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Organophosphates (OPs) are an integral part of modern agriculture; however, due to overexploitation, OPs pesticides residues are leaching and accumulating in the soil, and groundwater contaminated terrestrial and aquatic food webs. Acute exposure to OPs could produce toxicity in insects, plants, animals, and humans. OPs are known for covalent inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme in pests and terrestrial/aquatic organisms, leading to nervous, respiratory, reproductive, and hepatic abnormalities. OPs pesticides also disrupt the growth-promoting machinery in plants by inhibiting key enzymes, permeability, and trans-cuticular diffusion, which is crucial for plant growth. Excessive use of OPs, directly/indirectly affecting human/environmental health, raise a thoughtful global concern. Developing a safe, reliable, economical, and eco-friendly methods for removing OPs pesticides from the environment is thus necessary. Bioremediation techniques coupled with microbes or microbial-biocatalysts are emerging as promising antidotes for OPs pesticides. Here, we comprehensively review the current scenario of OPs pollution, their toxicity (at a molecular level), and the recent advancements in biotechnology (modified biocatalytic systems) for detection, decontamination, and bioremediation of OP-pesticides in polluted environments. Furthermore, the review focuses on onsite applications of OPs degrading enzymes (immobilizations/biosensors/others), and it also highlights remaining challenges with future approaches.

Background Therapeutic options are limited for unresectable isolated recurrent cervical lymph node (LN). There are different methods of salvaging the recurrent nodes such as surgery, reirradiation by fractionated external beam radiation therapy, stereotactic body radiotherapy, and interstitial brachytherapy. However, interstitial brachytherapy method is very less commonly used. We highlighted a treated case of oropharyngeal cancer with isolated recurrent neck node treated with interstitial brachytherapy under ultrasound guidance. Methods and materials One 60-year-old male patient diagnosed with case of squamous cell carcinoma vallecula with left level II LN, cT2N1M0, was given 70 Gy in conventional fractionation to the gross primary and node and 59 Gy and 56 Gy to the intermediate and low-risk volumes, respectively. Post chemoradiation, we achieved complete metabolic and morphological response of the primary and neck node as well. However, he developed a recurrent fluorodeoxyglucose avid level II LN of size 3×2 cm after 7 months which was fixed. Positron emission tomography (PET) scan showed a PET avid recurrent node abutting the great vessels in the left side. We treated by computed tomography (CT)-based high-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy using Ir-192. High-risk clinical target volume was defined as 1.5 cm margin around the gross tumor volume, trying to achieve 100% volume with 95% dose prescribing 35 Gy/10 fractions @ 350cGy/# to HRCTV using Oncentra treatment planning system. Result He developed complete metabolic response after 3 month of nodal brachytherapy confirmed by PET CT and remained disease free for 30 months till the last follow-up. Conclusion Ultrasonography-guided interstitial nodal brachytherapy is a valid option and feasible in previously irradiated patients with isolated recurrent neck node of head and neck cancers. However, more number of patients needed to be done by similar fashion for adequate data generation and proper conclusion.

To compare periodontal treatment responses in electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) users, non-smokers, former and current smokers.In this retrospective clinical study, 220 patients with periodontitis were seen for baseline periodontal charting, professional-mechanical-plaque-removal (PMPR) and re-evaluation by postgraduate students. Sixty of these patients were former smokers, twenty were former smokers now using e-cigarettes, twenty current smokers, while all others (n = 120) were non-smokers. Effects of smoking status and treatment duration on clinical outcomes were analyzed by linear models using generalized least squares adjusted for known confounders. The primary outcome was "need for surgery" defined as number of sextants with ≥2 non-adjacent sites of probing depths (PD) ≥5 mm.Compared with non-smokers, e-cigarette users had a less favorable treatment response after PMPR. This included statistically significant increased "need for surgery", as well as increased number of sextants with PD ≥5 mm, number of sites with PD 5 mm and mean PD. There were no statistically significant differences between e-cigarette users and current smokers. Former smokers responded statistically significantly better than e-cigarette users for the primary outcome as well as for the number of sextants and sites with PD ≥5 mm and mean PD.Overall, e-cigarette users had a statistically significantly less favorable response to PMPR than non-smokers; their response was not statistically significantly different to those of current smokers. This, however, needs to be validated with further research in prospective clinical and observational studies in different populations.

