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Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors are often produced in HEK293 or Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf)-based cell lines. We compared expression profiles of "oversized" (∼5,000 bp) and "standard-sized" (4,600 bp) rAAV5-human α1-antitrypsin (rAAV5-hA1AT) vectors manufactured in HEK293 or Sf cells and investigated molecular mechanisms mediating expression decline. C57BL/6 mice received 6 × 10

The main device material used in power generation facilities is high-tension steel, which has a significant impact on weldability and longevity. Therefore, high-base flux and high-base low-hydrogen welding rods are used to reduce hydrogen content. In this study, welding equipment, polarity, and prior technology were reviewed to implement rapid arc stabilization using AWS E7016 low hydrogen welding rods based on user needs for power generation facilities and global standards, and various shape designs of welding rod fleets were attempted. This increases the arc start current density to induce metal transfer mode using the Hollow Electrode effect and the increase in current value at ignition, thereby implementing initial arc safety and optimal welding atmosphere to solve fatal early welding defects such as pores, slag mix, and fusion.

In metal additive manufacturing (AM), arc plasma is attracting attention as an alternative heat source to expensive lasers to enable the use of various metal wire materials with a high deposition efficiency. However, the stepwise material deposition and resulting limited number of degrees of freedom limit their potential for high-throughput and large-scale production for industrial applications. Herein, a high-throughput metal 3D printing pen (M3DPen) strategy is proposed based on an arc plasma heat source by harnessing the surface tension of the molten metal for enabling continuous material deposition without a downward flow by gravity. The proposed approach differs from conventional arc-based metal AM in that it controls the solidification and cooling time between interlayers of a point-by-point deposition path, thereby allowing for continuous metal 3D printing of freestanding and overhanging structures at once. The resulting mechanical properties and unique microstructures by continuous metal deposition that occur due to the difference in the thermal conditions of the molten metal under cooling are also investigated. This technology can be applied to a wide range of alloy systems and industrial manufacturing, thereby providing new possibilities for metal 3D printing.

Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (TET2) is one of the most frequently mutated genes in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). TET2 is known to involve a demethylation process, and the loss of TET2 is thought to cause DNA hypermethylation. Loss of TET2 function is known to be caused by genetic mutations and miRNA, such as miR-22. We analyzed 41 MDS patients receiving hypomethylating therapy (HMT) to assess whether TET2 mutation status and miR-22 expression status were associated with their clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes. Responsiveness to HMT was not affected by both TET2 mutation (odds ratio (OR) 0.900, p = 0.909) and high miR-22 expression (OR 1.548, p = 0.631). There was a tendency for TET2 mutation to be associated with lower-risk disease based on IPSS (Gamma = −0.674, p = 0.073), lower leukemic transformation (OR 0.170, p = 0.040) and longer survival (Hazard ratio 0.354, p = 0.059). Although high miR-22 expression also showed a similar tendency, this tendency was weaker than that of TET2 mutation. In summary, the loss of TET2 function, including both TET2 mutation and high miR-22 expression, was not a good biomarker for predicting the response to HMT but may be associated with lower-risk disease based on IPSS, lower leukemic transformation and longer survival.

In South Korea, the booster shot for COVID-19 was carried out amid concerns about the effectiveness of the existing vaccine. The virus neutralization test (sVNT) inhibition (%) score for the wild-type and delta variant significantly and uniformly increased (97%, 98%; p p

In 2017, Korean Society of Medical Oncology (KSMO) published the Korean man agement guideline of metastatic prostate cancer. This paper is the 2nd edition of the Korean management guideline of metastatic prostate cancer. We updated recent many changes of management in metastatic prostate cancer in this 2nd edition guideline. The present guideline consists of the three categories: man agement of metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer; management of meta static castration resistant prostate cancer; and clinical consideration for treating patients with metastatic prostate cancer. In category 1 and 2, levels of evidence (LEs) have been mentioned according to the general principles of evidence-based medicine. And grades of recommendation (GR) was taken into account the qual ity of evidence, the balance between desirable and undesirable effects, the values and preferences, and the use of resources and GR were divided into strong rec ommendations (SR) and weak recommendations (WR). A total of 16 key questions are selected. And we proposed recommendations and described key evidence for each recommendation. The treatment landscape of metastatic prostate cancer is changing very rapid and many trials are ongoing. To verify the results of the fu ture trials is necessary and should be applied to the treatment for metastatic prostate cancer patients in the clini cal practice. Especially, many prostate cancer patients are old age, have multiple underlying medical comorbidities, clinicians should be aware of the significance of medical management as well as clinical efficacy of systemic treat ment.

