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The quantum Monte Carlo algorithm is arguably one of the most powerful computational many-body methods, enabling accurate calculation of many properties in interacting quantum systems. In the presence of the so-called sign problem, the algorithm typically relies on trial wave functions to eliminate the exponential decay of signal-to-noise ratio, usually at the expense of a bias in the result. The quality of the trial state therefore is critical for accurate simulations. In this work, benchmark results of the ground state auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo method are reported for the Hubbard model on several geometries. We demonstrate that when multi-determinant generalized Hartree-Fock states are used as trial wave functions, the systematic errors can be systematically reduced to a low level and the results compare favorably with the exact diagonalization data., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, 1 table, revised version

We study the effect of disorder on the semimetal -- Mott insulator transition in the half-filled repulsive Hubbard model on a honeycomb lattice, a system that features vanishing density of states at the Fermi level. Using the determinant quantum Monte Carlo method, we characterize various phases in terms of the bulk-limit antiferromagnetic (AF) order parameter, compressibility, and temperature-dependent DC conductivity. In the clean limit, our data are consistent with previous results showing a single quantum critical point separating the semi-metallic and AF Mott insulating phases. With the presence of randomness, a non-magnetic disordered insulating phase emerges. Inside this disordered insulator phase, there is a crossover from a gapless Anderson-like insulator to a gapped Mott-like insulator., Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures

Quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) algorithms have long relied on Jastrow factors to incorporate dynamic correlation into trial wave functions. While Jastrow-type wave functions have been widely employed in real-space algorithms, they have seen limited use in second-quantized QMC methods, particularly in projection methods that involve a stochastic evolution of the wave function in imaginary time. Here we propose a scheme for generating Jastrow-type correlated trial wave functions for auxiliary-field QMC methods. The method is based on decoupling the two-body Jastrow into one-body projectors coupled to auxiliary fields, which then operate on a single determinant to produce a multi-determinant trial wave function. We demonstrate that intelligent sampling of the most significant determinants in this expansion can produce compact trial wave functions that reduce errors in the calculated energies. Our technique may be readily generalized to accommodate a wide range of two-body Jastrow factors and applied to a variety of model and chemical systems., Comment: Revised version with 7 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables

The direct transition from an insulator to a superconductor (SC) in Fermi systems is a problem of long-standing interest, which necessarily goes beyond the standard BCS paradigm of superconductivity as a Fermi surface instability. We introduce here a simple, translationally-invariant lattice fermion model that undergoes a SC-insulator transition (SIT) and elucidate its properties using analytical methods and quantum Monte Carlo simulations. We show that there is a fermionic band insulator to bosonic insulator crossover in the insulating phase and a BCS-to-BEC crossover in the SC. The SIT is always found to be from a bosonic insulator to a BEC-like SC, with an energy gap for fermions that remains finite across the SIT. The energy scales that go critical at the SIT are the gap to pair excitations in the insulator and the superfluid stiffness in the SC. In addition to giving insights into important questions about the SIT in solid state systems, our model should be experimentally realizable using ultracold fermions in optical lattices., Comment: article 5 pages with 5 figures, four Appendices with 3 figures; total 9 pages

Advances in pure optical trapping techniques now allow the creation of degenerate Bose gases with internal degrees of freedom. Systems such as ${}^{87}$Rb, $^{39}$K or ${}^{23}$Na in the $F=1$ hyperfine state offer an ideal platform for studying the interplay of superfluidity and quantum magnetism. Motivated by the experimental developments, we study ground state phases of a two-component Bose gas loaded on an optical lattice. The system is described effectively by the Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian with onsite and near neighbor spin-spin interactions. An important feature of our investigation is the inclusion of interconversion (spin flip) terms between the two species, which has been observed in optical lattice experiments. Using mean-field theory and quantum Monte Carlo simulations, we map out the phase diagram of the system. A rich variety of phases is identified, including antiferromagnetic (AF) Mott insulators, ferromagnetic and AF superfluids., Comment: 11 pages, 10 figures, revised version

We calculate the bipartite \Renyi entanglement entropy of an $L\times L\times 2$ bilayer Hubbard model using a determinantal quantum Monte Carlo method recently proposed by Grover [Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 111}, 130402 (2013)]. Two types of bipartition are studied: (i) One that divides the lattice into two $L \times L$ planes, and (ii) One that divides the lattice into two equal-size ($L\times L/2\times 2$) bilayers. We compare our calculations with those for the tight-binding model studied by the correlation matrix method. As expected, the entropy for bipartition (i) scales as $L^2$, while the latter scales with $L$ with possible logarithmic corrections. The onset of the antiferromagnet to singlet transition shows up by a saturation of the former to a maximal value and the latter to a small value in the singlet phase. We comment on the large uncertainties in the numerical results with increasing $U$, which would have to be overcome before the critical behavior and logarithmic corrections can be quantified., Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures. Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. B

