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Mytilus coruscus Gould, 1861 is a mussel species in the family Mytilidae, native to the Northwest Pacific Ocean, ranging from the East China Sea, the Yellow Sea, and as far as the Peter the Great Gulf in the East Sea. In Korea, this species has been heavily exploited for nutrient-rich food resources and experienced severe reduction in their population. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure and to provide baseline data to facilitate the conservation and sustainable use of the vulnerable species M. coruscus in South Korea. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) sequences of 91 adult individuals from four islands and one coastal localities in South Korea were sequenced. We then compared genetic diversity and haplotype data with previously published Chinese wild populations. Mytilus coruscus populations on Korean coasts were found to exhibit high genetic diversity despite concerns regarding recent population reduction. A total of 42 haplotypes were defined by 56 polymorphic sites. High-level genetic diversity was observed on four Island sites (Hd = 0.906–0.955, π = 0.0068–0.0090). The other seashore site represented relatively lower genetic diversity (Hd = 0.529, π = 0.0011) and was genetically differentiated from the others. In a previous study, wild populations on the East China Sea exhibited similarly high genetic diversity as that observed in our study. Additionally, Chinese M. coruscus populations exhibit a distinct regional haplotype distribution pattern while sharing six haplotypes with Korean populations. The results of this study provide insights that further the current understanding regarding the evolution of M. coruscus species and provides comprehensive genetic data to facilitate the development of an effective conservation strategy.

We report the rediscovery of the yellow-bellied sea snake (Hydrophis platurus) in South Korea based on four specimens collected in Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do, between June 2017 and November 2018. Detailed morphological characteristics and the phylogenetic positions of the specimens, based on a comparison of partial mitochondrial Cytb gene sequences among congeneric species, are provided and used for species identification.

To conserve national biodiversity, enlisting and detailed morphological description of unrecorded species is critical. Here, we, for the first time in Korea, report and describe detailed morphological characteristics of two juvenile hawksbill turtles, Eretmochelys imbricata, captured from Seongsan-eup, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do and Geumnam-myeon, Hadong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea on 4 August 2016 and 19 December 2016, respectively. Both specimens had a narrow head, pointed beak, four pairs of costal scutes, and four pairs of poreless inframarginal scutes, which are typical morphological characteristics of E. imbricata. Phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA control region sequences of a specimen confirmed again that the specimens are E. imbricata. With this addition of E. imbricata ( Mae-bu-ri-ba-da-geo-buk in Korean), four species of sea turtles have now been reported from Korean waters.

The solitary ascidian, Ciona savignyi (Ascidiacea, Enterogona) is a notorious marine invader still expanding its habitat range worldwide. This species is considered native to the North West Pacific, but its indigeneity in Korean coastal waters has been questioned because of outdated taxonomic records and its inhabitation of oceanographically marginal areas. To clarify their cryptic invasion state, 247 individual C. savignyi samples were collected from 12 harbors and marinas on the Korean coast, and a 744 bp region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene was sequenced and analyzed. Our analyses of population genetic structure and demographic history provided considerable pieces of evidence supporting their long-term establishment on the Korean coasts: differentiated population genetic structure, sequentially arrayed star-shape haplotype network, neutrality test results of past population expansions, and post-glacial colonization pattern of demography. Consequently, we concluded that C. savignyi populations on the Korean Coast are indigenous rather than exotic. These results could be used as reference data for further phylogeo graphic and demographic studies of problematic Ciona species, and to clarify and resolve similar cryptic invasion states of the other Korean coastal marine organisms. This study is the first to resolve the cryptic in vasion state of Korean marine organisms using genetic analysis.

The mitochondrial genome of the gastropod Auriculastra duplicata was completely sequenced. It was 13,920 bp in length and comprised 37 genes; two rrn genes and 22 trn genes. Phylogenetic analyses based on the concatenated protein-coding genes depicted the polyphyly of all species belonging to the family Ellobiidae; however, monophyly was observed among all species belonging to the subfamily Ellobiinae, in which A. duplicata clustered consistently with Auriculinella bidentata.