Background/aims Immune reconstitution following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is affected by multiple variables during the transplantation. Methods We assessed the clinical factors contributing to immune function reconstitution at 100 days post-allogeneic HSCT in 114 patients receiving fludarabine-based conditioning. Immunophenotypic analysis using flow cytometry was performed to evaluate the percentage and the absolute numbers of T-cell subsets, natural killer cells, and B-cells as clinical outcomes. Results Tacrolimus-based graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis, T-cell depletion, and acute GVHD were significantly associated with delayed immune reconstitution of T-cell subsets. The incidence of chronic GVHD was significantly increased in the normal recovery group compared to the abnormal group (p = 0.01). Epstein-Barr virus reactivation was more frequently observed in the abnormal group of T-cell subsets (p = 0.045). All viral reactivation events including cytomegalovirus reactivation appeared to be more frequent in the abnormal group of T-cell subsets. Conclusion The immune recovery status post-allogeneic HSCT was affected by GVHD prophylactic regimens, especially in cases receiving tacrolimus-based GVHD prophylaxis, T-cell depletion, and possibly those manifesting acute GVHD. Delayed immune reconstitution might increase the morbidity due to viral reactivation. Treatment strategies are needed to prevent infectious complications and enhance immune reconstitution based on the immune recovery status following allogeneic HSCT with fludarabine-based conditioning.

A bearing is an essential mechanical element that is used to fix the axis of a rotating machine and helps rotate the shaft while supporting its weight and load. Numerous types of bearings have been developed depending on the functions and sizes of the machines in which they are utilized. In particular, power generating units such as gas turbines use medium or large hydraulic bearings for smooth operation. White metal is a tin alloy and a soft material that is often bonded to the inner surfaces of medium and large bearings to lubricate and protect the bearing shafts. Currently, gravity or centrifugal casting is used to bond the white metal to the surface of the bearing material. The casting process requires pretreatments such as chemical treatment and preheating and has many disadvantages with respect to the work environment, worker safety, productivity, and potential for automation. In this study, the process of binding white metal to bearings is simplified and improved by applying a laser cladding using powdered white metal. Depositing a metal that has a very low melting point compared to the base metal is different from the conventional cladding process; therefore, the focus of this work is to analyze the new cladding procedure for various process conditions. White metal specimens fabricated with this laser cladding were evaluated using cross-section images, hardness tests, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis.

Stroke is a major cause of long-term disability world-wide. Limited pharmacological therapy has been used in stroke patients. Previous studies indicated that herb formula PM012 is neuroprotective against neurotoxin trimethyltin in rat brain, and improved learning and memory in animal models of Alzheimer’s disease. Its action in stroke has not been reported. This study aims to determine PM012-mediated neural protection in cellular and animal models of stroke. Glutamate-mediated neuronal loss and apoptosis were examined in rat primary cortical neuronal cultures. Cultured cells were overexpressed with a Ca++ probe (gCaMP5) by AAV1 and were used to examine Ca++ influx (Ca++i). Adult rats received PM012 before transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Brain tissues were collected for infarction and qRTPCR analysis. In rat primary cortical neuronal cultures, PM012 significantly antagonized glutamate-mediated TUNEL and neuronal loss, as well as NMDA-mediated Ca++i. PM012 significantly reduced brain infarction and improved locomotor activity in stroke rats. PM012 attenuated the expression of IBA1, IL6, and CD86, while upregulated CD206 in the infarcted cortex. ATF6, Bip, CHOP, IRE1, and PERK were significantly down-regulated by PM012. Using HPLC, two potential bioactive molecules, paeoniflorin and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, were identified in the PM012 extract. Taken together, our data suggest that PM012 is neuroprotective against stroke. The mechanisms of action involve inhibition of Ca++i, inflammation, and apoptosis.

