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Under the present study, the adsorption capability of the activated carbon originated from Bombax ceiba fruit shell was examined using batch experimental mode. Bombax ceiba fruit shell was carbonized and chemically activated using zinc chloride (ZnCl2) as activating agent. The surface structure of the prepared activated carbon was examined by using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Some important experimental parameters namely pH of the solution, contact time and initial metal ion concentration in the solution, which affect the adsorption process were optimized. Maximum cadmium(II) removal from the aqueous solution was found at pH 9 with 0.3g/30mL adsorbent dose. The equilibrium in adsorption was attained after about 90 min of contact. Different adsorption isotherm models namely Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherm models were fitted to explain the equilibrium data obtained for the adsorption system. Temkin isotherm was found to show stronger correlation for cadmium(II) adsorption from the experimental solution onto the prepared adsorbent surface.

Aim: The present study was conducted to observe the effect of feeding dietary level of energy and protein on growth performance and immune status of Vanaraja chicken in the tropic. Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted for 56 days on 540 1-day-old chicks, which were individually weighed and distributed into nine groups having 60 birds in each. Each group was further subdivided into triplicates having 20 birds in each. Nine different experimental rations were formulated with three levels of protein, viz., 17%, 19%, and 21%; each with three levels of energy (2600, 2800, and 3000 kcal metabolizable energy [ME]/kg), respectively. Group T8 serves as control fed with 21% protein and 2800 kcal energy as per Project Directorate of Poultry, Hyderabad given requirement. Feed consumption, live weight gain, body weight change, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated based on the amount of feed consumed every week. All the birds were vaccinated following standard protocol. The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test have been performed to assess the immunity potential of birds due to dietary effect, and serum samples were subjected to HI test at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of age. Finally, economics of broiler production was calculated on the cost of feed per kg live weight gain. Results: This study revealed that the effect of feeding different levels of energy and protein on growth parameters such as body weight gain and FCR was found to be significantly higher (p

Kumari, Punita, Chandramoni, Singh, P.K. and Singh, A.K. 2020. Effect of different herbs and spices on cholesterol lowering in broiler: An overview. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 55(2): 91–97.

Studies were done on blood biochemical constituents and rumen fermentation pattern of growing buffalo calves fed ammoniated wheat straw (UAS)-based rations supplemented with three different protein supplements. Eighteen buffalo calves (140 kg) were divided into three groups of six calves each and were fed on UAS supplemented with a concentrate mixture (roughage:concentrate ratio 58:42) containing 8% (or 3.5% of total ration) untreated groundnut cake (GNC) (group I), 8% formaldehyde treated GNC (group II) and 8% fish meal (group III), respectively, for 19 weeks. During this growth study, blood biochemistry was studied. Rumen fermentation study was done on three fistulated growing buffalo calves using a 3×3 Latin square switch over design. Blood glucose and ammonia-N did not differ significantly among the treatments. However, blood urea-N of calves in group III was higher (P

Twelve adult Muzaffarnagari rams (mean weight 41.4 2.09) were used to study fasting heat production (FHP) using open circuit respiration calorimetry. After a maintenance level of feeding for 60, sheep were fasted for three days and later subjected to gaseous exchange studies for 72‐96 h. Mean oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide and methane production (l/d) and urinary nitrogen excretion (g/d) values for sheep were 187.9, 130.4, 0.346 and 2.94, respectively. Mean fasting heat production of sheep was 54.1 kcal/kg W 0.75 per day and feeding rations with different roughage to concentrate ratio at maintenance level

Methane production in Muzaffarnagari sheep was studied using open circuit respiration calorimetry technique. Twelve rams were divided in three treatment groups of four each and were fed at about maintenance with diets having three roughage (oat hay) to concentrate ratio (R : C), i.e. 92 : 8 (group I), 50 : 50 (group II), 30 : 70 (group III). Concentrate mixture was formulated to contain 93% crushed maize grain, 3.5% wheat bran and 3.5% groundnut cake fortified with minerals. Whereas the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and energy was similar, the digestibility of nitrogen was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in groups II and III and of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in-group III than the other groups. Nitrogen retention was improved but not beyond 50R : 50C. As a percent of gross energy intake, urinary energy losses in groups I, II and III were 3.0, 2.9 and 2.8%, and methane energy losses were 3.39, 3.34 and 2.98%, respectively. Even though, gross energy intakes (kcal/kg W 0.75 ) were similar, methane loss (g) per 100 g digestible organic matter was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in group I (2.2) than in groups II (1.84) and III (1.54), the latter did not differ in this respect. Metabolisable energy (ME) value (Mcal/kg DM) and energy balances (kcal/kg W 0.75 ) on rations in groups II and III were similar but on ration in group I was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that in other groups. Efficiency of utilisation of ME for maintenance (km) of diets in groups I, II and III calculated as per ARC (1980) were 0.674, 0.688 and 0.693, respectively, and did not differ significantly. Based on the evaluation of three R : C, it was inferred that R : C ratio of 50 : 50 in diet of Muzaffarnagari sheep is

