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Background: Radial height is a radiographic parameter used to guide the treatment of distal radius fractures. However, it is often used synonymously with other terms, and there are substantial discrepancies in its measurement/definition. These discrepancies can alter the measurement of radial height and affect treatment decisions. The purpose of this review is to identify the different definitions of radial height in the literature relevant to distal radius fractures., Methods: A literature review was conducted in the PubMed/MEDLINE database from inception to 2022. Full-length, English-language studies that pertained to distal radius fractures and reported radial height as a recorded measurement were included. The method of radial height measurement (definition) was extracted from included studies. Level of evidence was determined by the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence tool., Results: A total of 385 studies were identified. Of these, 183 (47.5%) did not provide a definition for radial height. Of the studies that defined radial height, 50.9% (103/202) measured radial height from the radial styloid to the distal ulna, 10.9% (22/202) measured from the radial styloid to the distal radius, and 29.2% (59/202) were "other" definitions., Conclusions: There is substantial discrepancy in the way that radial height is measured and reported. We advocate for a standardized measurement of radial height (synonymous with radial length) from the radial styloid to the distal ulnar articular surface. Radial shortening is a different measurement and requires comparison with a reference value., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a debilitating condition that can cause significant morbidity. Corticosteroid injection (CI) is a popular treatment for CTS. Short-term benefits of CI for CTS have been reported, but there is little evidence on long-term outcomes. We performed a systematic review in the PubMed/MEDLINE and Cochrane Library databases to identify studies which reported outcomes of CI for CTS with at least 1-year follow-up. We identified 20 total studies and extracted data on outcomes such as number of patients needing eventual surgery or reinjection, complications, and functional scores. In included studies, 41.6% of patients underwent eventual carpal tunnel release surgery (CTRS), 29% underwent reinjection, there were no major and approximately 34/1133 (3.0%) minor complications, and median/mean time from CI to eventual CTRS ranged from 128 to 446 days. There was disparity on the long-term efficacy of CI for functional outcomes. The evidence indicates that CI is a very low risk procedure that has potential to improve symptoms enough to either prevent or, in most cases, delay the need for further reintervention. However, our conclusions are limited by the heterogeneity of available studies. There is a need for further, high-quality research on this topic., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

» Orthopaedic surgeons are increasingly likely to encounter patients with obesity and/or type 2 diabetes taking glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists for weight loss.» GLP-1 agonists are an effective treatment for weight loss with semaglutide and tirzepatide being the most effective agents. Randomized controlled trials using these agents have reported weight loss up to 21 kg (46 lb).» The use of GLP-1 agonists preoperatively can improve glycemic control, which can potentially reduce the risk of postoperative complications. However, multiple cases of intraoperative aspiration/regurgitation have been reported, potentially related to the effect of GLP-1 agonists on gastric emptying.» While efficacious, GLP-1 agonists may not produce sufficient weight loss to achieve body mass index cutoffs for total joint arthroplasty depending on individual patient factors, including starting bodyweight. Multifactorial approaches to weight loss with focus on lifestyle modification in addition to GLP-1 agonists should be considered in such patients.» Although GLP-1 agonists are efficacious agents for weight loss, they may not be accessible or affordable for all patients. Each patient's unique circumstances should be considered when creating an ideal weight loss plan during optimization efforts., Competing Interests: Disclosure: The Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest forms are provided with the online version of the article (http://links.lww.com/JBJSREV/B39)., (Copyright © 2024 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Incorporated.)

Summary: The goal of wound reconstruction is the approximation of soft tissue and re-establishment of an acceptable appearance with minimal risk of complications. For large wound closure in the extremities, skin graft and flap reconstruction are common treatments but are associated with a variety of complications. Comparatively, tissue expansion can provide the opportunity to reconstruct large wounds with native, durable, and sensate tissue without significant donor site morbidity. External tissue expansion is less invasive and avoids complications associated with internal expansion. The authors treated 11 patients with varying extremity wound types and sizes with an external tissue expansion device. Patient age ranged from 18 to 68 years with an average age of 43.7 years (SD, ± 13.1 years). Average wound surface area was approximately 235 cm 2 (SD, ± 135.3 cm 2 ). Devices were affixed and left for 7 to 11 days before closure of the wounds. Outcomes were assessed at 2 to 36 weeks postoperative follow-up. All wounds were fully closed after treatment without need for secondary reconstructive procedures. No patient experienced major complications. All patients demonstrated intact sensation within the area of reconstruction equivalent to surrounding tissues. External tissue expansion, an excellent treatment option in extremity reconstruction, is efficacious and associated with lower complication rates compared with internal tissue expansion, skin grafts, and flap reconstruction., Clinical Question/level of Evidence: Therapeutic, IV., (Copyright © 2022 by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons.)

