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Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) belongs to the class of malignant round cell tumor. PNETs show varying degree of neuroectodermal differentiation. They are one of the most common tumors of childhood occurring in bone and also within soft tissues. Light microscopy with the aid of immunohistochemical stains was suitable for the diagnosis. Immunohistochemistry plays a pivotal role in differentiating this tumor entity. The EWSR1-FLI1 fusion is present only in PNET cells and codes for oncogenic protein. In this article, we present a case of maxillary swelling in a 4-year-old girl child who was diagnosed with PNET. We have highlighted the challenges of diagnosing the round cell tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Odontogenic cysts are among the most common lesions to affect the oral and maxillofacial region. Cysts are capable of causing significant bony disfigurement, tooth displacement and pathological fractures. Several surgical approaches exist for the management of larger cysts of the jaws. These include enucleation, marsupialization and decompression. Aims: Analysis of histopathologic findings in odontogenic cysts before and after decompression Analysis of Ki-67 expression in odontogenic jaw cysts before and after decompression. Settings and Design: Decompression technique was used for the treatment of 10 cases of odontogenic cysts in the study. Incisional biopsies of cystic lining (pretreatment) and corresponding excisional biopsies (posttreatment) were received for histopathologic and immunohistochemical examination. Subjects and Methods: Hematoxylin and eosin stain was used for histopathologic findings, and Ki-67 was used for immunohistochemical findings using antibody Ki-67 in fresh tissue samples. Results: Overall, radicular cysts, dentigerous cysts, and sialo-odontogenic cyst contained fewer Ki-67+ cells than odontogenic keratocysts. The average scores were found to be 2.2 and 1 for before and after decompression, respectively. A statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups. The two-tailed P value was found to be <0.0001. The confidence interval was found to be 95%. Conclusions: The proliferative activity evaluated by Ki-67 marker was greater in predecompression epithelial lining compared to postdecompression. Our study infers that proliferative rate of the cystic epithelial lining is significantly diminished after decompression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has been used as a diagnostic tool in evaluating suspected lesions. It shows a high diagnostic accuracy for diagnosing salivary gland lesions. Aim: The aim of this study was to highlight FNAC as an effective diagnostic tool in the presumptive diagnosis of ameloblastoma. Materials and Methods: A total of 12 cases of ameloblastoma sampled by FNAC retrieved from the archives of the Oral Pathology Department were retrospectively studied. The smears were alcohol-fixed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. All the 12 cases of FNAC had subsequent corresponding surgical incisional biopsy or excision specimens. Results: Cytologically, seven cases were diagnosed as benign odontogenic tumor more in favor of ameloblastoma. All the 12 fine-needle aspiration cases were given a histopathologic work-up and diagnosed as ameloblastomas. Of these, the seven cytologically diagnosed benign odontogenic lesions were also confirmed to be ameloblastoma by both incisional biopsy as well as surgical excision. Conclusion: It was deduced from the above results that FNAC helps potentially in diagnosing ameloblastoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artifact is defined as being any structure or feature that has been produced by the processing of the tissue. Artifacts may be produced at any stage beginning from the time of biopsy to the final stage of mounting. These artifacts result in alteration of normal morphologic or cytological features thus interfering or obscuring the interpretation of histopathological diagnosis. Artifacts may be encountered during surgical biopsy procedure, fixation, tissue embedding, microtomy, mounting, staining and cover-slipping. Few studies have been published in literature wherein they have compared the artifacts produced by punch and scalpel biopsies and found less artifacts with punch biopsy. The most commonly observed artifact in microscopic tissue is entrapped suture material leading to tears in sections. Few artifacts have been proven as diagnostic clues to histopathology. This Review incorporates all artifacts which occurs during each stage of histopathological processing of tissues, in an attempt to identify the artifacts, their causative factors and appearance histopathologically so to differentiate them from that of pathological entity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Odontogenic lesions have been a subject of discussion forever. Odontogenic tumors and cysts can occur at any stage of individual's life. A thorough knowledge of the microscopy of these tumors is helpful in understanding their biological behavior and management. In the current study, all the cases of odontogenic lesions in the Department of Oral Pathology were analyzed and observed. Aim: To analyze all the cases of odontogenic tumors and cysts in the Department of Oral Pathology from 2011 to 2014 and to evaluate most common features in Noida population of Uttar Pradesh. Materials and Methods: All the cases of odontogenic lesions were taken from Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dental Sciences from 2011 to 2014 and analyzed for their most common variant, age, gender and other features. Results: The study showed that among all the odontogenic lesions, odontogenic cysts (72%) were more common than odontogenic tumors (28%). Odontogenic lesions also showed a wide age of occurrence starting from 10 to 81 years. Out of all the cysts, radicular cyst was most common (50%) followed by dentigerous cyst (41%), whereas in odontogenic tumors, ameloblastoma was most common and second most common odontogenic tumor was odontome and adenomatoid odontogenic tumor. Conclusion: Among all the odontogenic lesions, cysts are more common than tumors. Radicular cyst is commonest and occurs in all the age group and ameloblastoma is the commonest tumor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]