Using mycorrhizal fungi with their helper bacteria (MHB) to alleviate phosphate deficiency improve plant growth and rejuvenate the soil is the newer safer and most promising environment-friendly approach to limiting synthetic agrochemicals. Here 65 MHBs were isolated from the mycorrhizosphere of the Banana plant and 12 were screened based on their biofilm formation protease and N-acyl homoserine lactones production. A newly reported MHBEnterobactersp. was identified through the 16S ribotyping method and posed plant growth-promoting properties i.e solubilized phosphate produced indole acetic acid ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. The biocompatibility experiment showed a 4-fold increased mycorrhizal proliferation in MHB added plate compared to the control. Further field experiments suggested the banana plants 10-4-fold increment in plant height (216.54 cm) and stem diameter (10.66 cm). At the same time10-fold significant improvements were noted in leaf carbohydrate (639.9 mg g-1) protein (432.76 mg g-1) chlorophyll (268.66 mg g-1) phenol (1.9 mg g-1) and proline (uMole g-1) content of experimental plant compared to control. The study also showed a 5-fold increase in phosphate content (12.84 mg g-1) than the control (2.4 mg g-1). The isolates increased the mycorrhizal colonization and spore number by 79.33 % and 14.31 g-1in the rhizospheric soil. Total organic carbon and nitrogen (0.68 %) total phosphorus (55 kg ha-1) and potassium (499.66 kg ha-1) content of soil were positively affected by MHB and AMF. Further-more principal component analysis (PCA) and Pearsons correlation analysis of all the obtained results clearly showed the positive insights of inoculated MHB and AMF on the growth of the banana plant and soil restoration.

Pulses are excellent source of protein, fiber and other key nutrients. Fermented pulse-based products are routinely used in many parts of India. In this study, an attempt has been made to isolate potent probiotic lactic acid bacteria from traditionally fermented Vigna radiata (mung beans) and Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea). Fermented seed samples of both the pulses were used for the isolation of lactic acid bacteria using Lactobacilli selection medium de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe. Twenty colonies were randomly selected, based on differential colony morphology. Only Gram-positive and catalase-negative isolates were further propagated for biochemical characterization. The isolates obtained showed different growth patterns at acidic conditions (pH 2, 3 and 4) and at high bile salt concentration (0.5% and 1.0%). Most of the isolates showed promising results in antibiotic resistance assay and cell surface hydrophobicity test. Three potent isolates were identified as Pediococcus pentosaceus (RBS1), Enterococcus durans (RBS3) and Pediococcus pentosaceus (RBS10) using 16S rDNA sequencing.

Organophosphates are becoming an emerging pollutant due to their various applications, particularly as pesticides. In this study, an improved Colony (Live-cell) PCR method was developed for the detection of opd genes from bacteria encoding the organophosphate hydrolase enzymes capable of degrading various organophosphates. The improved method does not require pre-heating or pre-lysis of bacterial cells as essential in the conventional colony PCR. The reaction volume was scaled down to 10 µl by optimizing the PCR buffer and amplification conditions. The improved method was used for Gram positive and negative bacteria, glycerol stocks, liquid cultures, recombinant and mutant strains. Also, 16S rRNA gene was amplified from unknown environmental isolates and known E. coli strains. The amplified opd and 16S rRNA genes from the improved colony PCR method and by conventional PCR were sequenced, and similar results were obtained from both techniques. Thus, the improved method can be further explored in molecular biology or during biomarker studies. KEY POINTS: • Improved colony PCR method was developed for screening of opd genes from bacteria. • Method was validated for Gram positive/negative bacteria from solid as well as liquid media. • The improved method was rapid, efficient, and can be applied under various conditions.