The most common cause for catching or snapping in the finger is stenosing tenosynovitis, that is, trigger finger. Although less common, snapping can also occur as a result of extensor mechanism injury. Among these injuries, sagittal band rupture is most common and leads to snapping at the metacarpophalangeal joint. Snapping at the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint is rare with only 4 reported cases; reported mechanisms of PIP joint snapping include retinacular ligament injury or tendon impingement. We present a unique case of painful finger snapping at the PIP joint as a result of longitudinal tear of the central slip, leading to sudden subluxation of one-half of the central slip and conjoint lateral band with flexion of the PIP joint.

Eribulin is a microtubule destabilizer used in the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Eribulin and other microtubule targeted drugs, such as the taxanes, have shared antimitotic effects, but differ in their mechanism of microtubule disruption, leading to diverse effects on cellular signaling and trafficking. Herein, we demonstrate that eribulin is unique from paclitaxel in its ability to enhance expression of the immunogenic cytokine interferon beta (IFNβ) in combination with STING agonists in both immune cells and TNBC models, including profound synergism with ADU-S100 and E7766, which are currently undergoing clinical trials. The mechanism by which eribulin enhances STING signaling is downstream of microtubule disruption and independent of the eribulin-dependent release of mitochondrial DNA. Eribulin did not override the requirement of ER exit for STING activation and did not inhibit subsequent STING degradation; however, eribulin significantly enhanced IRF3 phosphorylation and IFNβ production downstream of the RNA sensing pathway that converges on this transcription factor. Additionally, we found that eribulin enhanced the population of activated CD4 + T-cells in vivo when combined with either a STING agonist or tumor, demonstrating the ability to function as an immune adjuvant. We further interrogated the combination of eribulin with ADU-S100 in the MMTV-PyVT spontaneous murine mammary tumor model where we observed significant antitumor efficacy with combination treatment. Together, our findings demonstrate that microtubule targeted chemotherapeutics have distinct immunological effects and that eribulin's ability to enhance innate immune sensing pathways supports its use in combination with immunotherapies, such as STING agonists, for the more effective treatment of TNBC and other malignancies.

Case: A 57-year-old man presented with pain and paresthesia in both hands and was diagnosed with pronator teres syndrome. Surgical decompression of the left elbow and forearm revealed the median nerve in an unusual anatomic location, specifically running within the pronator teres muscle., Conclusion: Anatomic anomalies of the pronator teres muscle and the path of the median nerve have been described. However, there are no reports of the median nerve entering and traveling within the pronator teres. Surgeons should be aware of this anomaly to avoid potential iatrogenic injury when performing an anterior surgical approach to the elbow and proximal forearm., Competing Interests: Disclosure: The Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest forms are provided with the online version of the article (http://links.lww.com/JBJSCC/B914)., (Copyright © 2022 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Incorporated.)

