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Since the publication of the Revised European-American Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms in 1994, subsequent updates of the classification of lymphoid neoplasms have been generated through iterative international efforts to achieve broad consensus among hematopathologists, geneticists, molecular scientists, and clinicians. Significant progress has recently been made in the characterization of malignancies of the immune system, with many new insights provided by genomic studies. They have led to this proposal. We have followed the same process that was successfully used for the third and fourth editions of the World Health Organization Classification of Hematologic Neoplasms. The definition, recommended studies, and criteria for the diagnosis of many entities have been extensively refined. Some categories considered provisional have now been upgraded to definite entities. Terminology for some diseases has been revised to adapt nomenclature to the current knowledge of their biology, but these modifications have been restricted to well-justified situations. Major findings from recent genomic studies have impacted the conceptual framework and diagnostic criteria for many disease entities. These changes will have an impact on optimal clinical management. The conclusions of this work are summarized in this report as the proposed International Consensus Classification of mature lymphoid, histiocytic, and dendritic cell tumors.

We aimed to examine the relationship between Apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE*4) carriage on cognitive decline, and whether these associations were moderated by sex, baseline age, ethnicity, and vascular risk factors. Participants were 19,225 individuals aged 54–103 years from 15 longitudinal cohort studies with a mean follow-up duration ranging between 1.2 and 10.7 years. Two-step individual participant data meta-analysis was used to pool results of study-wise analyses predicting memory and general cognitive decline from carriage of one or two APOE*4 alleles, and moderation of these associations by age, sex, vascular risk factors, and ethnicity. Separate pooled estimates were calculated in both men and women who were younger (ie, 62 years) and older (ie, 80 years) at baseline. Results showed that APOE*4 carriage was related to faster general cognitive decline in women, and faster memory decline in men. A stronger dose-dependent effect was observed in older men, with faster general cognitive and memory decline in those carrying two versus one APOE*4 allele. Vascular risk factors were related to an increased effect of APOE*4 on memory decline in younger women, but a weaker effect of APOE*4 on general cognitive decline in older men. The relationship between APOE*4 carriage and memory decline was larger in older-aged Asians than Whites. In sum, APOE*4 is related to cognitive decline in men and women, although these effects are enhanced by age and carriage of two APOE*4 alleles in men, a higher numbers of vascular risk factors during the early stages of late adulthood in women, and Asian ethnicity.

Background: We examined how the relationship between education and latelife cognitive impairment (defined as a Mini Mental State Examination score below 24) is influenced by age, sex, ethnicity, and Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 (APOE*4). Methods: Participants were 30,785 dementia-free individuals aged 55–103 years, from 18 longitudinal cohort studies, with an average follow-up ranging between 2 and 10 years. Pooled hazard ratios were obtained from multilevel parametric survival analyses predicting cognitive impairment (CI) from education and its interactions with baseline age, sex, APOE*4 and ethnicity. In separate models, education was treated as continuous (years) and categorical, with participants assigned to one of four education completion levels: Incomplete Elementary; Elementary; Middle; and High School. Results: Compared to Elementary, Middle (HR = 0.645, P = 0.004) and High School (HR = 0.472, P < 0.001) education were related to reduced CI risk. The decreased risk of CI associated with Middle education weakened with older baseline age (HR = 1.029, P = 0.056) and was stronger in women than men (HR = 1.309, P = 0.001). The association between High School and lowered CI risk, however, was not moderated by sex or baseline age, but was stronger in Asians than Whites (HR = 1.047, P = 0.044), and significant among Asian (HR = 0.34, P < 0.001) and Black (HR = 0.382, P = 0.016), but not White, APOE*4 carriers. Conclusion: High School completion may reduce risk of CI associated with advancing age and APOE*4. The observed ethnoregional differences in this effect are potentially due to variations in social, economic, and political outcomes associated with educational attainment, in combination with neurobiological and genetic differences, and warrant further study.