In this study, we provide the first report of the complete mitochondrial genomic sequencing of a yellow-bellied sea snake (Hydrophis platurus) that has the broadest distribution range of all Squamata species. The mitogenome length was 18,101 bp and consisted of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and 3 non-coding regions. The sequence presented could be very useful for further phylogenetic and evolutionary studies.

In this study, we provide the first report of the complete mitochondrial genome of Emydocephalus ijimae. The mitogenome length is 18,259 bp and includes 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and three non-coding regions. The sequence presented could be very useful for further phylogenetic and evolutionary study.

The complete mitogenome of the Sclreractinia, Montipora efflorescens Bernard, 1897 was sequenced for the first time. It had 17,887 bp, with 13 protein-coding genes, and two rRNA and two tRNA genes. Composition of M. efflorescens mitogenome was identical to that of typical Scleractinians. In conclusion, the complete mitogenome may provide detailed information on coral phylogeny.

Two new species of the genus Orchomenella G. O. Sars, 1890 from South Korea are described here in detail. Orchomenella paucisetigera sp. nov. is characterized by an irregular and serrated palmar margin of gnathopod 1, non-serrated posterior margins of pleonal epimera 2-3, a more produced posteroventral corner of pleonal epimeron 3, and scarcely setose uropods 1-2. Orchomenella rugosa sp. nov. is easily discriminated from other congeners by its proximally slender basis and irregular palmar margin of gnathopod 1, marginal wrinkles ventrally of coxa 4, and the serrations and shapes of pleonal epimera and urosomite 1.

We here report the complete mitochondrial genome of the Hydrophis melanocephalus slender-necked sea snake from Okinawa, Japan. Its length is 17,182 bp, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, two rR...

In this study, we provide the first report of the complete mitochondrial genomic sequencing of a yellow-bellied sea snake (Hydrophis platurus) that has the broadest distribution range of all Squama...

The complete mitogenome of the Sclreractinia, Montipora efflorescens Bernard, 1897 was sequenced for the first time. It had 17,887 bp, with 13 protein-coding genes, and two rRNA and two tRNA genes. Composition of M. efflorescens mitogenome was identical to that of typical Scleractinians. In conclusion, the complete mitogenome may provide detailed information on coral phylogeny.

In 2007–2008, a population outbreak of the solitary ascidian Herdmania momus was observed along the coasts of Jeju Island and the ascidians became the top dominant species in macrobenthic communities. We conducted field experiments on population dynamics and demographic parameters including seasonal density fluctuation, vertical distribution, recruitment patterns, mortality, and growth rate. Recruitment continued year-round except in April following the lowest water temperature season in February. Population density was highest in August-October, concomitantly with the peak in recruitment, related to the highest water temperature. The lowest density was observed in February-April when the water temperature was lowest. In April all individuals disappeared from all permanent plots, resulting in a maximum life span of 10–12 months. Individuals of newly recruited H. momus grew to have an adult size of 4–6 cm in only 3–4 months. Higher densities were observed in the shallower areas (5 m) compared to the deeper zones. More recruitment occurred on vertical slopes than horizontal substrates, but substrate pre-occupancy caused no difference in recruitment. This is the first report on H. momus population-level investigation in Korea, which provides valuable baseline information on the current status of population demography and their potential community-level influence on Jeju coasts.

Polycheria acercaudasp. nov., an amphipod symbiotic with sponges and ascidians in Korean waters, is established herein as a new species, along with a detailed description and illustrations. This new species is closely related to the following three known species of the genus from the Far East:Polycheria amakusaensisHirayama, 1984,P. japonicaBulycheva, 1952, andP. orientalisHirayama, 1984. However,Polycheria acercaudasp. nov. can be distinguished from the other congeners by the following combination of characteristics: (1) on antenna 2, the anterior margin of peduncular article 4 is pubescent; (2) on gnathopod 2, the palm is clearly distinct; (3) on uropod 3, the inner ramus is lined with plumose setae; and (4) on the telson, the apices are acute. This is the first report of the genusPolycheriaHaswell, 1879 belonging to the family Dexaminidae Leach, 1814 from Korean waters.