Recently, it has become possible to tune optical lattices continuously between square and triangular geometries. We compute thermodynamics and spin correlations in the corresponding Hubbard model using determinant quantum Monte Carlo and show that the frustration effects induced by the variable hopping terms can be clearly separated from concomitant bandwidth changes by a proper rescaling of the interaction. An enhancement of the double occupancy by geometric frustration signals the destruction of nontrivial antiferromagnetic correlations at weak coupling and entropy $s\lesssim \ln(2)$ (and restores Pomeranchuk cooling at strong frustration), paving the way to the long-sought experimental detection of antiferromagnetism in ultracold fermions on optical lattices., Comment: 5 pages

We investigate ground state properties of the half-filled staggered-flux Hubbard model on a square lattice. Energy gaps to charge and spin excitations and magnetic as well as dimer orders are calculated as a function of interaction strength $U/t$ by means of constrained-path quantum Monte Carlo method. It is found that the system is a semi-metal at $U/t\lesssim 5.6$ and a Mott insulator with long-range antiferromagnetic order at $U/t \gtrsim 6.6$. In the range $5.6\lesssim U/t\lesssim 6.6$, the ground state is an correlated insulator where both magnetic and dimer orders are absent. Furthermore, spin excitation in the intermediate phase appears to be gapless, and the measured spin-spin correlation function exhibits power-law decaying behavior. The data suggest that the non-magnetic ground state is a possible candidate for the putative algebraic spin liquid., Comment: 4+ pages, 4 figures, supplemental material

The ground states of the two-dimensional repulsive Hubbard model are studied within the unrestricted Hartree-Fock (UHF) theory. Magnetic and charge properties are determined by systematic, large-scale, exact numerical calculations, and quantified as a function of electron doping $h$. In the solution of the self-consistent UHF equations, multiple initial configurations and simulated annealing are used to facilitate convergence to the global minimum. New approaches are employed to minimize finite-size effects in order to reach the thermodynamic limit. At low to moderate interacting strengths and low doping, the UHF ground state is a linear spin-density wave (l-SDW), with antiferromagnetic order and a modulating wave. The wavelength of the modulating wave is $2/h$. Corresponding charge order exists but is substantially weaker than the spin order, hence holes are mobile. As the interaction is increased, the l-SDW states evolves into several different phases, with the holes eventually becoming localized. A simple pairing model is presented with analytic calculations for low interaction strength and small doping, to help understand the numerical results and provide a physical picture for the properties of the SDW ground state. By comparison with recent many-body calculations, it is shown that, for intermediate interactions, the UHF solution provides a good description of the magnetic correlations in the true ground state of the Hubbard model., Comment: 13 pages, 17 figure, 0 tables

Ground state properties of the repulsive Hubbard model on a cubic lattice are investigated by means of the auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo method. We focus on low-density systems with varying on-site interaction $U/t$, as a model relevant to recent experiments on itinerant ferromagnetism in a dilute Fermi gas with contact interaction. Twist-average boundary conditions are used to eliminate open-shell effects and large lattice sizes are studied to reduce finite-size effects. The sign problem is controlled by a generalized constrained path approximation. We find no ferromagnetic phase transition in this model. The ground-state correlations are consistent with those of a paramagnetic Fermi liquid., Comment: 4+ pages, 4 figures

Determining the ground state properties of the two-dimensional Hubbard model has remained an outstanding problem. Applying recent advances in constrained path auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo techniques and simulating large rectangular periodic lattices, we calculate the long-range spin and charge correlations in the ground state as a function of doping. At intermediate interaction strengths, an incommensurate spin density wave (SDW) state is found, with antiferromagnetic order and essentially homogeneous charge correlation. The wavelength of the collective mode decreases with doping, as does its magnitude. The SDW order vanishes beyond a critical doping. As the interaction is increased, the holes go from a wave-like to a particle-like state, and charge ordering develops which eventually evolves into stripe-like states., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures

