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BACKGROUND: The recent COVID-19 pandemic has brought Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) to the forefront of governmental and organizational preoccupations Empirical research has pointed that OHS responsibility is diffused within organizations, and there is no apparent reference on whom it falls upon;even the OHSAS 18001:2007 (OHSAS 18001, 2007) standard framework generates the same confusion among organizational stakeholders OBJECTIVE: When constituting an internal chain of responsibility, which organizational stakeholder should be responsible for each item of the OHSAS 18001:2007? The article considers how OHS tasks can be addressed from the perspective of stakeholder management The objective is to consider the internal division of OHS responsibility between the hierarchical strata and to introduce an OHS Responsibility Multilevel Model for an organization's internal responsibility system for the implementation of the OHSAS 18001:2007 standard METHODS: The paper presents a qualitative assessment of the literature on the concepts of responsibility and accountability regarding OHS First method applied was the literature review on the concepts of responsibility and accountability regarding OHS, while briefly discussing their impacts on the voluntary implementation of OHSAS 18001:2007 standard Second, the OHS and the conditions of the COVID-19 period were synthesised to underline the research motivation and importance Further the conceptual framework for the internal division of OHS responsibility based on a Multilevel Model for OHS stakeholders was developed based on a creative designed approach considering recent conclusions on safety leadership (OHS being situated at the confluence of top-down and bottom-up approaches in organization) RESULTS: The research results underline the relative complexity of the items in the OHSAS 18001:2007 framework;from the 68 items that are comprised under the six themes, the authors have identified 304 distinct actions The application of the proposed OHS Responsibility Multilevel Model to the OHSAS 18001:2007 supports the interest that research literature has had for the role of top management in OHS CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the research results propose a novel approach for improving stakeholders' involvement (commitment) and responsibility regarding OHS practices in organization The research findings highlight that the OHSAS 18001:2007 standard proposes the organization as primary repository of OHS responsibility © 2020 - IOS Press and the authors All rights reserved

Consider the typical example of corporate malpractice: insider trading. Say a particular trader has been caught red-handed trading on inside information. Who is to blame for this? If management didn’t know, it’s the trader. But maybe the trader’s peers were in on it, in which case the group manager might be the one responsible. Or perhaps the practice is institutional, in which case it’s the CEO who would take the blame. This is a good example of a Chain of Reponsibility.

Management of queuing and waiting for loading/unloading can influence the risk of fatigue for heavy truck drivers if it extends work hours or hampers drivers’ access to rest. Previous studies identified non-driving activities as a major contributor to driver fatigue in this industry despite Chain of Responsibility (CoR) legislation in Australia that establishes a duty on road transport customers to ensure their loading/unloading practices do not result in fatigued driving or breaches of work hours. This study examined how customer companies manage queuing and waiting and the barriers to good management. In phase one, 41 long distance truck drivers identified customer company depots where they had experienced good and poorer management of queuing and waiting. A subgroup (n = 27) provided more information about recent experiences in a survey. In phase two, representatives of 13 depots identified in phase one completed a qualitative interview about their queuing and waiting management. Drivers in phase one identified problems contributing to long queuing and waiting times and limited rest opportunities, with implications for fatigue risk, including communication issues, procedural efficiency, constraints on drivers, equity and fairness, depot capacity and resource management. Company results in phase two corroborated driver concerns. Infrastructure limitations, truck scheduling and the way work is managed were the main types of contributors. Financial and operational considerations were common cited barriers to good management. Companies did not perceive their primary CoR duty included managing hours or work and rest opportunities. Strategies to promote genuine fatigue risk management in loading/unloading processes must be pursued.

Blockchain technologies and distributed ledgers enable the design and implementation of trustable data logging systems that can be used by multiple parties to produce a non-repudiable database. The case of Internet of Vehicles may greatly benefit of such a possibility to track the chain of responsibility in case of accidents or damages due to bad or omitted maintenance, improving the safety of circulation and helping granting a correct handling of related legal issues. However, there are privacy issues that have to be considered, as tracked information potentially include data about private persons (position, personal habits), commercially relevant information (state of the fleet of a company, freight movement and related planning, logistic strategies), or even more critical knowledge (e.g., considering vehicles belonging to police, public authorities, governments or officers in sensible positions). In the European Union, all this information is covered by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). In this paper we propose a reference model for a system that manages relevant information to show how blockchain can support GDPR compliant solutions for Internet of Vehicles, taking as a reference an integrated scenario based on Italy, and analyze a subset of its use cases to show its viability with reference to privacy issues.