BACKGROUND: Family members, who provide the majority of care for persons with dementia, are especially vulnerable to developing depression. Interventions targeting their depressive symptoms have been proposed but their efficacies vary considerably. It has been suggested that interventions carried out in the home setting and involving both caregivers and care recipients are more efficacious. This study aims to compare the efficacy of a home-based structured exercise programme involving both persons with dementia and their caregivers with nonexercise social contact control in treating depression among caregivers. METHODS/DESIGN: This is a parallel-group, assessor-blind, randomised controlled trial. A total of 136 caregiver-care-recipient dyads (i.e. 272 participants in total) will be recruited and randomly allocated to either a home-based structured exercise (sitting Tai Chi) group or a social contact control group. The trial comprises a 3-month intervention phase followed by an extended observation phase of another 3 months. All participants will be assessed at baseline, 6th week, 12th week and 24th week. The primary outcome will be the reduction in depression among caregivers as measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. The secondary outcomes will be burden, quality of life, cognitive performance and balance ability of the caregivers, as well as the neuropsychiatric symptoms, cognitive function, balance and functional abilities of the persons with dementia. We will also examine whether the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene modulates mood changes in response to exercise. DISCUSSION: The findings offer a potential avenue of intervention by providing a low-cost, safe and effective treatment for depression among dementia caregivers, which may in turn also benefit the care recipients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02132039 , registered on 28 April 2014.

Background Changes in criteria and differences in populations studied and methodology have produced a wide range of prevalence estimates for mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods Uniform criteria were applied to harmonized data from 11 studies from USA, Europe, Asia and Australia, and MCI prevalence estimates determined using three separate definitions of cognitive impairment. Results The published range of MCI prevalence estimates was 5.0%-36.7%. This was reduced with all cognitive impairment definitions: performance in the bottom 6.681% (3.2%-10.8%); Clinical Dementia Rating of 0.5 (1.8%-14.9%); Mini-Mental State Examination score of 24-27 (2.1%-20.7%). Prevalences using the first definition were 5.9% overall, and increased with age (P < .001) but were unaffected by sex or the main races/ethnicities investigated (Whites and Chinese). Not completing high school increased the likelihood of MCI (P ≤ .01). Conclusion Applying uniform criteria to harmonized data greatly reduced the variation in MCI prevalence internationally.

The discrete wavelet transform (DWT) has several advantages in multi-resolution analysis and subband decomposition, which has been successfully used in image compression. In this paper, we will extend the usage of DWT to video compression and focus on motion estimation (ME) and motion compensation (MC) in wavelet domain. The ME used in this paper is Low-Band-Shift Motion Estimation (LBSME) [1] and a novel MC in wavelet domain is proposed. With this novel method, ME/MC in wavelet domain now is comparable with ME/MC in spatial domain and the performance is superior to other ME/MC methods in wavelet domain.

Low-Band-Shift (LBS) is a very efficient technique to compute and store the wavelet coefficients of all the shifted version of an image. It makes it possible to perform motion estimation (called LBSME) directly in wavelet domain overcoming the shift variant property of discrete wavelet transform. However, when motion vectors of boundary wavelet blocks point outside the image boundaries, LBSME does not work well. In this paper, we proposed an algorithm called LBSME-SP to combine LBSME with Symmetric Padding to minimize the effects of boundary discontinuities. Consequently, the LBS structure is modified. Simulation results suggest that the proposed LBSME-SP can give considerable PSNR gain with only minor additional computation.

Global motion compensation improves the coding efficient by reducing the transmitted motion vectors and reconstructs a more accurate prediction image for texture coding. Predictors are widely in local motion estimation and it is well proven that the use of predictors can speed up the local motion estimation process. In this paper, we propose a novel predictive Global Motion Estimation algorithm, which combine the prediction idea and global motion estimation. The proposed algorithm first exanimate sum absolute difference of a set of candidate predictors and use the predictor with minimum SAD as the initial search center of N-dimensional diamond search to find the final global motion parameter. Although the PSNR of proposed algorithm is slightly lower than MPEG-4 VM GME, the speed of the proposed algorithm is significantly faster.

