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In the previous work by the same authors, optimisation of sequential application of acid protease and transglutaminase was carried out to achieve Woolmark specification AW-1 for the machine washable care claim, that is, less than 3% total shrinkage. As a result of optimisation, the total warp shrinkage reduced to 2.64% with only 2.82% loss in warp tensile strength. In this work, simultaneous application of acid protease and transglutaminase was explored and optimised using Box–Behnken design of experiment. The optimisation was carried out using two criteria. In the first criterion, the model was used to predict treatment parameters for minimum total warp shrinkage with minimum loss in warp tensile strength. Taking these predicted treatment parameters, wool was treated with acid protease (1%, owf) and transglutaminase (2.8%, owf) at pH ∼5.3 and 50°C for 60 min. After treatment, the total warp shrinkage reduced to only 4.32% with 4.65% loss in warp tensile strength. This was not only higher than the optimised sequential application of both the enzymes but also failed to meet the Woolmark specification for machine washable care claim. So, the second criterion was used in which the prediction was taken for treatment parameters to achieve the minimum total warp shrinkage without any constraints on loss in warp strength. Again, taking these predicted treatment parameters, wool was treated with acid protease (1.3%, owf), transglutaminase (1.6%, owf), pH ∼4.7 at 55°C for 85 min. Under these treatment conditions, the total warp shrinkage reduced to 2.89% with 10.1% loss in warp strength. Furthermore, interaction between the enzymes also plays a role in the outcomes of the treatment. It was evident that there was a loss in transglutaminase activity as a result of acid protease digestion. However, there was no loss in the activity of acid protease, indicating that transglutaminase did not have any negative influence on the activity of acid protease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discharge of the exhausted dye bath at the end of dyeing imposes a huge waste-water load, necessitating the use of fresh water for further processing. Due to the limited availability of fresh water, industries are compelled to remove the dyes from drained-out liquor to protect the environment and recycle the treated water for future processing. Discharged dyes create a film or layer of color on the water's surface, impeding the natural breakdown of substances and harm aquatic organisms. A significant proportion of effluent comprises synthetic dyes from azo, anthraquinone, triphenylmethane, indigo, and other groups. Several azo dyes and their cleaved by-products have been discovered to impact human health. Various established techniques are commonly employed to remove the color from dye; however, they have inherent restrictions. Due to increased demand, there is a growing need to explore cost-effective alternative treatments, such as biological integrated systems. The utilization of laccase for the decolorization of dyes presents a possible technological solution to address the drawbacks associated with current approaches. These enzymes can chemically react with and break down diverse substances. Laccases have been verified for their capacity to break down synthetic dyes in wastewater, resulting in the degradation of less hazardous products than the original dyes. This study examines the advantages and disadvantages of different technologies used to remove color from dyes. It also discusses the degradation mechanisms of several synthetic dyes catalyzed by laccase and the impact of factors, such as temperature, pH, dye concentration, etc. Additionally, the most recent studies on decolorization utilizing laccase are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current investigation delves into the viability of spray-dried environment-friendly clove essential oil (CEO) microcapsules in chitosan biopolymer to enhance the antibacterial activity of cotton fabrics. The process parameters, such as core-to-wall ratio, oil concentration, sheath, surfactants, cross-linkers, and spray drying machine parameters like inlet temperature, feed rate, and atomization pressure, are optimized using Box Behnken design and central composite design. The investigation ascertains the average particle size for the CEO microcapsules to be below 2 µm, with microencapsulation efficiency ranging from 40% to 72%. The microcapsules are characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The CEO microcapsules are also prepared using sodium tripolyphosphate as cross-linker with the chitosan sheath. The study involves applying CEO microcapsules prepared with and without cross-linker on 100% cotton fabrics by a padding technique with three different cross-linkers, viz malic acid, maleic acid and Eudragit S 100. The evaluation of wash durability, antibacterial efficacy, and physical characteristics, such as tensile strength and air permeability, has been carried out using appropriate methods. A comparative assessment of using different cross-linkers to apply microcapsules on cotton fabrics is undertaken. The Eudragit S 100 is found to be the most appropriate cross-linker to achieve antibacterial properties and better physical attributes of the treated cotton fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acid Protease and Transglutaminase enzymes were used to impart anti-felting properties to wool with minimal loss in tensile strength. Statistical optimisation of the application conditions using Box Behnken design of experiment was employed to