Organophosphates (OPs) compounds are universally used as pesticides and maintained as chemical warfare agents by many nations across the globe. These OPs compounds due to their molecular structure are highly persistent in nature, contaminating soil and water equally, thereby adversely affecting terrestrial and aquatic life, and contributing to millions of poisoning cases every year worldwide. Therefore, there are urgent requirements for safe and rapid method for environmental restoration and therapeutic detoxications. Organophosphate hydrolyzing enzymes are emerging as an attractive candidate for the degradation of OPs compounds. The biologically driven approach is safe, rapid, and environment-friendly. As genetically modified microbes are not in practice worldwide, scientists are exploring different bioremediation approaches that mainly focus on cell-free biocatalytic systems. In this review, we have discussed the prevalence of OPs hydrolyzing enzymatic systems and the recent advancement of enzyme engineering in enhancing the catalytic activity, substrate specificity, and half-life. It highlights the application in OPs detection, decontamination (environmental bioremediation), and therapeutic detoxification using approaches like immobilization. We have also described the remaining challenges and future prospects.

A phenomenological study explored how five U.S. school counselors-in-training experienced cultural immersion in family life, schools, agencies, and community in the Netherlands. The central phenomenon emerging from reflection papers was that insights about cultural values led to making sense of how school counseling and special education were conceptualized. Students’ growth in cultural competence evolved from an initial preoccupation with concrete differences to a nuanced understanding of, and preference for, Dutch institutions and policies, and finally to a balanced view of U.S. and Dutch cultures. Findings attest that deep learning can occur in 2 weeks if thoughtful preparation, mutual benefit, collaboration, homestays, and community experiences are elements.

Introduction College students are at high risk for developing insomnia and co-morbid psychological distress. The aim of this research was to assess whether the lack of endogenous mindfulness was a risk factor for insomnia. Methods In order to address this issue, an archival analysis was conducted with a data set from MUN where the relationship between chronotype, mental health, sleep quality, and social support was assessed (n=3,160; 2,266 women; X̅age=22 years). The proband subsample of interest were subjects that completed the HADS, MEQ, the ISI, and the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS). The MAAS is a 15 item self-report measure, where each item is scored on a six-point Likert scale. Scores range from 15-90, higher scores are indicative of greater mindfulness. In order to evaluate the relevance of mindfulness, the overall sample was split into two groups (endogenous mindfulness [average score of ≥4.2]): n=647; X̅age=22.4 years; nonendogenous mindfulness [average score of ≥4.2]: n=1,505; X̅age=22.04 years). Results Subjects (n=2,152) were between the ages of 18-35 (X̅=22+/- 3.72) and included primarily Caucasian individuals (86.6 %) and individuals who identified as female (71.7%). The means and ranges for the ISI, MAAS, and HADS were as follows: 9.0 + 5.6 (0-28), 3.7+.98 (1-6), and 5.3 + 3.9 (0-21), respectively. A correlation of -0.27 (p Conclusion There was a relationship found, in both groups, between mindfulness and the ISI, where the scores on the ISI were lower when mindfulness was high. This suggests that there is a moderate linear relationship between mindfulness and insomnia. This association needs to be further evaluated in samples that have a broader range of ISI scores and with analyses that more carefully parse the moderating influence of depression. Analyses are ongoing. Support (If Any) Support: K24AG055602

Bioremediation systems coupled to efficient microbial enzymes have emerged as an attractive approach for the in-situ removal of hazardous organophosphates (OPs) pesticides from the polluted environment. However, the role of engineered enzymes in OPs-degradation is rarely studied. In this study, the potential OPs-hydrolase (opdH) gene (Arthrobacter sp. HM01) was isolated, cloned, expressed, and purified. The recombinant organophosphate hydrolase (ropdH) was ∼29 kDa; which catalyzed a broad-range of OPs-pesticides in organic-solvent (∼99 % in 30 min), and was found to increase the catalytic efficiency by 10-folds over the native enzyme (k