Using recent advances in auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo techniques and the phaseless approximation to control the sign/phase problem, we determine the equation of state in the ground state of the two-dimensional repulsive single-band Hubbard model at intermediate interactions. Shell effects are eliminated and finite-size effects are greatly reduced by boundary condition integration. Spin-spin correlation functions and structure factors are also calculated. In lattice sizes up to $16\times 16$, the results show signal for phase-separation. Upon doping, the system separates into one phase of density $n=1$ (hole-free) and the other at density $n_c$ ($\sim 0.9$). The long-range antiferromagnetic order is coupled to this process, and is lost below $n_c$., Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures. title changed, final version accepted for publication

This study builds upon the work of Palacios and MacDonald (Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 76}, 118 (1996)), wherein they identify the bosonic excitations of Wen's approach for the edge of the 1/3 fractional quantum Hall state with certain operators introduced by Stone. Using a quantum Monte Carlo method, we extend to larger systems containing up to 40 electrons and obtain more accurate thermodynamic limits for various matrix elements for a short range interaction. The results are in agreement with those of Palacios and MacDonald for small systems, but offer further insight into the detailed approach to the thermodynamic limit. For the short range interaction, the results are consistent with the chiral Luttinger liquid predictions.We also study excitations using the Coulomb ground state for up to nine electrons to ascertain the effect of interactions on the results; in this case our tests of the chiral Luttinger liquid approach are inconclusive., Comment: 10 pages, 2 figures

It is known that a subset of fractional quantum Hall wave functions has been expressed as conformal field theory (CFT) correlators, notably the Laughlin wave function at filling factor $\nu=1/m$ ($m$ odd) and its quasiholes, and the Pfaffian wave function at $\nu=1/2$ and its quasiholes. We develop a general scheme for constructing composite-fermion (CF) wave functions from conformal field theory. Quasiparticles at $\nu=1/m$ are created by inserting anyonic vertex operators, $P_{\frac{1}{m}}(z)$, that replace a subset of the electron operators in the correlator. The one-quasiparticle wave function is identical to the corresponding CF wave function, and the two-quasiparticle wave function has correct fractional charge and statistics and is numerically almost identical to the corresponding CF wave function. We further show how to exactly represent the CF wavefunctions in the Jain series $\nu = s/(2sp+1)$ as the CFT correlators of a new type of fermionic vertex operators, $V_{p,n}(z)$, constructed from $n$ free compactified bosons; these operators provide the CFT representation of composite fermions carrying $2p$ flux quanta in the $n^{\rm th}$ CF Landau level. We also construct the corresponding quasiparticle- and quasihole operators and argue that they have the expected fractional charge and statistics. For filling fractions 2/5 and 3/7 we show that the chiral CFTs that describe the bulk wave functions are identical to those given by Wen's general classification of quantum Hall states in terms of $K$-matrices and $l$- and $t$-vectors, and we propose that to be generally true. Our results suggest a general procedure for constructing quasiparticle wave functions for other fractional Hall states, as well as for constructing ground states at filling fractions not contained in the principal Jain series., Comment: 26 pages, 3 figures

We review and extend the composite fermion theory for semiconductor quantum dots in high magnetic fields. The mean-field model of composite fermions is unsatisfactory for the qualitative physics at high angular momenta. Extensive numerical calculations demonstrate that the microscopic CF theory, which incorporates interactions between composite fermions, provides an excellent qualitative and quantitative account of the quantum dot ground state down to the largest angular momenta studied, and allows systematic improvements by inclusion of mixing between composite fermion Landau levels (called $\Lambda$ levels)., Comment: 13 pages, 8 figures

The non-perturbative effect of interaction can sometimes make interacting bosons behave as though they were free fermions. The system of neutral bosons in a rapidly rotating atomic trap is equivalent to charged bosons coupled to a magnetic field, which has opened up the possibility of fractional quantum Hall effect for bosons interacting with a short range interaction. Motivated by the composite fermion theory of the fractional Hall effect of electrons, we test the idea that the interacting bosons map into non-interacting spinless fermions carrying one vortex each, by comparing wave functions incorporating this physics with exact wave functions available for systems containing up to 12 bosons. We study here the analogy between interacting bosons at filling factors $\nu=n/(n+1)$ with non-interacting fermions at $\nu^*=n$ for the ground state as well as the low-energy excited states and find that it provides a good account of the behavior for small $n$, but interactions between fermions become increasingly important with $n$. At $\nu=1$, which is obtained in the limit $n\rightarrow \infty$, the fermionization appears to overcompensate for the repulsive interaction between bosons, producing an {\em attractive} interactions between fermions, as evidenced by a pairing of fermions here., Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures. Submitted to Phys. Rev. A