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Due to the clinical similarities between pulmonary embolism (PE) and myocardial infarction (MI), physicians often encounter challenges in promptly distinguishing between them, potentially missing the critical window for the correct emergency response. This paper presents a biosensor, termed the PEMI biosensor, which is designed for the identification and quantitative detection of pulmonary embolism or myocardial infarction. The surface of the working electrode of the PEMI biosensor was modified with graphene oxide and silk fibroin to immobilize the mixture of antibodies. Linear sweep voltammetry was employed to measure the current-to-potential mapping of analytes, with the calculated curvature serving as a judgment index. Experimental results showed that the curvature exhibited a linear correlation with the concentration of antigen FVIII, and a linear inverse correlation with the concentration of antigen cTnI. Given that FVIII and cTnI coexist in humans, the upper and lower limits were determined from the curvatures of a set of normal concentrations of FVIII and cTnI. An analyte with a curvature exceeding the upper limit can be identified as pulmonary embolism, while a curvature falling below the lower limit indicates myocardial infarction. Additionally, the further the curvature deviates from the upper or lower limits, the more severe the condition. The PEMI biosensor can serve as an effective detection platform for physicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents and compares two methods for identifying the types of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from different cell lines. Through SDS-PAGE analysis, we discovered that the ratio of CD63 to CD81 in different EVs is consistent and distinct, making it a reliable characteristic for recognizing EVs secreted by cancer cells. However, the electrophoresis and imaging processes may introduce errors in the concentration values, especially at lower concentrations, rendering this method potentially less effective. An alternative approach involves the use of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and electroanalytical interdigitated electrode (IDT) biosensors for EV type identification and quantification. The QCM frequency shift caused by EVs is directly proportional to their concentration, while electroanalysis relies on measuring the curvature of the I−V curve as a distinguishing feature, which is also proportional to EV concentration. Linear regression lines for the QCM frequency shift and the electroanalysis curvature of various EV types are plotted separately, enabling the estimation of the corresponding concentration for an unknown EV type on the graphs. By intersecting the results from both biosensors, the unknown EV type can be identified. The biosensor analysis method proves to be an effective means of analyzing both the type and concentration of EVs from different cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood typing is a critical test in many medical procedures, especially for blood transfusion. Incompatible red blood cells (RBCs) in transfusion might result in intravascular hemolysis and even cause recipients death. The test result of blood typing can be determined by observing the agglutination of RBCs. In this study, a microfluidic blood typing chip with interdigitated electrodes is presented. ZnO nanowires were synthesized on the interdigitated electrodes so that voltammetry measurement was employed to determine the test results of blood typing. The experimental results show that the discrimination between agglutination and non-agglutination was obvious and successful determinations of RBC agglutinations in blood typing tests were achieved by means of voltammetry measurement.

The programming characteristics of gate-all-around silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide silicon (SONOS) nonvolatile memories are presented using NiSi/poly-Si nanowires (SiNW) Schottky barrier (SB) heterojunctions. The non-uniform thermal stress distribution on SiNW channels due to joule heating affected the carrier transport behavior. Under a high drain voltage, impact ionization was found as a large lateral field enhances carrier velocity. As gate voltage (Vg) increased, the difference in the drain current within a range of various temperature conditions can be mitigated because a high gate field lowers the SB height of a NiSi source/SiNW/NiSi drain junction to ensure efficient hot-carrier generation. By applying the Fowler-Nordheim programming voltage to the SONOS nanowire memory, the SB height ([uppercase_phi_synonym]n = 0.34 eV) could be reduced by image force; thus, hot electrons could be injected from SB source/drain electrodes into the SiN storage node. To compare both SiNW and Si nanocrystal SONOS devices, the SB SiNW SONOS device was characterized experimentally to propose a wider threshold-voltage window, exhibiting efficient programming characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]