Interleukin-6 (IL6) is involved in pathogenesis of several autoimmune disorders including vitiligo. Hence, we aimed to investigate the association of IL6 -174 G/C and -572 G/C polymorphisms and its transcript levels with vitiligo; to evaluate the effect of IL-6 on normal human melanocyte (NHM) viability and expression of IL6R, MITF and TYR. IL6 -174 G/C and -572 G/C polymorphisms were genotyped by ARMS-PCR and PCR-RFLP respectively in 343 controls and 322 vitiligo patients. IL6 transcript levels were estimated from PBMCs (96 controls and 77 patients) and skin samples (15 controls and 15 patients) by qPCR. NHM viability was assessed by MTT; IL6R, MITF and TYR transcript and protein levels were monitored by qPCR and ICC respectively. Genetic analyses revealed no association of IL6 -174 G/C polymorphism (p> .05) with vitiligo. Analysis of IL6 -572 G/C revealed reduced risk of vitiligo in individuals with GC/CC genotypes compared to GG genotype (p = .010). IL6 expression was significantly increased (p = .0197) in PBMCs of patients. Further, IL6 expression was significantly higher in non-lesional skin compared to controls (p = .009). In-vitro NHM viability was decreased upon IL-6 exposure (10-50 ng/ml; p< .05), with significantly increased IL6R transcript (p = .042) and protein levels (p = .003) however, MITF transcript (p = .0003) and protein levels (p = .016), and TYR transcript levels (p = .001) were significantly decreased. The results suggest that IL6 -572 G/C polymorphism might be associated with vitiligo susceptibility in Gujarat population. Moreover, increased IL6 expression in vitiligo patients and its effect on NHM suggest a potential role in melanocyte biology. CONCLUSION The results suggest that IL6 - 572 G/C polymorphism might be associated with vitiligo susceptibility in Gujarat population. Moreover, increased IL6 expression in vitiligo patients and its effect on NHM suggest a potential role in melanocyte biology.

As Data Stream Mining is trending topic for Research nowadays and more users increases day by day with online stuff, the size of big data is also getting larger. In traditional data mining extracting knowledge is done mostly using offline phase. While in data stream, Extracting data is from the continuous arriving data or we can say from the online streams. Due to continuously arriving data, it cannot be stored in the memory for processing permanently. So examining of data as fast as possible is important. In this paper we would be interested to discuss about the data stream mining and the issues of stream classification, like Single scan, Load shedding, Memory Space, Class imbalance problem, Concept drift, and possible ways to solve those issues.

Twitter is most popular microblogging site. It provides us with real time data information. In this research paper we explain techniques for retrieving related information from twitter data according to user/people query. Aim of this method is finding real world and relevant information according to the query or interest profile of user. For extracting most relevant data used query expansion techniques. For expanding query we used word2vec model. Twitter has a large amount of information of any event. In the work presented here, the retrieval model finds most important data and gives the final ranking score to that information according user expanded interest profile

Frequent pattern mining on stream data is a challenging task due to large volume and high velocity of stream data. As data are continuously evolving entire dataset cannot be scanned. So data under a particular window are scanned for finding frequent patterns. Among different window models available, sliding window is the most popular as it focuses more on recent data. However sliding window model suffers with a problem of false negatives i.e. some items which are frequent are shown as infrequent. This problem occurs as boundary frequent elements are not detected. The novel algorithm proposed EHBFS efficiently handles this problem and finds frequent patterns on stream data with more accuracy. Extensive experiments have shown that frequent patterns produced are better than variable size algorithm and MOA Incmine.

Core-binding factor acute myeloid leukemia (CBF-AML) is defined by the presence of either t(8;21)(q22;q22)/RUNX1-RUNX1T1 or inv(16)(p13.1q22)/t(16;16)(p13.1;q22)/CBFB-MYH11. The resulting fusion genes require a “second hit” to initiate leukemogenesis. Mutation assessment of 177 adults with CBF-AML, including 68 with t(8;21) and 109 with inv(16)/t(16;16), identified not only mutations well-known in CBF-AML, but also mutations in the CCND1 and CCND2 genes, which represent novel frequent molecular alterations in AML with t(8;21). Altogether, CCND1 (n=2) and CCND2 (n=8) mutations were detected in 10 (15%) patients with t(8;21) in our cohort. A single CCND2 mutation was also found in one (0.9%) patient with inv(16). In contrast, CCND1 and CCND2 mutations were detected in only 11 (0.77%) of 1,426 non-CBF-AML patients. All CCND2 mutations cluster around the highly conserved amino acid residue threonine 280 (Thr280). We show that Thr280Ala mutated CCND2 leads to increased phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein, thereby causing significant cell cycle changes and increased proliferation of AML cell lines. The identification of CCND1 and CCND2 mutations as frequent mutational events in t(8;21) AML may provide further justification for cell cycle-directed therapy in this disease.