The COVID-19 pandemic is changing rapidly and requires different strategies to maintain immunization. In Korea, different COVID-19 vaccines are recommended and available for various populations, including healthcare workers (HCWs) at high risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We plan to evaluate the adverse events (AEs) and immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 vaccines in HCWs at a single center. This cohort study included HCWs fully vaccinated with either BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1. Blood samples were taken eight weeks after the second vaccination with both COVID-19 vaccines and six months after the second vaccination from participants with the BNT162b2 vaccine. The primary endpoint for immunogenicity was the serum neutralizing antibody responses eight weeks after vaccination. The secondary endpoint was the incidence of various AEs within 28 days of each vaccination. Between 16 March and 23 June 2021, 115 participants were enrolled (65 in the ChAdOx1 group and 50 in the BNT162b2 group). Significantly higher surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) inhibition was observed in participants vaccinated with two doses of BNT162b2 (mean (SD) 91.4 (9.68)%) than in those vaccinated with ChAdOx1 (mean (SD) 73.3 (22.57)%). The effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine was maintained across all age and gender categories. At six months after the second dose, serum antibody levels declined significantly in the BNT162b2 group. The main adverse events, including fever, myalgia, fatigue, and headache, were significantly higher in the ChAdOx1 group after the first dose, whereas, after the second dose, those AEs were significantly higher in the BNT162b2 group (p < 0.05). Two doses of either the ChAdOx1 or the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine resulted in very high seropositivity among the HCWs at our center. The quality of the antibody response, measured by sVNT inhibition, was significantly better with the BNT162b2 vaccine than with the ChAdOx1 vaccine. There was no significant association between neutralizing antibody response and AE after each vaccination in our cohort.

Arc plasma flow between electrodes has been investigated in several studies. However, in the industrial field, arc plasma flow between electrodes is hindered by interfering materials such as filler metal in arc welding, substrates in chemical vapor deposition, and powders in sintering. Therefore, in this study, high temperature arc plasma flow analysis via three obstruction structure shapes was performed to understand the inter-electrode interference phenomena. COMSOL Multiphysics was used for the analysis; COMSOL interface such as electric field, magnetic field, heat transfer, and fluid flow (laminar flow) was applied and Multiphysics such as plasma heat source and temperature coupling were considered. The temperature and velocity of the arc plasma were determined and the energy transfer between the electrodes was analyzed. We confirmed that the concave shape has a lower average heat flux than the other shapes, with the arc pressure evenly distributed in the anode. It is concluded that the concave shape can reduce the flow of the plasma from the anode and obtain even distribution of the arc plasma in the radial direction.

The bearing is a machine element that plays an important role in rotating the shaft of a machine while supporting its weight and load. Numerous bearings have been developed to improve durability and life, depending on the functions and operating conditions in which they are desired. White metal is one of method to improve durability that is soft and bonded to the inner surface of the bearing to protect the bearing shaft. Currently, the centrifugal casting process is used as a white metal lamination method, but it involves problems such as long processing times, high defect rates and harmful health effects. In this paper, a laser cladding treatment is applied to bond powdered white metal to SCM440 alloy steel, which is used as bearing material in terms of replacing the risks of a centrifugal process. In order to understand whether laser cladding is a suitable process, this paper compares the mechanical properties of white metal produced on SCM440 alloy steel by centrifugal casting and the laser cladding process. The laser power, powder feed rate and laser head speed factors are varied to understand the mechanical properties and measure the hardness using micro Vickers and conduct field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and friction testing to understand the mechanical properties and surface characteristics. Based on the results, the hardness values of the cladding (white metal) layer ranged between 24 and 26 HV in both the centrifugal casting and laser cladding methods. However, the hardness of the white metal produced by laser cladding at about a depth of 0.1 mm rose rapidly in the cladding process, forming a heat-affected zone (HAZ) with an average hardness value of 200 HV at a laser power of 1.1 kW, 325 HV at 1.3 kW and 430 HV at 1.5 kW. The surface friction testing results revealed no significant differences in the friction coefficient between the centrifugal casting and laser cladding methods, which allows the assumption that the processing method does not significantly influence the friction coefficient.

Research on additive manufacturing (AM) is being actively conducted in various fields in order to efficiently manufacture complex three-dimensional structures. In particular, metal powder feedstock and lasers are being used by the manufacturing industry to fabricate mechanical components and parts, such as propellers, fuel nozzles, and vehicle equipment. We developed an approach, scanning- directed energy deposition (S-DED), in which a high-throughput DED method with a scanning nozzle was established that could create metal beads of exceptional quality with high productivity using metal powder. The S-DED nozzle was designed based on a numerical simulation of the particle fluid flow, which was verified through a deposition experiment. Before the simulation, the deposition efficiency and shape of the bead were assumed according to the shape of the nozzle and the distance between the nozzle and the surface of the base material. The optimal inlet supply angle was determined by changing the powder flow inside the nozzle; the optimal number of outlet channels was determined by analyzing the amount of powder deposited by the laser beam irradiated on the base material. It was found that the laser beam improved the productivity by shaping the existing Gaussian beam into an 8 × 3 square flat-top beam. As a result of the simulation, it was proved that the angle of the inlet (that supplied powder to the nozzle) influenced the flow of powder finally captured in the laser beam. Based on the simulation, the angle of inlet was selected as 75°, and the number of outlet and cooling channels was five and three, respectively. A cross section of the specimen was analyzed using a single bead and multiple layers.