On January 9, 2014, 4-methylcyclohexanemethanol (MCHM), a chemical used to process coal, spilled into West Virginia’s Elk River and contaminated the drinking water of over 300,000 people. In the following weeks, the public uncovered a series of institutional failures—among the private sector, local utilities, and government agencies—preceding and following the spill. This case study introduces students to the institutional complexities and ecological vulnerabilities that slowed and confounded response to the disaster due to an unclear chain of responsibility across sectors. This case study also assesses how West Virginia residents and agencies perceived the environmental risk and the responsibility of different institutional agencies and how these perceptions added to the complexity and uncertainty surrounding response to the spill. This case study aims to teach students how risk assessment and perception interact with environmental governance.

Although most unmanned systems that militaries use today are still unarmed and predominantly used for surveillance, it is especially the proliferation of armed military robots that raises some serious ethical questions. One of the most pressing concerns the moral responsibility in case a military robot uses violence in a way that would normally qualify as a war crime. In this chapter, the authors critically assess the chain of responsibility with respect to the deployment of both semi-autonomous and (learning) autonomous lethal military robots. They start by looking at military commanders because they are the ones with whom responsibility normally lies. The authors argue that this is typically still the case when lethal robots kill wrongly – even if these robots act autonomously. Nonetheless, they next look into the possible moral responsibility of the actors at the beginning and the end of the causal chain: those who design and manufacture armed military robots, and those who, far from the battlefield, remotely control them.

This paper addresses the problem of misdeclaring container weights, which causes accidents on land and sea, with serious consequences. It reviews the current international law, and the verification of container weight mandated in the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) convention, and relates them to New Zealand law and practice as an example. It concludes that the SOLAS plan, simply written into local law, is unlikely to be enough by itself to fix the problem. It considers the points in the supply chain where responsibility could be placed for weighing and proposes a “chain of responsibility” approach with initial weighing by the shipper and check weighing later, especially at ports, with misdeclared containers being reportable as incidents. Such a system should deal comprehensively with the problem.

In this paper, a lesson is drawn from the way class definitions are provided in object-oriented programming. The distinction is introduced between the visible structure given in a class definition and the hidden structure, and then possible connections are indicated between these two structures and the structure of an entity modeled by the class definition.

In multiple objects tracking it become difficult to track the objects when they get cluttered due to proximity of the object. Such a cluttered environment leads to misleading target tracking in video analysis. This becomes important when video system is employed for security purpose or behavior analysis of the object. The object get merged and split due to occlusion or obstacles in viewing angle of the camera. In this paper we present the novel algorithm to handle issue of split and merge of the objects. To increase the robustness, association rules for object tracking are proposed. The algorithm tracks number of objects by keeping record of the split and merge of these objects with each other. Association rules are developed to track the multiple objects from frame to frame. Due to association rule application processing time increases when objects are merged or split, otherwise time required is same as normal object detection condition. In order to save the memory requirement for association of objects from frame to frame, linked list structure is implemented, which will expand and collapse as number of objects changes in given video frame. Object descriptors are stored as one node of the linked list along with object ID and flags indicating split and merge of objects. This list is updated as the video frames progresses for tracking of the objects. Such a system shows good result while tracking the multiple objects in cluttered environment due to shadow or occlusion or overlapping with in a frame

We present QoS experiments done in an advanced object store that supports the local execution of code on objects. We show how by giving different levels of resources to different objects, we are able to offer considerable improvement in the performance of the more-important objects, at the expense of the less-important objects. We created two tiers: Gold for premium objects, and Silver for standard objects. We present a workload on which we achieve a running time improvement of 33.5 percent for Gold objects. This is done at the expense of the performance given to Silver objects. The resource parameters we manipulate are the level of redundancy and CPU resources.

