administered weekly for the initial 8 weeks, every 2 weeks for the following 12 weeks, and then monthly for 7 months. In Group B, intravitreal methotrexate was administered twice a week for the initial 2 weeks, weekly for the subsequent 2 weeks, once every 2 weeks for the next 1 month, and monthly for the last 10 months. Results: A total of 12 patients were analyzed in the study; seven of these patients were allocated to Group A. Differences in the overall survival and progression-free survival between the two groups did not yield statistical significance. The median visual acuity was improved from LogMAR 0.46 to LogMAR 0.30 with borderline significance in Group A (p = 0.053). Two of seven patients in Group A and five of five patients in Group B developed punctate keratitis during intravitreal methotrexate injection treatment. Conclusion: Intravitreal methotrexate is an effective and repeatable treatment for intraocular lymphoma. A new protocol with reduced frequency of intravitreal injections as shown in this study could potentially produce similar results without a worse prognosis, along with a decrease in the incidence of keratitis.

PURPOSE: We introduce a novel technique for closed chamber iridodialysis repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We use a 2.8-mm paracentesis knife to penetrate into the anterior chamber and create interrupted incisions in the sclera. The wounds are 1.5 mm distant from the limbus, at consistent 2.8-mm intervals along the dialysis area. After injecting viscocohesive ophthalmic viscosurgical device through a side port to relieve the synechia and to push the iris toward the incisions, the iris is then grasped by Kelman forceps through the sclera, dragged carefully, and incarcerated. After adjusting the tension of the iris according to the pupil shape, the sclera and the incarcerated iris tissue were sutured together with 10-0 nylon. RESULTS: The technique was effective in six patients with traumatic iridodialysis. CONCLUSION: Our surgical technique repairs the iris, restores the shape of pupil, as well as avoids creating a large incision in the limbus in patients suffering from iridodialysis.

The purpose of this study is to present a case of bilateral corneal keloids after performing eyelid compression for half a year. This study was a retrospective case report. Visual acuity, as well as detailed high-resolution images of external eye photography, anterior segment optical coherence tomography (ASOCT), and topography were documented. Initially, the best-corrected visual acuities were 20/20 (OD) and 20/32 (OS). ASOCT revealed a characteristic irregular hyperplastic epithelium, a disrupted Bowman's layer, and an edematous stroma for both eyes. Topography exposed an irregular astigmatism of 2.1 diopters for the left eye, while the right eye had a relatively smooth surface. After 1 year of conservative treatment, the best-corrected visual acuity improved to 20/20 (OU), and astigmatism also decreased. Corneal keloid may be induced after long-term eyelid compression. ASOCT and topography are useful for detecting and monitoring disease progression. Conservative treatments are suggested as the first line of therapy, while the size, depth, and location of the lesions are tolerable.

This study investigated the impact of retinal fluid tolerance on retinal thickness and visual acuity in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration after 18 months of treatment using intravitreal aflibercept. This retrospective study was based on the medical records of 90 eyes presenting persistent or recurrent retinal fluid retention after 3 months of aflibercept loading injections. We defined the fluid tolerance ratio as the sum of fluid-tolerance duration divided by the total duration of retinal fluid observed throughout the follow-up period. Eyes were categorized into strict, intermediate, and relaxed group based on their fluid tolerance ratio (= 0, = 30%, respectively). The mean total follow-up time was 556 days. The relaxed group required fewer injections than the strict group (4.92 vs 7.50 injections, P < 0.01) and presented a similar reduction in retinal thickness (-57.50 vs -71.65 μm, P = 0.83). Nonetheless, the two groups were similar in terms of final visual acuity (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution 0.72 vs 0.70, P = 0.95) and visual gains (4.21 vs -1.12 letters, P = 0.56). These results indicate that in the setting of limited medical resources, a fluid-tolerant approach provides comparable gains in visual acuity. Reducing the number of injections may also improve adherence to therapy.

