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Purpose. This study evaluated whether 3D-based vision training (VT) with visual cortex-activated auditory frequency entrainment and bilateral orbital electrical stimulation (ES) could prevent the progression of myopia among schoolchildren. Methods. In this two-stage, randomized, crossover, single-blind study, pre- and post-logMAR visual acuity and refractive error from 27 schoolchildren with myopia (≤−0.50 D) were evaluated among four groups: (1) sham control with no VT, frequency following response (FFR), or ES (control group); (2) 3D-based VT only (VT group); (3) VT with FFR generated through visual cortex-activated auditory entrainment (VT-FFR group); and (4) VT with FFR and bilateral orbital ES (VT-FFR-ES group). In stage 1, the intervention was administered for 30 min to all groups using a randomized crossover design. In stage 2, the intervention was administered for 30 min/day, 3 days a week, for 4 weeks to evaluate the effectiveness of intervention. Results. Compared with the pre-test, post-test logMAR visual acuity after a single intervention was not significantly different in control and VT groups, but significantly improved in the VT-FFR (−0.08 ± 0.11) and VT-FFR-ES groups (−0.13 ± 0.14). Compared with the pre-test, post-test refractive error by spherical equivalent in VT-FFR-ES group for the 4-week intervention was significantly (<0.001) improved (0.21 D) compared with the control group (−0.1 D). Conclusions. The multicomponent physiotherapeutic intervention of 3D-based VT with auditory FFR and bilateral orbital ES can inhibit the progression of myopia. This intervention can be used as a noninvasive physiotherapeutic approach to prevent or reduce the severity of myopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: With the benefits of advanced medical technology, Taiwan has gradually changed from an aged society to a super-aged society. According to previous studies, the prevalence rate of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) over the age of 60 is 15% to 20%. Therefore, the main purpose of our study was to analyze the correlation of cognitive function with visual function (specifically, binocular vision and visual perception) in Taiwanese volunteers aged 60 years or older. Methods: Thirty-six healthy participants who were not taking psychiatric medications and who had not been diagnosed with any retinal or optic nerve diseases were enrolled. Addenbrooke's cognitive examination III (ACE-III), binocular visual function, and visual perception evaluation were performed, and the data analyzed statistically by t-test, χ2, linear regression, and MANOVA. Results: Cognitive function was closely correlated with visual function and visual perception; the horizontal adjustment time of binocular eye movement, stereopsis, the motor-free visual perception test-4 (MVPT-4), and peripheral awareness actually displayed higher explanatory power in predicting cognitive function. In addition, various interactive parameters between visual function and visual perception were found to affect specific aspects of ACE-III. Discussion: Our study revealed that there was a close correlation of cognitive function with visual function; as such, it may be possible to predict visual function deficits in patients with mild cognitive impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]