Recommendation system is a special type of information filtering system that attempts to present information/objects that are likely to the interest of user. Any organization, provides correct recommendation is necessary for maintain the trust of their customers. Collaborative filtering based algorithms are most widely used algorithms for recommendation system. However, recommender systems supported collaborative filtering are known to be extremely prone to attacks. Attackers will insert biased profile information or fake profile to have a big impact on the recommendations made. This paper provide survey on effect of shilling attack in recommendation systems, types of attack, knowledge required and existing shilling attack detection methods.

Desilting basin forms an integral part of the water conductor system of run-of-the- river schemes for hydro power generation while suspended sediment concentration is very high during monsoon. Transitions are provided to gradually reduce the velocity of flow entering into the basin. If transition is too long there is deposition of medium and coarse sediment on the bed of the transition itself. If transition is too short, there is uneven distribution of flow and higher turbulence. As such optimization of transition length, shape and bed slope is necessary to avoid deposition on the transition bed and more or less uniform distribution of flow entering into the desilting basin. As far open channel desilting basin is concerned inlet transition is very difficult to design due to substantial difference in depths on upstream and downstream of transition and also due to sub critical expansion. This objective could be achieved by providing a simple hump. The results of the hydraulic model studies conducte...

Probiotics are known for their health beneficial effects and are established as dietary adjuncts. Probiotics have been known for many beneficial health effects. In this view, there is interest to find the potential probiotic strains that can exhibit antioxidant properties along with health benefits. In vitro and in vivo studies indicate that probiotics exhibit antioxidant potential. In this view, consumption of probiotics alone or foods supplemented with probiotics may reduce oxidative damage, free radical scavenging rate, and modification in activity of crucial antioxidative enzymes in human cells. Incorporation of probiotics in foods can provide a good strategy to supply dietary antioxidants, but more studies are needed to standardize methods and evaluate antioxidant properties of probiotics before they can be recommended for antioxidant potential. In this paper, the literature related to known antioxidant potential of probiotics and proposing future perspectives to conduct such studies has been reviewed.

CBF-AML is defined by the presence of either t(8;21)(q22;q22)/RUNX1-RUNX1T1 or inv(16)(p13.1q22)/t(16;16)(p13.1;q22)/CBFB-MYH11. The resulting fusion genes require a "second hit" to initiate leukemogenesis. Although compared with other AML subtypes patients with CBF-AML have a relatively favorable prognosis, still almost 40% of CBF-AML patients experience relapses of their disease. Mutation assessment of 84 leukemia- and/or cancer-associated genes using a customized targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach was done on samples from 177 adults with CBF-AML [t(8;21), n=68; inv(16)/t(16;16), n=109]. We identified frequent mutations in the CCND1 and CCND2 genes as novel molecular alterations in AML with t(8;21). They were detected in 10 (15%) patients with t(8;21), making CCND1/2 mutations the third most frequently detected mutations in t(8;21) AML patients. In contrast, we found a single CCND2 mutation in only 1 (0.9%) patient with inv(16), and CCND1/2 mutations in only 11 of 1,426 non-CBF-AML patients (0.77%). Testing for CCND1 and CCND2 mutations using Sanger sequencing in additional 25 CBF-AML patients with t(8;21), for whom NGS analysis was not possible, identified 3 CCND1/2 mutated patients, thereby confirming the CCND1/2 mutation frequency in t(8;21) AML (15% in the NGS set, and 12% in Sanger sequencing set). All CCND2 mutations cluster around the highly conserved amino acid residue threonine 280 (Thr280), and encode a degradation-resistant CCND2 protein. Curiously, de novo germline CCND2 mutations affecting the identical amino acid residues Thr280 or Pro281 have been recently found to cause megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome (MPPH) type 3, an extremely rare neurodegenerative disorder (Mirzaa et al., Nat Genet. 2014;46:510-5). The variant allele fractions of the detected CCND1/2 mutations were variable, suggesting that these mutations can represent both early and later mutational events. Interestingly, three of the 11 CCND1/2 mutated patients had two different CCND1/2 mutations, suggesting a dependence of their leukemia on this mutational event. The evaluation of mutations in other genes found in CBF-AML patients with CCND1/2 mutations did not reveal any statistically significant co-occurring or mutually exclusive mutations. The most frequent mutation co-occurring with CCND1/2 was ASXL2, detected in 4 of the 10 (40%) cases with t(8;21). Patients with CCND1/2 mutations presented with lower percentages of blood (P=0.02) and bone marrow (P=0.05) blasts than patients without these mutations, but did not differ significantly with regard to other pretreatment characteristics. No differences in the achievement of complete remission, disease-free or overall survival were observed between CCND1/2 mutated and CCND1/2 wild-type patients. Mechanistically, we show that Thr280Ala mutated CCND2 significantly increased cell growth (as assessed by TiterGlo assays and cell counts) in all experimental set-ups. Western blotting revealed an increase of retinoblastoma gene phosphorylation, indicating increased downstream signaling. Moreover, both propidium iodide mediated cell cycle analysis and immunofluorescence staining for phospho-histone H3 indicated an increased mitotic rate and a decreased G1 fraction. In summary, recurrent mutations in CCND1/2 are consistent with the currently known mutational landscape of t(8;21) AML, which is dominated by receptor tyrosine kinase, RAS, and chromatin remodeling gene mutations─all of which can result in targeting of CCND1/2. While CCND1 and CCND2 play a crucial role in the regulation of hematopoietic differentiation and cell proliferation, and their differential activation has been implicated in leukemogenesis, frequent mutations in these genes have not previously been reported in AML. The fact that no outcome difference was seen when comparing CCND1/2-mutated versus wild-type patients may be due to the relatively small sample size, or may possibly reflect the common use of cell cycle affecting high-dose cytarabine-based therapy in CBF-AML patients. Thus, the identification of CCND1/2 mutations as frequent mutational events in t(8;21) AML may provide further justification for cell cycle-directed therapy in this disease. Disclosures Stone: Merck: Consultancy; Karyopharm: Consultancy; Jansen: Consultancy; Pfizer: Consultancy; Juno Therapeutics: Consultancy; ONO: Consultancy; Roche: Consultancy; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy; Sunesis Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Xenetic Biosciences: Consultancy; Celator: Consultancy; Agios: Consultancy; Amgen: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Abbvie: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.