Background andObjectives: This 10-year multicenter retrospective study reviewed the clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and treatment modalities of tubercular uveitis (TBU), including direct infection and indirect immune-mediated hypersensitivity to mycobacterial antigens in Taiwan. Materials and Methods: This retrospective chart review of patients with TBU was conducted at 11 centers from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2017. We used a multiple regression model to analyze which factors influenced best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improvement. Results: A total of 79 eyes from 51 patients were included in the study. The mean age was 48.9 ± 16.4 years. The mean change of LogMAR BCVA at last visit was −0.21 ± 0.45. Diagnostic tools used include chest X-ray, chest computed tomography, Mantoux test, interferon gamma release test (QuantiFERON-TB Gold test), intraocular fluid tuberculosis polymerase chain reaction, and bronchial alveolar lavage. The clinical manifestations included 48% posterior uveitis and 37% panuveitis. In the sample, 55% of the cases were bilateral and 45% unilateral. There was 60.76% retinal vasculitis, 35.44% choroiditis, 21.52% serpiginous-like choroiditis, 17.72% vitreous hemorrhage, 12.66% posterior synechiae, 6.33% retinal detachment, and 3.80% choroidal granuloma. Treatment modalities included rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, oral steroid, posterior triamcinolone, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, vitrectomy, and immunosuppressants. BCVA improved in 53.2% of eyes and remained stable in 32.9% of eyes. In the final model of multiple regression, worse initial BCVA, pyrazinamide, and receiving vitrectomy predicted better BCVA improvement. Ethambutol was associated with worse visual outcomes. Seven eyes experienced recurrence. Conclusions: This is the largest 10-year multicenter retrospective study of TBU in Taiwan to date, demonstrating the distribution of clinical manifestations and clinical associations with better treatment outcomes. The study provides a comprehensive description of TBU phenotypes in Taiwan and highlights considerations for the design of further prospective studies to reliably assess the role of ATT and vitrectomy in patients with TBU.

Abstract: Noninfectious uveitis is a sight-threatening disease with an autoimmune or autoinflammatory basis. Systemic treatment is required if intraocular inflammation threatens a patient's vision or cannot be controlled locally and when it is associated with systemic rheumatic diseases. Corticosteroids and immunomodulatory chemotherapy are the conventional initial treatments. However, the various side effects of these therapies increase the burden on patients, not only physically but also mentally. Moreover, uncontrolled inflammation and poor visual outcomes have sometimes been recorded despite the combination of these medications or their high dosage. Antitumor necrosis factor-alpha (anti-TNF-α) and other biologic agents have been widely used to treat rheumatic diseases for >15 years. Randomized controlled clinical trials have demonstrated that anti-TNF-α can reduce and delay episodes of intraocular inflammation not only in patients with active uveitis but also in corticosteroid-dependent patients with inactive uveitis. The Taiwan Food and Drug Administration approved the use of adalimumab, an anti-TNF-α agent, for treating nonanterior noninfectious uveitis (NANIU) in 2017. This report provides a recommendation and a proposed stepladder approach for using anti-TNF-α agents to treat NANIU in Taiwan.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy, safety, predictability, and visual performance of excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for myopia greater than −8 diopters (D). Methods: Fifty-four patients (104 eyes) with myopia from −8D to −13D and cylinder up to −4D received surface ablation technique with the Allegretto wave version 1009-1 excimer laser to correct their refractive error. The patients were examined on days 1, 3, 7, and 14 and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Visual acuity, manifest refraction, corneal haze, topography, intraocular pressure, contrast sensitivity, and wavefront aberration were evaluated. Results: Twelve months postoperatively, 95% of eyes were within 1D of the intended correction. In addition, 94% of eyes had attained uncorrected distance visual acuity of 20/25 or better, and 98% of eyes had improved or remained their corrected distance visual acuity. All eyes exhibited barely detectable corneal haze which peaked during the 1st month with a gradual reduction in the 3rd month. Ninety-five percent of patients had no or only mild degree of night glare. Conclusions: Excimer laser PRK is an effective and predictive treatment for high myopia greater than −8D with or without astigmatism up to −4D. The incidence of complication is low. All patients who are candidates for laser in situ keratomileusis can be candidates for surface ablation, especially those with preoperative thinner cornea or higher risk of corneal flap complications.