Numerous surgical options have been introduced for the treatment of chronic refractory lateral epicondylitis of the elbow, but it remains unclear which option is superior. The clinical outcomes of an open surgery group and an arthroscopic surgery group were evaluated, and the results of the 2 procedures were compared. From among patients with lateral epicondylitis refractory to 6 months of conservative treatment, 68 patients satisfying study criteria were recruited. Open surgery was performed in 34 cases (group 1), and arthroscopic surgery was performed in 34 cases (group 2). Compared with preoperatively, the 2 groups had significantly improved values for grip strength, range of motion, and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score at 12 months postoperatively. Group 1 had significantly greater improvements in grip strength and visual analog scale pain score compared with group 2 ( P =.048 vs P =.006). Group 2 had significantly greater ( P =.045) improvement in pronation compared with group 1. Group 2 returned to work sooner than group 1. On the questionnaire regarding satisfaction with surgery 24 months postoperatively, 4 patients (12%) in group 2 reported dissatisfaction compared with no patients in group 1. Open surgery and arthroscopic surgery both yielded good clinical results. Nonetheless, for patients requiring muscle strength or having severe pain at work, open surgery would be more effective. [ Orthopedics . 2018; 41(4):237–247.]

Here, we report the complete mitochondrial genomes of the Sculpins species Gymnocanthus intermedius and Gymnocanthus herzensteini. The mitogenomes were determined to be 16,639 bp for G. intermedius...

In this study, we provide the first report of the complete mitochondrial genome of Emydocephalus ijimae. The mitogenome length is 18,259 bp and includes 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, 22 ...

The full-length mitochondrial genome of Pseudohelice subquadrata (Dana, 1851) was analyzed by the primer walking method. Its mitogenome is 16,884 bp in length, comprising 13 protein-coding genes, 2...

Invasive species represent promising models to study species’ responses to rapidly changing environments. Although local adaptation frequently occurs during contemporary range expansion, the associated genetic signatures at both population and genomic levels remain largely unknown. Here, we use genome-wide gene-associated microsatellites to investigate genetic signatures of natural selection in a model invasive ascidian, Ciona robusta. Population genetic analyses of 150 individuals sampled in Korea, New Zealand, South Africa and Spain showed significant genetic differentiation among populations. Based on outlier tests, we found high incidence of signatures of directional selection at 19 loci. Hitchhiking mapping analyses identified 12 directional selective sweep regions, and all selective sweep windows on chromosomes were narrow (~8.9 kb). Further analyses indentified 132 candidate genes under selection. When we compared our genetic data and six crucial environmental variables, 16 putatively selected loci showed significant correlation with these environmental variables. This suggests that the local environmental conditions have left significant signatures of selection at both population and genomic levels. Finally, we identified “plastic” genomic regions and genes that are promising regions to investigate evolutionary responses to rapid environmental change in C. robusta.

We report Lepidochelys olivacea from coastal waters of South Korea for the first time on the basis of two specimens (one male and one female) whose taxonomic identities were verified on morphological and molecular grounds. Four species of sea turtles, Dermochelys coriacea, Chelonia mydas, Caretta caretta, and Eretmochelys imbricata. have been recorded from South Korean waters, and present findings add another species to the sea turtle fauna of this region.

