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In recent years, the risk of flooding disasters caused by climate change has increased, and a new concept of runoff sharing has been proposed in China. It is an operation method based on the area of ​​the catchment from the perspective of water conservancy. However, the basin area is also a spatial unit of human economic activity. Social and economic development and the distribution of runoff responsibilities clearly show a mutual measurement relationship, and the land has a certain social responsibility to handle its own runoff. How can it be distributed fairly and efficiently? The issue of responsibility for runoff sharing has become an important issue for joint initiatives in the field of soil and water. In the case of considering the watershed as a spatial scope, in addition to considering its own hydrological properties, there are also socioeconomic development issues that should be clarified and discussed step by step. Therefore, this study attempts to use the three-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) method to consider hydrology The concept of interaction with the socio-economic environment takes into account the impact of exogenous factors on the allocation of runoff responsibility, and evaluates the efficiency of runoff responsibility. In view of this, from the standpoint of the government and residents sharing the runoff, this study effectively combines the different types of data of the social, economic, and ecological environments in the catchment areas to carry out a comprehensive assessment, and weighs out the optimal distribution efficiency of the overall river basin. This study is divided into three parts to clarify the distribution of runoff responsibilities, which are divided into: (1) Establishing an assessment framework for the distribution of river basin runoff responsibilities: Based on the analysis of the spatial unit of the catchment area, an attempt is made to integrate different regional development conditions, which can be summarized Appropriate and appropriate distribution methods; (2) Weighing the fairness and efficiency of the distribution of runoff responsibilities in the spatial unit of the watershed: Point out the current runoff responsibility distribution model and characteristics of the catchment area; (3) Attempt to develop the principles for the use of land use planning, Apply the concept of runoff responsibility to land use planning. Based on the results of this study, a more fair way to distribute runoff responsibilities is proposed, and a new perspective on social natural equality from the river basin scale is clarified. The key factors that affect the distribution of runoff responsibilities are clear. Efficiently undertake total runoff and provide policy planning advice. Try to discuss the issue of runoff responsibility allocation from the field of urban planning, provide river basin runoff responsibility with a planning vision, strengthen the spatial thinking of water and soil dialogue, and look forward to providing a new model of river basin governance in extreme climates.