Introduction Cytomegalovirus (CMV) anterior uveitis is a recognised cause of anterior uveitis in immunocompetent patients and is preventable cause of vision loss. Ocular sequelae include corneal endothelial damage which can cause corneal oedema and failure, as well as glaucoma. Recurrences of inflammation are common and therefore patients are often exposed to long-term therapy. Oral therapy is available in the form of valganciclovir, although with the caveat of systemic side effects such as bone marrow suppression and renal failure necessitating regular interval laboratory monitoring. Recent reports have demonstrated that topical 2% ganciclovir solution may offer promising treatment outcomes in patients with CMV anterior uveitis with superior safety, cost-effectiveness and convenience profiles. An investigation into the relative equipoise of these therapies is warranted for these reasons.Methods and analysis The Systemic and Topical Control of Cytomegalovirus Anterior uveitis: Treatment Outcomes (STACCATO) trial is designed as a multicentre, block randomised by site, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial comparing the efficacy of oral valganciclovir, 2% topical ganciclovir and placebo in treating PCR-proven CMV anterior uveitis. Participant clinical evaluation will occur at three study time points by a masked study ophthalmologist over a 28-day period to assess resolution of ocular inflammation (secondary outcome). A control group will provide additional information about the possible impact that the infected host’s immune response may play in controlling local viral replication. The primary analysis is an analysis of covariance (three arms) correcting for baseline to compare quantitative CMV viral load in the anterior chamber (AC) aqueous fluid before and 7 days after treatment.Ethics and dissemination The University of California San Francisco Committee on Human Research and the Khon Kaen University Institutional Review Board have given ethical approval. The results of this trial will be presented at local and international meetings and submitted for peer-reviewed journals for publication.Trial registration number NCT03576898.

Focal foveal atrophy is defined as the presence of a small, focal, ill-defined, hypopigmented foveal or juxtafoveal lesion, with the remaining retina unaffected. The purpose of this study was to report the clinical characteristics and optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients with focal foveal atrophy of unknown etiology. Methods: The study was a retrospective observational case series. Data collected included complete ocular examination results for best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), ophthalmoscopy, fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, color sense discrimination tests, visual field tests, and OCT examinations. Results: Twenty-three eyes in 21 patients were examined. The mean patient age was 49.2 ± 15.4 years. The mean BCVA was 20/25. The 21 patients were divided into three groups according to OCT results. Group 1 eyes (n = 10) had intact inner and outer hyperreflective layers (HRLs), with the signal of the inner HRL corresponding to the junction between the inner and outer photoreceptor segments and the outer HRL corresponding to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Group 2 eyes (n = 9) had small hyporeflective defects with defects in the inner HRL at the fovea but an intact outer HRL. Group 3 eyes (n = 4) had small hyporeflective defects in both the inner and outer HRLs at the fovea. Groups 3 eyes had significantly lower visual acuity compared to Group 1 eyes and Group 2 eyes. There was no significant difference in visual acuity between Group 1 and Group 2 eyes. There were no significant differences among the groups with respect to color vision or foveal thickness. Conclusion: This is the first report of clinical presentations for patients with focal foveal atrophy of unknown etiology. OCT aided in the diagnosis and assessment of the degree of retinal structural abnormalities, but the real etiology of foveal atrophy remains unclear.

Stargardt’s disease is the most common form of juvenile macular dystrophy. The purpose of this study is to report the clinical characteristics, visual function, and retinal tomography of patients diagnosed with Stargardt’s disease in Taiwan. Methods: Retrospective case series; data collected include results of complete ophthalmic examinations: best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), slit-lamp biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, color sense discrimination test, electroculography (EOG), electroretinography (ERG), dark adaptation, visual field test, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) examinations focused on the macular area. Results: Twenty patients were enrolled in this study. The mean age of the patients was 32.1 years. The mean logMAR-converted visual acuity of all patients was 0.96. Maculopathy with or without flecks was evident in all patients. Fluorescein angiography revealed hyperfluorescence in the macula of all cases. Varying degrees of color sense discrimination dysfunction were noted. Electrophysiologic studies showed subnormal to abnormal responses in most patients. Decreased foveal thickness was evident on OCT and foveal thickness was inversely associated with logMAR visual acuity. Also, logMAR visual acuity was associated with total error scores on the color sense discrimination test and the Arden ratio of EOG. The Arden ratio of EOG correlated with the thickness of the outer ring of the macula. Conclusion: Typical clinical presentations of Stargardt’s disease were demonstrated in our case series. OCT findings showed a correlation between foveal thickness and visual acuity, making OCT a useful predictor for other visual function tests. Our results indicate that OCT is helpful in the evaluation of visual acuity and the progression of maculopathy in patients with Stargardt’s disease.