In this study, we investigated the pennation angles of ankle muscles as they relate to muscle contraction intensity (MCI). Eight male subjects with no history of musculoskeletal injuries participated. In each patient, the ankle joint was fixed at 15° dorsiflexion and 0°, 15° and 30° plantarflexion. Ultrasound images (SonoAce Pico, Samsung Medison, Korea) were taken to measure the pennation angle of tibialis anterior (TA), gastrocnemius medial (GCM), gastrocnemius lateral (GCL), and soleus (SOL). The torque dynamometer (Biodex system 3, Biodex Medical System, USA) was used to measure the ankle contraction intensity corresponding to 0, 30, 70 and 100% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) respectively. Pennation angles in ankle muscles on sub-maximal muscle contraction were determined. In the present study, the significant differences was found at between 0% of MVC and sub-maximal MVCs, between 0° and 15° of dorsiflexion, and between 15° of plantarflexion and 15° of dorsiflexion. This study may be beneficial in implementing a more realistic muscle model of muscle force.

The mitochondrial genome of the gastropod Auriculastra duplicata was completely sequenced. It was 13,920 bp in length and comprised 37 genes; two rrn genes and 22 trn genes. Phylogenetic analyses based on the concatenated protein-coding genes depicted the polyphyly of all species belonging to the family Ellobiidae; however, monophyly was observed among all species belonging to the subfamily Ellobiinae, in which A. duplicata clustered consistently with Auriculinella bidentata.

The full-length mitochondrial genome of the triton trumpet Charonia lampas (Linnaeus, 1758) was analyzed by the primer walking method. Its mitogenome is 15,382 bp in length, comprising 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and 22 transfer RNA genes. The gene order of C. lampas is congruent with those previously reported for the infraorder Littorinimorpha. This is the first full-length mitogenome sequence for the genus Charonia. In the phylogenetic tree, C. lampas formed a monophyletic group with the other species of the superfamily Tonnoidea, but did not show the closest phylogenetic relationship to a species from the same family, Ranellidae.

In spite of many excellent outcomes with arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, problems remain with this procedure; rotation instability and physical disabilities are not always completely resolved.1,2) Rotation stability has been achieved by tunneling the femur at the 10-o'clock position or by double bundle ACL reconstruction.3-8) However, there has been a great deal of debate as to the ability of the double bundle technique with respect to the selection of grafts, fixation methods, and techniques for tightening each bundle.4,5,8,9) Complications of this technique have included failure of graft fixation and excessive tunnel dilation due to an increase in tunnel numbers and adversity when an operation has required revision. Endobutton (Smith & Nephew, Andover, MA, USA) was introduced and commonly used as a femoral fixation method to overcome limitations in length and thickness of the autograft.5) However, Endobutton has had some problems in the graft healing in the bony tunnel due to shortening of grafted tendons, as well as excessive dilation of tunnels for the receipt of Endobuttons.10) For this reason, we minimized graft motion by fixating the graft with a bio-absorbable transfemoral pin, Rigidfix pin (Mitek, Johnson and Johnson, Raynham, MA, USA). In order to restore the native tibial insertion of ACL, the Retroscrew (Arthrex, Naples, FL, USA) was designed and introduced. It was proven to facilitate optimum joint line fixation at the level of the intercondylar floor for soft tissue autografts and allografts to maximize graft stiffness, fixation strength, abrasion resistance, and anatomical placement.11) To prove its advantages in the clinical setting and in clinical outcomes, we used the Retroscrew as a tibial fixation to the articular outlet of the tibial tunnel for anteromedial (AM) bundle. In addition, for further fixation to the distal portion, the gracillis and semi-tendinosus tendons, without detachment of the tibial insertion, were used for the posterolateral (PL) bundle, and a bio-absorbable interference screw, Intrafix (Mitek, Johnson and Johnson), was also applied to the articular outlet of the PL femoral tunnel in order to minimize graft motion. Thus, we designed a clinical study to investigate the clinical outcomes of this technique.

