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Diabetes mellitus, which has high rates of disability and mortality, is one of the main causes of public health concerns worldwide. It currently poses serious medical and societal issues. Different bio-analytical techniques have been developed to identify the pharmaceutical formulation of the anti-diabetic drug. Due to the continual requirement to achieve improved sensitivity, accuracy, and speed of analysis in complex biological samples, the development of bio-analytical sample preparation techniques has grown more difficult over time (e.g., blood, serum, plasma, saliva, feces, and urine). This is a mini review, and its goal is to analyze how LC-MS/MS has been used to for the pharmaceutical formulation of the anti-diabetic drugs. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, selectivity, and stability.

The present study deals with an experimental and numerical study to quantify the skin necrosis during cryotherapy. Agarose gel (0.6% (w/v)) is used to mimic the thermal properties of the dermis. The spray cooling is performed with 0.8 mm, 0.6 mm and 0.4 mm nozzle diameters for a single freeze-thaw cycle of 120 s freezing and 130 s thawing. The distance from the nozzle to the gel surface (z) is maintained at 9 mm, 18 mm and 27 mm. The numerical modelling for the thermal analysis has been performed with enthalpy equation; the numerical results are well matched with the experimental results. The numerical results are used to calculate the lethal front, ablation volume and gap (distance between lethal and ice front) in the gel. The ablation volume obtained with 0.8 mm nozzle diameter for − 50oC and − 25oC isothermal surfaces is 83% and 62% smaller than the ice volume respectively for all the spraying distance. Similarly, it is 93% and 78% smaller for z = 27 mm while it is 91% and 73 ± 2% respectively for z = 18 mm and 9 mm in the case of 0.6 mm nozzle diameter. The present numerical model may help in the computerised planning of cryotherapy.

The main purpose of the study is to establish correlations for the ablation volume and the ice front as a function of the spray parameters. The ablation volume and the ice front depend upon the nozzle diameter, spraying distance and the freeze duration (spray parameters). The estimation of the ablation volume using the spray parameters shall be useful in surgical practice to ablate the different sizes of tumours. Liquid nitrogen spray cooling is carried out with 0.8 mm, 0.6 mm and 0.4 mm nozzle diameters. The spraying distance is maintained at 9 mm, 18 mm and 27 mm. The spray cooling is carried out for a single freeze–thaw cycle where freezing and thawing consist of 120 s and 130 s duration respectively. A two-dimensional heat flow equation with phase change is considered for the numerical study. The numerically calculated transient temperature (2 mm and 5 mm from the gel surface) and ice front values show confirmatory results with the experimentally measured data. Correlations are obtained to determine the ablation volume (− 50 °C and − 25 °C isothermal surfaces) and ice front (axial and lateral) with a goodness of fit $$\ge$$ 95%. The nozzle diameter has a greater impact on the ablation volume as compared to the spraying distance during 120 s of freezing. The nozzle diameter of 0.8 mm, 0.6 mm and 0.4 mm can be effectively used for cryotherapy with spraying distance up to 27 mm, 18 mm and 9 mm respectively.

The present study is carried out to quantify the effect of NaCl in 0.6% (w/v) agarose gel for cryosurgical applications. The concentration of NaCl is taken as 0%, 5%, 10% and 20% (w/v). In this study liquid nitrogen is sprayed using a 0.8 mm nozzle diameter. The distance from the nozzle to the agarose gel surface is 27 mm. The spray cooling is carried out for a single freeze-thaw cycle (freezing 120 s and thawing 130 s). The transient temperature history and ice front are measured experimentally. To validate the numerical study with the experimental study, energy equation with phase change is considered. The numerically calculated results show good confirmation with the experimentally measured results. The ablation volume, lethal front and gap (distance between lethal front and ice front) are calculated numerically as these parameters are difficult to determine experimentally. The lowest temperature, obtained at the end of 120 s of freezing, decreases with the increase in the NaCl concentration in the gel phantom. The ice front obtained in the radial and axial directions decreases with the addition of NaCl concentration in the gel. The ablation volume enclosed by − 25 °C isothermal surface in the case of 20% NaCl-gel is 111% larger than 0% NaCl-gel while it is 64% for − 50 °C isothermal surface. It is interestingly found that the calculated gap decreases with the addition of NaCl concentration.

Ethanolic extract of flowers of Pongamia pinnata was studied for its protective effect against cisplatin and gentamicin induced renal injury in rats. When the extract (300600 mg kg(-1)) was administered orally for 10 days following cisplatin (5 mg kg(-1) i.p.) on day 5, toxicity of cisplatin, as measured by loss of body weight, elevated blood urea and serum creatinine declined significantly. Similarly in gentamicin (40 mg kg(-1) s.c.) induced renal injury, the extract (600 mg kg(-1)) normalized the raised blood urea and serum creatinine levels. Reversal of cisplatin and gentamicin renal cell damage as induced by tubular necrosis ie, marked congestion of the glomeruli with glomerular atrophy, degeneration of tubular epithelial cells with casts in the tubular lumen and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the interstitium was confirmed on histopathological examination. In the preventive regimen, co-administration of the extract with gentamicin significantly prevented the renal injury both functionally and histologically. Ethanolic extract of flowers had a marked nitric oxide free radical scavenging effect, suggesting an antioxidative property. Two flavonoids, known for their antioxidant activity viz. kaempferol and 3, 5, 6, 7, 8-pentamethoxy flavone were isolated from the extract. The results suggested that the flowers of Pongamia pinnata had a protective effect against cisplatin and gentamicin induced renal injury through antioxidant property.