achieve less than 3% total warp shrinkage as specified in Woolmark Specification AW-1 for machine washable care claim. During optimisation of protease treatment, the total warp shrinkage was reduced from 7.66% to 2.77% but was accompanied with 9.95% loss in warp tensile strength. Subsequently, optimisation of transglutaminase enzyme was carried out on protease treated wool. This resulted in marginal reduction of total warp shrinkage to 2.64% with 7.92% recovery in warp tensile strength giving a net loss of 2.82% in warp tensile strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ecofriendly reducing agent, viz. alkaline pectinase alongwith iron (II) salt, has been used in place of sodium hydrosulphite for dyeing of cotton with indigo. Dyed samples are then characterized by ATR-FTIR, SEM and XRD. It is observed that the alkaline pectinase alongwith iron (II) salt reducing system is also capable of producing almost identical level of reduction potential in dye baths, reduction bath stability, dye strength and colour fastness properties of dyed cotton to those obtained with sodium hydrosulphite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - This paper aims to study the ability of laccase for decolourisation of reactive dyes in presence and absence of natural and synthetic mediators. Design/methodology/approach - Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the parameters to achieve optimum response value. Preliminary screening using several mediators was performed to evaluate extent of decolourisation for the purpose followed by selection of effective mediators only. Findings - Laccase performs in acidic pH; increase in temperature enhances its activity. Rate of decolourisation depends on laccase and dye concentration, temperature, pH and treatment time. Out of five mediators studied, HBT, BT andVA showed promising results. Research limitations/implications - Study on decolourisation was conducted for individual dyes. In some cases, dyes are applied in combination which requires further study for authentication of data. Practical implications - Decolourisation with laccase has been found to be a promising technology in waste water treatment. However, selection of mediator remains a crucial factor. Social implications - Reactive dyes are self-hydrolysed over time under natural conditions and extent of decolourisation depends on concentration of dye discharged and time spent. If not decolourised quickly, it imposes restriction on use of river water for irrigation. Originality/value - In this work, activity of various natural and synthetic mediators alongwith laccase was studied to achieve maximum decolourisation which was not studied earlier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tekstilec is the property of University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences & Engineering, Department of Textiles and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, attempts have been made to replace sodium hydrosulphite with alkaline catalase in combination with iron (II) salt for dyeing cotton with vat dyes. The results show that alkaline catalase with iron (II) salt is quiet effective and capable of substituting sodium hydrosulphite with comparable dye strength and colour fastness. While reduction potential values of dyebaths are found to be almost same in both hydrosulphite and alkaline catalase along with iron(II) salt systems, the stability of the baths in absence and presence of dye is found superior in the new reduction system as compared to those in hydrosulphite system. Dye strength results show mixed findings, i.e. for some dyes, dye strength is higher in new reduction system, while for rest of the dyes, it is higher in hydrosulphite system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, dyeing parameters, such as dye conc., sodium sulphide conc., salt conc., and time, have been statistically framed through full-factorial design software to generate sets of experimental variables. Cotton has been dyed using all these sets of variables separately, and then evaluated for respective surface colour strength (K/S), and colour fastness properties, such as fastness to light, washing and rubbing. The outputs thus generated are then analyzed using ANN to generate a big data, by which dyer can predict any shade. This will help in eliminating the rigorous laboratory trials and forecasting colour strength & quality of dyeing well before the dyeing process is materialized. The whole data sets are then uploaded in cloud computing to enable to acquire the data. It is observed that by assigning diffent values of K/S on cloud, the dyeing parameters can be obtained to achieve desired output in further application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tekstilec is the property of University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences & Engineering, Department of Textiles and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tekstilec is the property of University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences & Engineering, Department of Textiles and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, lavender oil microcapsules have been synthesized, characterized and then applied on cotton fabric through padding followed by drying and curing. The treated samples are evaluated for wash fastness, tensile strength, stiffness, and the most important, release rate from treated fabric. Most of the synthesized microcapsules are found in the range of 10-30 microns. Cross-linking with DETA shows improvement in the shell morphology with slow release of lavender from treated fabric. Stiffness of the treated