The aim of this study is to describe factors that influence the measured intraocular pressure (IOP) change and to develop a predictive model after myopic laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) with a femtosecond (FS) laser or a microkeratome (MK). We retrospectively reviewed preoperative, intraoperative, and 12-month postoperative medical records in 2485 eyes of 1309 patients who underwent LASIK with an FS laser or an MK for myopia and myopic astigmatism. Data were extracted, such as preoperative age, sex, IOP, manifest spherical equivalent (MSE), central corneal keratometry (CCK), central corneal thickness (CCT), and intended flap thickness and postoperative IOP (postIOP) at 1, 6 and 12 months. Linear mixed model (LMM) and multivariate linear regression (MLR) method were used for data analysis. In both models, the preoperative CCT and ablation depth had significant effects on predicting IOP changes in the FS and MK groups. The intended flap thickness was a significant predictor only in the FS laser group (P < .0001 in both models). In the FS group, LMM and MLR could respectively explain 47.00% and 18.91% of the variation of postoperative IOP underestimation (R2 = 0.47 and R(2) = 0.1891). In the MK group, LMM and MLR could explain 37.79% and 19.13% of the variation of IOP underestimation (R(2) = 0.3779 and 0.1913 respectively). The best-fit model for prediction of IOP changes was the LMM in LASIK with an FS laser.

The objective was to study the effects of endothelin-1 (ET1) on corneal wound healing after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in rabbit corneas. Following PRK, 18 New Zealand white rabbits were treated with ET1 in the right eyes and with phosphate-buffered salt solution (PBS) in the left eyes. Corneal epithelial wound size, corneal haze and corneal thickness were recorded. Corneal extracellular matrixes, including collagen types 3, 4 and 7, chondroitin sulfate and fibronectin, were investigated using immunohistochemistry study. ET1 increased the rate of healing of corneal epithelial wounds in rabbits. Anti-fibronectin fluorescence was present at week 12 and week 24 in ET1-treated eyes but not in the control eyes. There were no significant differences in corneal haze, corneal thickness and changes in other extracellular matrixes between ET1- and PBS-treated eyes. ET1 can enhance the deposition of fibronectin in corneal stroma and promote corneal epithelial wound healing after PRK. The increase in fibronectin probably explains the increased healing rate of corneal epithelial wounds.

OBJECTIVE: The incidence and prevalence of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) vary widely across the world but data in East Asia is lacking. Uveitis is a serious cause of morbidity in JIA. This study aimed to analyze the incidence and prevalence of JIA, and the characteristics of JIA-associated uveitis in Taiwan. METHODS: A population-based cohort study was conducted using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Each patient was individually tracked from 1999 to 2009 to identify the diagnosis of JIA and uveitis using the International Classification of Diseases diagnostic codes. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the risk factors and complications of uveitis in patients with JIA. RESULTS: The study cohort had 2636 cases of JIA and included juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (57.7%), enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA) (39.2%), and psoriatic arthritis (3.1%). The average annual incidence of JIA and JIA-associated uveitis were 4.93 (range, 3.93-6.23) and 0.25 (range, 0.12-0.37) cases per 100,000 population, respectively. The average period prevalence of JIA was 33.8 cases per 100,000 population. Uveitis occurred in 4.7% of patients with JIA, while JIA-associated uveitis was complicated by cataract (11.2%) and glaucoma (24.8%). Enthesitis-related arthritis was significantly associated with uveitis (OR: 3.47; 95% CI: 2.24-5.37) (p