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In this study, the impact of increased solar penetration in the electricity generation mix on residential electricity consumer bills is explored. The study comprises of two sections: simulation of wholesale electricity rates and retail rate modeling. In the first stage, wholesale prices were modeled using a bottom-up long term unit commitment optimization model for different energy mix scenarios based on increased solar penetration, ranging from 5 to 40% on energy basis. The simulations indicated a fall in wholesale prices with increased solar penetration, a result of merit order effect. The simulated wholesale prices were then used to model retail rates for residential consumers. Four different types of retail rates were designed: flat rate, real time pricing, time of use and critical peak pricing. The impact of these retail rate mechanisms on electricity bills of residential consumers was analyzed and it was found that the bill savings achieved from time varying rates are greater than for time invariant rates. With increased solar penetration, customers with time-varying rates are likely to benefit the most from electricity bill savings. Although consumers with flat rate gain bill savings with increased solar penetration, the savings are likely to be lower than with time-varying rates.

The active tilt-controlled narrow three-wheelers (3Ws) equipped with a closed cabin aim to offer a comfortable driving experience comparable to four-wheelers while maintaining the manoeuvrability of two-wheelers without compromising on speed. Based on this concept, this study explores a tilt control strategy for narrow 3Ws. While previous research has established a steady-state tilt angle considering a zero-track width, this study incorporates track width due to the multi-wheel axle configuration. This novel approach not only withstands unbalanced lateral acceleration but also saves significant tilting torque. Unnecessary tilting is minimised by introducing a tilt actuation system (TAS) based on a unique dynamic rollover index. Central to the original contribution is the stability margin (SM), a dynamic rollover-safety index considering longitudinal and lateral dynamics, surpassing the traditional rollover index load transfer ratio, particularly for delta 3Ws. This work proposes a desired SM threshold-dependent steady-state tilt angle, activating TAS only when necessary. This pioneering method optimises the desired SM threshold using goal programming. Additionally, this research addresses a critical oversight in previous studies by accounting for the influence of road slopes, ensuring consistent stability across diverse road conditions. It is crucial to note that the proposed rollover index-based tilting approach markedly outperforms the conventional methods, reinforcing its originality and potential for future vehicular design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transient thermal waste heat sources, such as solar energy, industrial waste heat, and ship exhaust heat, pose significant challenges in terms of their reuse in other processes. Therefore, ensuring the safe and efficient design and operation of the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system for these heat sources is imperative. Comprehending the ORC system's dynamic characteristics is necessary to formulate suitable control strategies. This article undertakes a comprehensive review of previous studies on dynamic modeling and control of the ORC system and discusses the prevalent dynamic modeling methodologies, the challenges frequently encountered in dynamic simulations, and a range of control strategies. This article comprehensively analyzes the overall control strategies used by ORC systems. Additionally, the energy conversion systems utilized in ORC are depicted in detail. Furthermore, using model predictive control in a simulation study allows for investigating various components' disturbance and dynamic characteristics within the ORC system. These components include the expander, pump, condenser, and evaporator using setpoint tracking. Ultimately, this analysis aims to optimize the performance of the ORC cycle. The findings indicate that the utilization of superheating in the working fluid is the most effective method for achieving maximum power generation in an ORC system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Narrow electric three-wheeled vehicles are a potential solution to stringent issues of traffic congestion, parking space, vehicular emissions and the fuel crisis. However, narrow three-wheelers have poor manoeuvrability at high speed due to rollover propensity. Researchers have been addressing these conflicting requirements using an active tilt control, a concept of automatic tilting. This paper reviews the different methodologies of tilt control and vehicle dynamics of narrow three-wheeled vehicles, followed by major technical implications. The steering direct tilt control system based on an active steering gain curve has exhibited the substantial potential to control tilting to offer a minimum perceived lateral acceleration and tilting torque, such that the least deviation occurs in the desired path. However, the active steering gain curve can further be optimised by incorporating the desired tilt angle depending upon the rollover index of three-wheelers. The designed control system, including combined lateral and longitudinal dynamics needs to be investigated experimentally under various operating conditions like banked and graded roads, varying friction surfaces and multi-passenger configurations for severe manoeuvres over a large range of vehicle speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traffic congestion, pollution due to vehicular emissions and fuel energy crises are the major problems that have inspired research for the design of efficient and smaller vehicles as a regular mode of transport with a significantly lower carbon footprint. With an increased dependency on certain countries for fuel energy, electric mobility has been encouraged by policy makers so that national interests are not compromised. At the same time, enhanced standards of living have resulted in a demand for safer and comfortable transport. All of these factors have led to a need for a mode of transport that is efficient, compact, safe and comfortable. Electric three-wheelers are seen as one of the promising options that fits all of these requirements. Due to their high propensity to rollover during cornering, however, the use of three-wheeled vehicles (3Ws) is limited to low-speed applications for cheap transport. Recent developments in the field of rollover mitigation through active tilt control mechanisms indicate that the future mode of transport will be more exciting than the existing one. This paper is a review mainly focused on the recent technological developments in active-tilt-controlled three-wheeled vehicles. This paper gives a detailed review of the methodologies chosen, control strategies adopted, types of vehicle chosen for test/simulation, mathematical models applied, key findings and future work proposed to address the dynamics-related issues of tilting 3Ws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]