Earthquake is an unpredictable natural disaster and intensive earthquakes have caused serious impacts on social-economic system, environmental and social resilience. Conventional ways to mitigate earthquake disaster are to enhance building codes and advance structural engineering measures. However, earthquake-induced ground damage such as liquefaction, land subsidence, landslide happen on places nearby earthquake prone or poor soil condition areas. Therefore, this study uses spatial statistical analysis to explore the spatial pattern of damaged buildings. Afterwards, principle components analysis (PCA) is applied to categorize the similar features in different kinds of clustered patterns. The results show that serious landslide prone area, close to fault, vegetated ground surface and mudslide prone area are common in those highly damaged buildings. In addition, the oldest building might not be directly referred to the most vulnerable one. In fact, it seems that buildings built between 1974 and 1989 become more fragile during the earthquake. The incorporation of both spatial statistical analyses and PCA can provide more accurate information to subsidize retrofit programs to enhance earthquake resistance in particular areas., {"references":["K. M. Allen, \"Community-based disaster preparedness and climate adaptation: local capacity-building in the Philippines,\" Disasters, vol. 30 no. 1, pp. 81-101, 2006.","E. James, \"Getting ahead of the next disaster: recent preparedness efforts in Indonesia,\" Dev Pract, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 424-429, 2008.","D. Guga-Spair, D. & F. Vos, \"Earthquakes: epidemiological perspective on patterns and trends,\" A draft paper submitted to Human casualties in natural disasters: progress in modeling and mitigation, pp. 1-18, 2010.","CRED, \"Annual disaster statistical review 2011: The numbers and trends,\" Ciaco Imprimerie, Louvain-la-Neuve (Bulgium), 2011.","K. O' Brien, L. Sygna, R. Leichenko, W. N. Adger, J. Barnett, T. Mitchell, L. Schipper, T. Tanner, C. Vogel, C. Mortreux, \"Disaster risk reduction, climate change adaptation and human security: A commissioned report for the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign affairs,\" Global Environmental Change and Human Security, 2008.","D. W. Edgington, \"Reconstructing Kobe: The geography of crisis and opportunity,\" UBC Press, 2011.","N. N. Ambraseys, \"Nicholas Neocles Ambraseys 1929–2012,\" Journal of Earthquake Engineering, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 301-303, 2013.","Committee to Develop a Long-Term Research Agenda for the Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES), \"Preventing Earthquake Disasters: The Grand Challenge in Earthquake Engineering: A Research Agenda for the Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES),\" National Academies Press, 2003.","W. Dong, G. Morrow, A. Tanaka, H. Kagawa, L. C. Chou, Y. B. Tsai, W. Hsu, L. Johnson, C. Van Anne, S. Segawa, C. H. Yeh, K. L. W., W. L. Chiang, \"Event report: Chi-Chi, Taiwan Earthquake,\" Risk Management Solution, Inc., 2000.\n[10]\tY. M. Su, and C. C. Tsai, \"The research for administrable mechanisms of active faults developed circumscription and the policy assessment,\" Journal of City and Planning, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 301-323, 2003.\n[11]\tC. Elachi, and A. Donnellan, \"Preparing L.S. for potential earthquakes: Applications of space technology,\" in The L.A. earthquake source book, Capital Offset Co. pp.58-65, 2008.\n[12]\tUSGS, \"National seismic hazard map,\" http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/products/conterminous/index.php#2014 (2016/5/1)\n[13]\tT. H. Jordan, \"The P-word,\" in The L.A. earthquake source book. Capital Offset Co. pp.36-43, 2008.\n[14]\tK. Pearson, \"On lines and planes of closest fit to systems of points in space,\" Philos. Mag., vol. 2, pp.559-572, 1901.\n[15]\tH. Hotelling, \"Analysis of a complex of statistical variables into principle components,\" J. Educ. Psychol., vol.24, no.6, pp.417-441, 1933.\n[16]\tH. Abdi, and L. J. Williams, \"Principle component analysis,\" Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics, vol.2, no.4, pp.433-459, 2010.\n[17]\tM. S. Srivastava, \"Methods of multivariate statistics,\" Wiley-Interscience, New York, 2002.\n[18]\tW. R. Tobler, \"A computer movie simulating urban growth in the Detroit region,\" Economic Geography, vol. 46, no. supplement, pp.234-240.\n[19]\tCentral Geology Survey, \"Active Fault of Taiwan,\" Central Geology Survey, Taipei, 2013."]}

In 2005, the World Bank issued Natural Disaster Hotspots: A Global Risk Analysis, which indicted that Taiwan, may be the most vulnerable place to natural hazards. This paper aims at landslide points, land use data, socioeconomic indicators integrated with the mapping method to analyze the relation between spatial structural relationships and spatial patterns of disaggregate and aggregate levels in natural hazard areas. First, natural hazard locations are derived from geospatial data and coded into a GIS system. Second, the spatial analysis techniques includes different geospatial scale is derived from spatial autocorrelation analysis (SAA), space syntax. On the other hand, spatial analysis data such as digital terrain model (DTM) combination based on land use type relative significance to the process of landslide occurrence. Finally, this paper organizes a framework integrated with the land use plan and spatial analysis techniques (FILS). Results from 2006 showed that the natural hazard area hot spots include Taipei, Taichung, and Kaohsiung.

Public facility allocation would improve the quality of the urban environment. An accurate service distance of the public facility would improve the plan location of the public facility Recently, the road network structure was complicated and unequally developed The issues of the road involve the carrying capacity effect and the traveler choice behavior, however past studies evaluating the service distance use the straight distance method that was too simple to describe the true situation. This paper aims at using Geographical Information Systems of the network analysis integration of the Space Syntax analysis to measure the road integration value. The result of the road network integration affect the service distance, this is called the marginal ring to offer practice and discussed in the concluding section.