The management of advanced prostate cancer has evolved rapidly. Androgen deprivation therapy, via surgical or medical castration, is the first-line therapy for hormone-naive metastatic prostate cancer. For approximately a decade, docetaxel-based chemotherapy was the only approved agent to show a survival benefit for castration-resistant prostate cancer. However, over the last 5 years, significant advances in the field have led to the approval of several new agents with different mechanisms of action, such as the new androgen pathway inhibitors abiraterone and enzalutamide, a new cytotoxic agent, cabazitaxel, and new bone-seeking agents such as radium-223, which have all been associated with improved quality of life and pain palliation and an increase in survival. However, there has been no Korean treatment guideline for metastatic prostate cancer which is developed based on thorough search for relevant articles, including recently developed agents, and adequate review and assessment of evidences, and thus, a guideline adequate for domestic circumstance is eagerly needed. Experts from the Genitourinary Oncology Committee of the Korea Cancer Study Group developed clinical recommendations for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer based on 19 key questions. The Korean Association for Clinical Oncology, the Korean Prostate Society, the Korean Urological Oncology Society, and the Korean Society of Pathologists reviewed and endorsed the guidelines. These are the first Korean treatment guidelines developed specifically for metastatic prostate cancer. (Korean J Med 2017;92:124-141)

Background The efficacy of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) inhibitors in patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), pancreatic cancer (PC), or colorectal cancer (CRC) has been demonstrated. However, dermatological reactions to these inhibitors can cause significant physical and psychosocial discomfort. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of EGF ointment for EGFR inhibitor‐related skin adverse events (ERSEs). Materials and Methods This placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, multicenter, pilot phase III trial enrolled patients with NSCLC, PC, or CRC treated with EGFR inhibitors. Patients with grade ≥2 ERSEs were included. Patients were randomized to three treatment arms: arm 1, placebo; arm 2, 1 ppm of EGF ointment; and arm 3, 20 ppm of EGF ointment. Patients applied ointment to their skin lesions twice daily. Results Efficacy evaluation was available for 80 patients (9 for PC, 28 for NSCLC, and 43 for CRC). Responses were 44.4% in arm 1, 61.5% in arm 2, and 77.8% in arm 3. There was a linear correlation between EGF concentrations and responses (p = .012). Quality of life (QoL) was assessed for 74 patients. Maximum changes in composite scores by Skindex‐16 after treatment were significantly different among arms (mean ± SD: −5.2 ± 8.6 for arm 1, −11.7 ± 14.2 for arm 2, and − 18.6 ± 17.7 for arm 3; p = .008). EGF arms showed significant improvement in emotions (p = .005) and functioning (p = .044) scores over the placebo arm. Conclusion EGF ointment is effective for managing ERSEs. It can also improve patients’ QoL compared with placebo. Clinical trial identification number. NCT02284139 Implications for Practice Patients with non‐small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, or colorectal cancer who are treated with epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) inhibitors may experience dermatologic reactions to their treatment. This study investigated the benefit of an EGF ointment in the treatment of these adverse events and observed the ointment to be effective in managing EGFR inhibitor‐related skin adverse events., Epidermal growth factor (EGFR) is an important target for antitumor therapy. This article evaluates the efficacy of EGF ointment for EGFR inhibitor‐related adverse events of the skin.

In gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), columnar grains typically grow from the fusion line of a weld to its centerline because of high temperature gradient and small growth rate. This columnar grain often causes premature failure during bending or expansion in the center of the fusion zone. Equiaxed grains, on the other hand, reduce the occurrence of cracks and improve the ductility, strength, and toughness in the fusion zone. Microstructural solidification has a significant effect on the mechanical properties; the columnar-to-equiaxed grain transition (CET) is one factor that significantly improves fusion zone mechanical properties. During GTAW, a thermal gradient occurs on a molten pool owing to the uneven mixing of the elements or the unequal compositions of the base materials, leading to a non-uniform surface tension. This is called the Marangoni effect, which creates a flow inside the molten metal and affects the overall weld shape. The Marangoni effect is associated with a coefficient called the surface tension gradient or the thermal gradient of surface tension that affects the direction of molten metal flow. The content of oxygen and flux affect the surface tension gradient. If the content of oxygen and flux are high, the surface tension gradient becomes positive, with a narrow and deep-penetrating pool. In this study, various experiments and a numerical simulation were performed to analyze the weld pool behavior and CET in GTA welding of ferritic stainless steels with aluminum contents of 100 and 300 ppm. In the experiment, 300 ppm of aluminum was observed to have a wider bead width than that observed for the 100-ppm sample; further, the growth of equiaxed grains in the centerline was promoted. In the numerical simulation, it was confirmed that when the aluminum content was 300 ppm, the outward flow occurring in the arc center formed a wide and shallow penetration. Furthermore, it was revealed that aluminum combines with oxygen to form aluminum oxide, thereby reducing the oxygen content. Therefore, as the aluminum content increased, the surface tension gradient was observed to become negative and affect CET.