Rotator cuff repair failure remains common due to poor tendon healing, particularly at the enthesis. We previously showed that pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy improved the mechanical properties of the rat supraspinatus tendon postoperatively. However, little is known about the mechanisms behind PEMF-dependent contributions to improved healing in this injury model. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of PEMF treatment on tendon gene expression and cell composition, as well as bone microarchitecture and dynamic bone metabolism during early stages of healing. We hypothesized that PEMF treatment would amplify tendon-healing related signaling pathways while mitigating inflammation and improve bone metabolism at the repair site. Rats underwent rotator cuff injury and repair followed by assignment to either control (non-PEMF) or PEMF treatment groups. Gene and protein expression as well as tendon and bone histological assessments were performed 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after injury. Gene expression data demonstrated an upregulation in the bone morphogenetic protein 2 signaling pathway and increases in pro-osteogenic genes at the insertion, supporting important processes to re-establish the tendon-bone interface. PEMF also downregulated genes related to a fibrotic healing response. Anti-inflammatory effects were demonstrated by both gene expression and macrophage phenotype. PEMF significantly increased the rate of kinetic bone formation directly adjacent to the tendon enthesis as well as the number of cuboidal surface osteoblasts (active osteoblasts) in the humeral head. This study has provided insight into how PEMF affects cellular and molecular processes in the supraspinatus tendon and adjacent bone after injury and repair., (© 2021 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Herein, we report on naturally derived microtubule stabilizers with activity against triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines, including paclitaxel, fijianolide B/laulimalide ( 3 ), fijianolide B di-acetate ( 4 ), and two new semisynthetic analogs of 3 , which include fijianolide J ( 5 ) and fijianolide L ( 6 ). Similar to paclitaxel, compound 3 demonstrated classic microtubule stabilizing activity with potent (GI 50 = 0.7-17 nM) antiproliferative efficacy among the five molecularly distinct TNBC cell lines. Alternatively, compounds 5 or 6 , generated from oxidation of C-20 or C-15 and C-20 respectively, resulted in a unique profile with reduced potency (GI 50 = 4-9 μM), but improved efficacy in some lines, suggesting a distinct mechanism of action. The C-15, C-20 di-acetate, and dioxo modifications on 4 and 6 resulted in compounds devoid of classic microtubule stabilizing activity in biochemical assays. While 4 also had no detectable effect on cellular microtubules, 6 promoted a reorganization of the cytoskeleton resulting in an accumulation of microtubules at the cell periphery. Compound 5 , with a single C-20 oxo substitution, displayed a mixed phenotype, sharing properties of 3 and 6 . These results demonstrate the importance of the C-15/C-20 chiral centers, which appear to be required for the potent microtubule stabilizing activity of this chemotype and that oxidation of these sites promotes unanticipated cytoskeletal alterations that are distinct from classic microtubule stabilization, likely through a distinct mechanism of action., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Skin grafting and flap-based reconstruction have been the conventional treatments for complex extremity wounds. However, these methods can be associated with relatively high complication rates and involve increasing levels of complexity. External tissue expansion has recently emerged as an attractive alternative to its conventional counterparts. It is a technically simple and low-morbidity technique for complex wound reconstruction. This article provides a review of internal and external tissue expansion with a focus on the evolution, indications, and recent successes of external expansion for soft tissue coverage., (Copyright © 2021 American Society for Surgery of the Hand. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Cigarette smoking is the largest cause of preventable deaths, and a known risk factor for musculoskeletal issues including rotator cuff tendon tears. Tendon degeneration is believed to be due in part to changes in tendon cell health and collagen structure. Several studies have demonstrated that exposure to nicotine negatively impacts tendon healing, but surprisingly, nicotine exposure was shown to increase rat supraspinatus tendon stiffness. In order to address this seeming contradiction, the objective of this study was to comprehensively investigate the effects of long-term (18 weeks) exposure of nicotine on tendon-to-bone microstructural properties in a rat model. We hypothesized that long term subcutaneous nicotine delivery would lead to diminished tendon mechanical properties, decreased bone microstructure in the humeral head, and altered tendon cell morphology compared to age-matched control rats receiving saline. Results demonstrated a small decrease in tendon size and stiffness, with decreased cell density in the tendon midsubstance. However, no differences were found in the enthesis fibrocartilage or in the underlying subchondral or trabecular bone. In conclusion, our study revealed limited effects of nicotine on the homeostatic condition of the supraspinatus tendon, enthesis, and underlying bone. Future studies are needed to ascertain effects of other components of tobacco products.

A lay-language glossary of radiology, built to help patients better understand the content of their radiology reports, has been analyzed for its coverage and readability, but not for its completeness. We present an iterative method to sample radiology reports, identify "missing" terms, and measure the glossary's completeness. We hypothesized that the refinement process would reduce the number of missing terms to fewer than 1 per report. A random sample of 1000 radiology reports from a large US academic health system was divided into 10 cohorts of 100 reports each. Each cohort was reviewed in sequence by two investigators to identify terms (single words and multi-word phrases) absent from the glossary. Terms marked as new were added to the glossary and hence was shown as matched in subsequent cohorts. This HIPAA-compliant study was IRB-approved; informed consent was waived. The refinement process added a mean of 288.0 new terms per 100 reports in the first 5 cohorts vs. a mean of 66.0 new terms per 100 reports in the last 5 cohorts; the difference was statistically significant (p < .01). After reviewing 500 reports, the review process found fewer than 1 new term per report in each of 500 subsequent reports. The findings suggest that 500 to 1000 reports is adequate to test the completeness of a glossary, and that the glossary after iterative refinement achieved a high level of completeness to cover the vocabulary of radiology reports.