【Seaweed biomass was estimated using a nondestructive method in the rocky subtidal zones in Munseom, Jeju Island, Korea from July 2006 to April 2008. Seasonal samplings were done at the depth of 1, 5, 10 m using 50 x 50 cm quadrat. Mean biomass was comprised of 2,784 g wet wt m $^{-2}$ and the biomass values varied seasonally from 1,176 g wet wt m $^{-2}$ to 4,217 g wet wt m $^{-2}$ with the highest point in April. Biomass reached maximum at 5 m depth in spring, but was shifted to 10 m depth in summer. Common seaweeds appeared year round in Munseom were Codium minus, Ecklonia cava, Sargassum spp., articulated corallines and Plocamium telfairiae. Among them, E. cava showed the highest biomass (average of 1,288 g wet wt m $^{-2}$ ), comprising 4% of total biomass. Only 12 species’' biomass covered 98% of total value, which indicated the contribution of few common species to algal community. Seaweed biomass in Munseom represented one of the highest values in coastal regions in Korea.】

The purpose of this study was to compare clinical outcomes between a primary dislocation group (group P) and a recurrent dislocation group (group R) with combined lesion of Bankart and type II SLAP lesions (type V SLAP lesion) and to evaluate incidence of type V SLAP lesion. In addition, the authors evaluated clinical outcomes of these patients by dividing two groups according to the sequence for Bankart and SLAP lesion suture. From May 2000 to May 2005, 310 patients who gave informed consent, underwent the diagnostic arthroscopy and magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA). One hundred and ten patients met the following criteria: (1) post-traumatic primary or recurrent anterior shoulder instability, (2) a normal contralateral shoulder, (3) a type V SLAP lesion, and (4) minimum follow-up of two years. Group P included 42 patients, and group R, 68 patients. Among all patients, 58 patients who had Bankart lesions sutured first were included in group B, and 52 who had their SLAP lesions sutured beforehand, group S. Visual analogue scale, range of motion, Rowe and Constant score were used to compare results between group P and group R, also group B and group S. The incidence rates of type V SLAP lesion were 42.8% in group P and 32.0% in group R. The overall treatment results in our study were good. Even if the difference between the two groups was statistically insignificant, group P showed greater recovery of range of motion than group R in external rotation. No significant difference was found between the two different operative methods according to suture sequence. The incidence rates of type V SLAP lesion were 42.8% in the primary dislocation group and 32.0% in the recurrent dislocation group. The overall treatment results in our study were good. Although there was no statistical significance in surgical time between the two groups, when both SLAP and Bankart lesions are present, the Bankart lesion must be sutured first to reduce surgical time.

BackgroundMany authors have reported the presence of intra-articular lesions after primary dislocation of the shoulder joint. However, few studies have focused on their prevalence or the differences in accompanying lesions between primary and recurrent dislocations of the shoulder joint.PurposeThis study was undertaken to investigate and analyze accompanying lesions, including types of anteroinferior labrum injuries, using diagnostic arthroscopy and magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) in 144 patients with traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder joint.Study DesignCohort study; Level of evidence, 3.MethodsThere were 33 patients with 33 dislocations in the primary dislocation group and 111 patients with 111 dislocations in the recurrent dislocation group. Preoperative magnetic resonance arthrography and diagnostic arthroscopy were performed on all patients.ResultsIn the primary dislocation group, 8 Bankart lesions, 9 free anterior labrum periosteal sleeve avulsion (ALPSA) lesions, 4 bony Bankart lesions, and 1 adhesive ALPSA lesion were observed. In the recurrent dislocation group, 68 Bankart lesions, 11 free ALPSA lesions, 13 bony Bankart lesions, 16 adhesive ALPSA lesions, and 1 glenoid articular rim disruption lesion were found. There were 22 (66.6%) and 109 (98.1%) patients with lesions in the anteroinferior labrum in the primary and recurrent groups, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the 2 groups (P = .002). Also, there was a significant difference between the 2 groups in the prevalence of the Hill-Sachs lesion and inverted pear-shaped glenoid lesion (P = .008/P = .047). Inverted pear-shaped glenoids were observed in 15 patients in the recurrent group. In 139 of 144 patients, surgical findings of accompanying lesions coincided with magnetic resonance arthrography findings (96.5%).ConclusionVarious forms of anteroinferior labral lesions were seen in patients with traumatic anterior dislocation of shoulder. The recurrent dislocation group showed a significantly higher prevalence of anteroinferior labral lesions and bony lesions in comparison with the primary group. In our study, magnetic resonance arthrography was an accurate method to assess accompanying lesions in first-time and recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder, suggesting that this may be a useful tool for determining a treatment method.