Angiogenesis occurs in response to tissue ischemia and wound healing, and contributes to the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases, such as benign and malignant neoplasia. Several studies have measured bone marrow microvessel density (MVD) in MDS patients and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients transformed from MDS, and MVD was higher in MDS patients than controls, but was lower than in AML patients. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is expressed in bone marrow blast cells, and an autocrine VEGF signaling mechanism has been established in MDS. Increased bone marrow angiogenesis and VEGF concentrations are adverse prognostic features in all of these patients. In this study, 69 patients were treated in two groups: hypomethylating agents or supportive care with oxymetholone±pyridoxine. We evaluated the MVD and VEGF expression of paraffin-embedded bone marrow samples from patients. We also investigated the relationship between angiogenesis-related biomarkers including MVD, VEGF expression, and clinical factors. The patient median age was 65 years, and the median follow-up duration was 28 months. MVD assessment among subtypes of WHO MDS classification showed that the MVD of RCUD was significantly lower than in other types (p=0.02). However, there was no significant difference in VEGF expression according to the subtype of MDS. Although MVD and VEGF expression did not differ between risk groups based on the IPSS, the low risk group tended to have lower expression of angiogenesis-related biomarkers. MDS patients receiving hypomethylating agents had significantly lower MVD expression in responders than in non-responders (6.13±3.38 vs. 9.89±2.10, respectively, p=0.039). In a consecutive evaluation at the time of diagnosis and 3 months after the initial treatment, the group with a decrease or no change of MVD had a higher response rate compared to that in the group with an increase of MVD (92.9% vs. 58.8%, respectively, p=0.045). Adverse prognostic factors included older age, MDS type other than RCUD, a higher IPSS risk group, and abnormal cytogenetics. Although angiogenesis-related markers did not demonstrate any significant prognostic association with survival, MVD (≥10n/mm2) and a strong expression of VEGF seemed to be associated with lower survival rate. These data suggested that the MVD value might be helpful in predicting responsiveness to treatment, especially in MDS patients treated with hypomethylating agents. Although angiogenesis-related markers including VEGF did not demonstrate a significant association with survival outcomes, we observed that high MVD and strong VEGF expression seemed to be associated with lower survival rate. Therefore, biologic markers related to angiogenesis might have a potential as prognostic factors for MDS patients.

Recently, aluminum alloy has used various industry, such as automobile, shipbuilding and aircraft because of characteristics of low density and high corrosion resistance. Al 6061-T6 is heat treatment materials so it has high strength and mostly used for assembly by mechanical fastening such as a bolting and riveting. In GMA (Gas Metal Arc) welding of alloy, some defects which are hot cracking, porosity, low-mechanical properties and large heat affected zone is generated, because of high heat conductivity. It reduces mechanical properties. In this study, the major factor effected on properties are analyzed after welding in Al 6061-T6 in GMAW, then optimize heat treatment conditions. Plate of Al 6061-T6 with a thickness of 12 mm is welded in V groove and applied welding method is butt joint. Mechanical properties and microstructure are analyzed according to heat treatment condition. Tensile strength, microstructure and Hardness are evaluated. Result of research appears that Al 6061-T6 applied heat treatment show outstanding mechanical properties.