Temporal frame subsampling is a simple but efficiency technique to achieve very high compression ratio in slow motion video. Discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is success in still image compression and many researchers try to extend the usage of DWT to video coder. In this paper, we incorporate these two idea, together with the newly developed wavelet domain motion estimation method - Low-Band-Shift Motion Estimation (LBSME) [1] to develop a novel temporal interpolation scheme in wavelet domain.

The frequency and nature of genetic alterations in the p16 tumor suppressor gene in 25 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma specimens from Chinese patients were investigated by PCR-SSCP and DNA sequencing techniques. No gross deletions occurred in either exon 1 and 2 of the gene by PCR amplification. However, genetic changes were observed in three cases. These included a point mutation in codon 12 of exon 1 with a resulting Ala --> Thr amino acid substitution, a point mutation at base 91 in the non-coding region of exon 1, and a 1 base pair insertion in codon 116 of exon 2. The low mutation frequency of 12\% is consistent with that of three previous studies involving Japanese and Caucasian patients (8, 16 and 21\% frequency: Esteve et al., 1996, Igaki et al., 1995 and Zhou et al., 1994). p16 gene mutations do not appear to play a major role in esophageal carcinogenesis. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.

Treatment of TpRuCl(PPh(3))(CH3CN) (Tp=hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borate) with NaBH4 in ethanol did not yield the expected hydride complex TpRuH(PPh(3))(CH3CN) (2) but rather the methyl carbonyl complex TpRu(CH3)(CO)(PPh(3)) (1b). Formation of 1b was due to decarbonylation of ethanol by 2 generated in situ by NaBH4 reduction of TpRuCl(PPh(3))(CH3CN). Analogous reactions in the presence of other primary alcohols RCH(2)OH (R=H, C2H5, n-C3H7, C6H5, C6H4CH3-4, and C6H4Cl-4) led to the corresponding sigma-organyl complexes TpRuR(CO)(PPh(3)). A common feature of the reactions is that the R groups of alcohols RCH(2)OH become the sigma-organyl groups in the final metal complexes. A mechanism involving metal-eta(2)-aldehyde and -eta(2)-dihydrogen intermediates is proposed for the decarbonylation reaction. This is supported by the observation of the eta(2)-dihydrogen complex TpRuH(H-2)(PPh(3)) (3) during the decarbonylation reaction. 3 was synthesized independently by heating a THF solution of 2 under 40 atm of H-2 at 60 degrees C for 48 h or by heating 2 in CH3OH at 60 degrees C under 6 atm of H-2 for 5-6 h.

A mutational spectrum for exons 5-8 of the p53 tumor suppressor gene in esophageal carcinomas in mainland China and Hong Kong was established, This study involved 209 squamous cell carcinoma specimens obtained from five different geographical locales in China: Zhengzhou, Taiyuan, Shantou, Guangzhou, and Hong Kong. Zhengzhou and Shantou were high-incidence regions for esophageal cancer, whereas the other three regions had low or intermediate incidence of the disease, Analysis by single-strand conformation polymorphism and DNA sequencing showed that 87 specimens (41.6\%) contained mutations in exons 5-8 of the p53 gene compared to 163 cases (78\%) that had accumulation or aberrant expression of the protein, as detected by immunohistochemical staining, Point mutations accounted for 80.4\% (87/107) of all genetic changes, The specimens from northern China exhibited fewer p53 gene aberrations and a more even distribution of mutations in exons 5-8 compared to those from southern China in which 60\% of all mutations were found in exon 5, A major hot spot was found at codon 176 in exon 5, where 41 samples from Shantou, Guangzhou, and Hong Kong had a G --> T transversion, It is likely that among southern Chinese this codon is susceptible to mutagenesis by carcinogens, Codons 175, 203, 245, 250, 273, and 282 were also shown to be mutational hot spots, with three or more mutations observed at each site, The p53 mutational data obtained in this study showed that Chinese esophageal carcinomas are often associated with some unique genetic alterations, which may be attributed to specific dietary or environmental carcinogens that affect the Chinese but not Caucasians.