144 통신저자:나 중 호 강원도 원주시 일산동 162 연세대학교 원주의과대학 정형외과학교실 Tel:033-741-1354ᆞFax:033-746-7326 E-mail:dskim1974@hanmail.net 접수: 2010. 9. 24 심사 (수정): 1차 2010. 10. 31, 2차 2011. 1. 1 게재확정: 2011. 3. 4 Address reprint requests to:Jung-Ho Rah, M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 162, Ilsan-dong, Wonju 220-701, Korea Tel:82-33-741-1354ᆞFax:82-33-746-7326 E-mail:dskim1974@hanmail.net 상완골 근위부 분쇄 골절 환자에서 내고정술과 반치환술의 결과 비교

60 통신저자:오 진 록 강원도 원주시 일산동 162 연세대학교 원주의과대학 정형외과학교실 Tel:033-741-1355ᆞFax:033-746-7326 E-mail:jroh@yonsei.ac.kr 접수: 2010. 7. 24 심사(수정): 2010. 12. 17 게재확정: 2010. 12. 29 Address reprint requests to:Jin Rok Oh, M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 162, Ilsan-dong, Wonju 220-701, Korea Tel:82-33-741-1355ᆞFax:82-33-746-7326 E-mail:jroh@yonsei.ac.kr 제4, 5 중수골 기저부 관절 내 골절의 조기 고정술과 지연 유합술간의 비교

기존의 근위 대퇴골의 골절의 수술적 치료에 사용되었던 역동적 기구들은 환자의 불량한 골질 및 골다공증으로 인하 여 견고한 고정이 어려워 고관절 반치환술에 비하여 전 체 중부하까지의 시기가 지연되어 수술 후 보행이 늦어질 수 있다. 또한 불유합이나 무혈성 괴사 등 불량한 결과를 보인 경우 재수술이 필요하나, 대부분 환자가 고령이며 전신상태 가 재수술의 위험도가 높아 허용되지 않는 경우가 많다. 반면 고관절 인공관절 치환술은 골질에 관계없이 초기 에 안정된 고정이 된다면 조기 보행이 가능하여 고령의 환 자에서 성공적인 일차적 치료로 받아들여지고 있다. Haentjens 등은 고령의 불안정성 대퇴 전자간부 골절 환 자에서 골시멘트를 사용한 양극성 대퇴 골두 치환술을 시 행하여 조기에 체중 부하를 얻을 수 있었고, 조기 보행으 로 인하여 욕창, 폐렴, 무기폐 등의 합병증이 적게 발생하 여 만족할만한 결과를 보고 하였다. 국내에서도 Kim 등 은 고령의 환자에서 발생한 불안정성 대퇴 전자간 분쇄 골 절에 대해 골시멘트를 사용한 양극성 대퇴골두 치환술을 시행하여 최소 2년간 추시 결과에서 대부분 만족할만한 임상적, 방사선적 결과를 보고하였다. 이에 본 연구에서는 고령 환자에서 발생한 전자간부 골 절에 대하여 시멘트 대퇴 주대를 이용한 양극성 고관절 반 Submitted: February 23, 2010 1st revision: May 20, 2010 2nd revision: June 9, 2010 3rd revision: June 15, 2010 Final acceptance: June 16, 2010