A pre-transplant screening work-up of donors for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is essential. Inadvertent transmission of malignancy from donors with subclinical diseases to recipients has been reported recently in several cases. A 49-year-old male was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia. He underwent a course of induction chemotherapy and achieved cytogenetic complete remission (CR). He was treated with an additional cycle of consolidation chemotherapy followed by full matched sibling allogeneic HSCT due to an additional deletion in 9q known as an adverse prognostic factor. Post transplantation bone marrow biopsy revealed molecular CR, but conventional cytogenetics identified the presence of 46,XY,t(1:2)(p32:q35). A cytogenetic analysis of the donor graft specimen revealed t(1:2). We confirmed the donor origin of t(1:2). We report the first case of a person with constitutional t(1;2) serving as a stem cell donor.

ratio of cholangiocarcinoma (intrahepatic or extrahepatic), gall bladder cancer, and ampulla of Vater cancer was 41 (63.1%):18 (27.7%):6 (9.25%). Half of the patients (33 patients, 50.8%) were treated with gemcitabine-based and 28 patients (43.1%) with 5-fluo- rouracil-based therapy. The response rate was 3.0% and disease control rate was 21.5% in intention-to-treat analysis. Median overall survival (OS) was 7.2 months (95% confidence interval (CI), 3.9 to 10.5 months) and median progression free survival (PFS) was 3.7 months (95% CI, 2.5 to 4.9 months). In multivariate analysis, patients with good performance status (PS) (P = 0.001) and chemo-sensi- tive tumor to 2nd line chemotherapy (P = 0.000) had longer PFS as compared to the others. In addition, patients with good PS (P = 0.003), chemo-sensitive tumor to 1st line (P = 0.046), and 2nd line chemotherapy (P = 0.004) were good prognostic factors for OS. Conclusion: The effect of 2nd line chemotherapy in advanced BTC was modest and maybe beneficial in select patients.

This study conducted the following experiment to examine change of biophysical and physical fitness function on combined exercise program in 20` female university students with obesity according to heights of insole. Obesity related biophysical function was measured by basal metabolism and percent body fat(% Fat) and health related physical fitness was measured by isokinetic strength of quadriceps femoris muscle, muscular endurance, flexibility and power on comparative analysis of pre, post exercise and each groups(0cm, 5cm, 9cm) in 36 female university students with obesity subject according to heights of insole. These result lead us to the conclusion that each group were statistically improved at isokinetic muscular strength of quadriceps femoris muscle and basal metabolism, but 5cm group compared with 0cm and 9cm group was more significant improvement. Consequently, combination exercise applying appropriate heights of insole would be lead to positive increment of muscular strength and basal metabolism.

The purpose of this study the following changes in the body composition and obesity-stress on the aerobic exercise and combined exercise and that Obesity Management Exercise Program was conducted to serve as the basis when developing materials. Obesity female college student 40 people were classified that Aerobic exercise group(20 patients) and combined exercise group (20 patients). Every time 60 minutes, three times a week, a total of eight weeks each exercise program after each underwent an exercise program compared body composition and stress. Research result, body fat is aerobic exercise group and combined exercise group was statistically decrease, Obesity Stress is founded that a significantly reduction in the combined exercise group. Therefore Obesity Management Exercise Program during development in considering the combined exercise group Obesity Stress is thought to be more suitable. ■ keyword : ∣Combined Exercise ∣Obesity-stress ∣Body Composition ∣ 접수일자 : 2015년 09월 08일수정일자 : 2015년 09월 18일 심사완료일 : 2015년 09월 18일 교신저자 : 정대인, e-mail : jungdi@ghc.ac.kr

Hastelloy C-276 composed of Cr, Mo, and Ni is a versatile, corrosion-resistant alloy with numerous industrial applications including its use in nuclear reactors, general chemical plants, and as a superconducting base material. Of especial significance, it can be used as a thin-sheet type whereby lap-joint welding is occasionally necessary. The main welding problems for thin-sheet metals are deformation and burn-through from an excessive heat input. Laser welding can minimize these problems because it has a high energy density and low heat effect on the base material. In this study, the laser-welding characteristics of lap-joint Hastelloy C-276 sheet metal were determined. The criteria of the laser-welding variables were chosen using a heat-conduction analysis, and the optimal welding parameters were selected by experimenting with an Nd:YAG laser.

The purpose of this study in obesity gait and to present relevant evidence for the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders to serve as clinical data were performed. 40 female college student body healthy, normal-weight group(n

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is reported as a method for rapid quantitative analysis of elemental composition and depth profile of Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGS) thin film. A calibration model considering compositional grading over depth was developed and verified with test samples. The results from eight test samples showed that the average concentration of Cu, In, Ga and Se could be predicted with a root mean square error of below 1% and a relative standard deviation of also below 1%. The depth profile of each constituent element of CIGS predicted by LIBS was close to those by Auger electron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry. The average ablation depth per pulse during depth profiling was about 100 nm.