Three groups (I II and III) of Muzaffarnagari sheep comprising each of four sheep were fed diets containing 92:8, 50:50 and 30:70 roughage (R) and concentrate (C) ratio. Conventional metabolic trial was followed by gaseous exchange study in open circuit respiration chamber. The carbon content of feed, feces and urine was estimated by adopting soda lime method whereas carbon loss as carbondioxide and methane was determined from gaseous exchange in respiration chamber. Nutritive value in terms of DP (%) and TDN (%) was significantly (p

1. A 5 x 3 factorial experiment was carried out with caged White Leghorn hens with 5 concentrations of calcium (26.0, 29.0, 32.5, 36.0, 39.0 g/kg) and 3 concentrations of phosphorus (4.3, 5.0 and 6.0 g/kg) for 120 d. Variables observed were hen day egg production, food consumption, shell weight, shell weight per unit surface area (SWUSA) and egg content. 2. 36.0 g calcium (Ca) and 4.3 g phosphorus (P) kg were found to be the dietary concentrations that resulted in optimal hen day egg production, shell weight, SWUSA and egg content. 3. Lack of a significant interaction between the effects of calcium and phosphorus on production parameters showed that the dietary Ca:P ratio is not of great importance for the laying hen. 4. Absolute retentions of Ca and P were inversely related to percentage retentions. 5. A balance study of calcium and phosphorus also showed optima at 36.0 g Ca and 4.3 g P per kg. 6. It was inferred that 36.0 g Ca and 5.0 g total P per kg are the optimal concentrations in diets for caged layers in a tropical climate.

The study was conducted to assess the effect of supplementation of tannin rich feed on growth performance and nutrient utilization of goats fed on tanniniferous babul (Acacia nilotica) pod meal. For growth study twenty-four Black Bengal male kids (3.5 months, 6.50±1.50 kg BW) were distributed into four equal groups. The experimental animals were fed graded level of babul pod meal (0, 10, 20 and 30 percent) mixed in concentrate mixture equivalent to tannin concentration of 0, 1.91, 3.82 and 5.73 percent in control, T1, T2 and T3 diet, respectively. The intake of different nutrients was numerically higher in T2 group as compared to control. There were no significant changes (P>0.05) in respect of nutrient digestibility. The N balance was 38.0% higher in T2 group as compared to control. The ADG was 11.21 and 25.48 percent higher in T1 and T2 group as compared to control, whereas reduction in BW and ADG was noted in T3 group. The feed conversion efficiency was significantly (P

The present study was planned to investigate the effect of feeding different levels of energy and protein on the performance of Vanaraja chicken. Five hundred and forty day-old chicks were weighed individually and distributed into 9 groups of 60 birds in each. Each group was further sub-divided into subgroups having 20 birds in each. Nine different experimental rations were formulated with three levels of protein viz., 17, 19 and 21% each with three levels of energy (2600, 2800 and 3000 kcal ME/kg) in a 3×3 factorial experimental design (T1: 17% CP and 2600 kcal ME/kg, T2: 17% CP and 2800 kcal ME/kg, T3: 17% CP and 3000 kcal ME/kg, T4: 19% CP and 2600 kcal ME/kg, T5: 19% CP and 2800 kcal ME/kg, T6: 19% CP and 3000 kcal ME/kg, T7: 21% CP and 2600 kcal ME/kg, T8 (21% CP and 2800 kcal ME/kg, T9: 21% CP and 3000 kcal ME/kg). The group T8 served as control and was fed diet containing 21% CP and 2800 kcal ME. Vanaraja chicken fed on diets containing 19% CP and 3000 kcal ME/kg showed lower feed intake than those fed with diets having 17% CP. The group T9 showed the highest weight gain and the values were comparable to that of group T6. The FCR was better (P

The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing prebiotic mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) and α-tocopherol individually and in combination on the performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chicken. A total of 240, day-old Vencobb broiler chicks of either sex were randomly assigned to four dietary treatment groups with three replicates of 20 birds for 7 weeks. The chicks in all the groups were fed with the starter and finisher ration as per BIS recommendations, however, in treatments T2, T3 and T4, the chicks were also provided with α-tocopherol @ 400 IU, mannan-oligosaccharide @ 0.4% and α-tocopherol @ 400 IU + mannan-oligosaccharide @ 0.4% of the feed, respectively. The basal diet served as treatment T1. There was significant (P

The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing prebiotic mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) and α-tocopherol on the blood parameters in broiler chicken. A total of 240, day-old Vencobb broiler chicks were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments having three replicates of 20 birds for 7 weeks. The chicks were fed with standard basal diet as per BIS (1992). The control group T1 was fed a basal diet. The birds in group T2 were fed control diet as in T1 + α-tocopherol @ 400 IU per kg of feed; in group T3: control diet as in T1 + mannan-oligosaccharide @ 0.4% and in group T4: control diet as in T1 + α-tocopherol @ 400 IU per kg feed + mannan-oligosaccharide @ 0.4% in feed, respectively. The values of blood haematological parameters were variable in different treatments. The glucose and total protein concentration was higher (P

Five faunated and five defaunated sheep were fed diet containing 70:30 concentrate to roughage (oat hay) ratio and energy balances were determined by carbon and nitrogen balance method.Intake and nutritive value of the diet did not differ between faunated and defaunated sheep. Loss of carbon in urine and methane as percent of intake was significantly (p