Let (R, M) be a local (Noetherian) ring with completion R* such that the maximal ideal Mis regular (i.e. M contains a non-zerodivisor.) This note shows that R* contains a depth one prime divisor of zero (i.e. there exists a prime ideal q in R* such that q is an associated prime of R* with height(M R*/q) = 1.) if and only if M is an associated prime divisor of every regular ideal I of R contained in a proper principal ideal.

The inequivalent quantizations of a system of n identical particles on a manifold M, dim M⩾2, are in 1-1 correspondence with irreducible unitary representations of the braid group B n (M). The notion of the statistics of the particles is made precise. We give various examples where all the possible statistics for the system are determined, and find instances where the particle obey statistics different from the well-studied Bose, Fermi para- and θ-statistics

Introduction : The goal of individualized programme requires critical analysis of potential benefits and limitations between Open kinetic chain(OKC) and Closed kinetic chain(CKC) in Osteoarthritis knee .OKC exercises involve motions where the distal segment is free to move in space, without causing simultaneous motions at adjacent joints while in CKC exercise distal segment is fixed or stabilized on a support surface. Aim of Study : To study the effects of Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise and Open Kinetic Chain Exercise in Osteoarthritis Knee. Methodology : A Clinical trial consisted of 30 patients, diagnosed with tibiofemoral OA, as per the Inclusion&Exclusion Criteria were recruited from orthopedic Out-patient Department to Physiotherapy Department, Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad. Patients were divided into two,one group was given OKC and other group CKC exercises. The functional outcome were pain measured on visual analogue scale (VAS)&Function by Western Ontario and McMaster universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) taken on the 1st day&after 8 weeks. Results : There is no significant difference as per Wilcoxen Signed Rank and Wilcoxen Sum rank test between CKC and OKC Exercises along with conventional therapy in reducing pain and improving Physical Function in patients with Osteoarthritis Knee. Discussion : CKC exercises, in acute phase was painful compared to OKC exercises due to weightbearing position. But later on as patients always want improvement in their activity like squatting, walking, stair climbing, CKC help them in their functional rehabilitation. So ultimate rehabilitation programme of Osteoarthritis Knee patient should include both OKC exercises and CKC exercises. Conclusion : CKC exercise along with conventional therapy as effective as OKC exercise for improving the pain and functional disability