fabric increases proportionately with increase in concentration of microcapsules with simultaneous fall in strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tekstilec is the property of University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences & Engineering, Department of Textiles and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose - Enzymatic desizing using α-amylase is the conventional and eco-friendly method of removing starch based size. Conventionally, enzymes are drained after completion of process; being catalysts, they retain their activity after reaction and need to be reused. Immobilization allows the recovery of enzymes to use them as realistic biocatalyst. This study aims to recover and reuse of α-amylase for desizing of cotton via immobilization. Design/methodology/approach - This paper investigates the application of α-amylase immobilized on Chitosan and Eudragit S-100 for cotton fabric desizing. A commercial α-amylase was immobilized on reversibly soluble-insoluble polymers to work out with inherent problems of heterogeneous reaction media. The immobilization process was optimized for maximum conjugate activity, and immobilized amylases were applied for grey cotton fabric desizing. Findings - The desizing performance of immobilized amylases was evaluated in terms of starch removal and was compared to free enzyme. The immobilized amylases showed adequate desizing efficiency up to four cycles of use and were recovered easily at the end of each cycle. The amylase immobilized on Eudragit is more efficient for a particular concentration than chitosan. Practical implications - Immobilization associates with insolubility and increased size of enzymes which lead to poor interactions and limited diffusion especially in textiles where enzymes have to act on macromolecular substrates (heterogeneous media). The selection of support materials plays a significant role in this constraint. Originality/value - The commercial α-amylase was covalently immobilized on smart polymers for cotton fabric desizing. The target was to achieve immobilized amylase with maximum conjugate activity and limited constraints. The reversibly soluble-insoluble polymers support provide easy recovery with efficient desizing results in heterogeneous reaction media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose -- Graphene, which has abundant availability in nature, is currently under research for its functional applications in the field of textiles. The sp2 Hybridized 1-atom-thick planar sheet has been under consideration for its unique electrical, mechanical and thermal properties, but there exists a void for aggregated data on the findings of other co-functional properties attained by the material using graphene oxide (GO) finish. This paper aims to define the techniques of extraction of GO, method of its application on textile material followed by detailed evaluation of the differential functional properties achieved. Design/methodology/approach -- The methodology used to explain the multiple functionalities of GO finish have been carried out by starting with the chemistry of graphene and the isolation of GO from graphite, followed by the techniques for its application on the textile along with the study on the induced functional properties that may aid to increase its potential applications. Findings -- It has been observed that with the aid of optimization of GO finish, the finish in lieu with the conductive potentialities may further provide with many essential properties such as hydrophobicity, ultraviolet protection and antibacterial property. Originality/value -- The field of research on GO finish is naive and except few properties, many functionalities are still unexplored that may enable its smooth production, handling and expanding its area of application. The agglomeration of scattered findings on the achievable functional properties of GO on various textiles has been achieved in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - Shape memory polymers (SMPs) respond with a change in their shape against a specific stimulus by memorizing their original shape and are reformed after deformation most often by changing the temperature of the surrounding without additional mechanical efforts. In the coming years, these polymers indeed will be in limelight to manufacture textile materials which will retain their shape even after prolonged use under disturbed conditions. This study aims at defining shape memory materials and polymers as well as their technological characteristics and also highlights application in various fields of textiles. Design/methodology/approach - The methodology used to explain these SMPs have been carried out starting with the discussion on their properties, their physical nature, types, viz., shape memory alloys (SMAs), shape memory ceramics, shape memory hybrid, magnetic shape memory alloy, shape memory composites, shape memory gels and SMP along with properties of each type. Other related details of these polymers, such as their advantages, structure and mechanism, shape memory functionality, thermally responsive SMPs and applications, have been detailed. Findings - It has been observed that the SMPs are very important in the fields of wet and melt-spun fibers to offer novel and functional properties, cotton and wool fabric finishing, to produce SMP films, foams and laminated textiles, water vapor permeable and breathable SMP films, etc. Originality/value - The field of SMPs is new, and very limited information is available to enable their smooth production and handling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]