Web apps are complex beasts. They need to interpret incoming requests and decide what should be done with them. When you think about creating a framework to help you build web apps more quickly, you stand a very real chance of drowning in the complexity and options involved with such a project. Python is home to many a web framework since the language is popular among developers of cloud applications.

The quality assurance procedures associated with the financing of large PV plants are becoming increasingly more relevant to the PV scene in general. In this context, PV performance modelling is required in order to predict the energy yield and to rate the operating plant performance. Despite the availability of PV performance models since the early days of photovoltaics, the emergence of new proposals and the current debate on the development of an energy rating standard means that this can still be considered an open question. In the specific context of Quality Assurance Procedures, PV performance models must not only be accurate but must also be based on features specifically supported by manufacturers (datasheet information), in order to maintain the chain of responsibility in the event of failure. This paper reviews the currently available PV performance models with regard to accuracy and also compliance with datasheet specifications and guarantees. Accuracy is assessed through a meticulous measurement campaign conducted on PV arrays of four different technologies at a PV plant located in Navarra (northern Spain). The models reviewed are classified into physical models, based on the full I-V curve, and empirical models, which are solely based on the maximum power point (MPP). Despite the fact that physical models and MPP models with more than three parameters are currently widely used, this paper shows that empirical models with just three independent parameters suffice to accurately describe the relationship between PV array performance and operating conditions and are more easily derived from standard datasheet information. This result suggests that 3-parameter empirical models are the best option for PV performance modelling in the context of technical quality assurance procedures.

The next stop on your voyage through the Design Patterns galaxy takes you to the Chain of Responsibility design pattern, another of the design patterns found in the GoF catalog. You will find this design pattern useful when you need to perform specific processing but want to avoid tight coupling between the requester and the servicer.

Proposed a extend design pattern, which oriented distributed environment. Design framework in which import some components, such as command bus, command executor. Design the structure class diagram of the pattern. Expatiated components’ specific function, and analyses the command execution process in the pattern. Based on the pattern, when developers design command classes, there is no need to consider how to sequence the command object and send it to server, and they don’t worry about receiving data from server and anti-serialize from the received data. Conclude that developers can use command pattern in a network transparent manner in accordance with the original way.

This article analyses the consequences of institutional and organisational arrangements for the legitimacy of the governance of Finnish public forests. It focuses on normative legitimacy, which comprises input legitimacy (accountability), throughput legitimacy (power relationships, transparency and inclusiveness) and output legitimacy (problem-solving capacity). These components, and the challenges involved in them, are analysed in relation to the governance of the Finnish Forest and Park Service. It is a hybrid agency which combines business economic tasks with broader societal duties related to public forests. The article draws on the relevant laws, parliamentary reports and comments, policy and planning documents, as well as interviews with MPs, government officials and agency staff. The discrepancy between written regulations and policies on the one hand, and the actual governance practices and rationalities that guide informants’ interpretations and implementation of the regulations on the other, constitutes (in addition to the regulatory vagueness) the key challenge to the system's legitimacy. The Finnish case shows that assigning to Parliament a central formal role in the governance of public forests may serve more as window-dressing than providing genuine legitimacy to the decisions being made, as its actual role is dependent on how – and by whom – such decisions are prepared. The results highlight the importance of inclusiveness and transparency in the governance process; and of concrete, measurable criteria and indicators for each policy goal, against which performance may be assessed on a regular basis.

Avoid coupling the sender of a request to its receiver by giving more than one object a chance to handle the request. Chain the receiving objects and pass the request along the chain until an object handles it.

In this paper, we propose a new technique for managing multiple type objects in systems such as GIS and CAD. The novel concept of our mechanism is to separate the objects in a data structure according to the type identifier of the objects. The type identifier is a binary number that signifies a bit pattern corresponding to the type of the object. By means of the type identifier, a data structure can manage not only the space information of objects but also the types of objects. Therefore, in our mechanism, access performance does not depend on the number of all objects, as in most of the past methods, but rather on the number of objects in the type identifier. Also, access and memory performance do not deteriorate even if the types of objects are not independent. The performance of our system is evaluated by simulation tests.

This article explains how and why the statutory requirements for mining rehabilitation have failed to serve Queensland in the past and how the Environmental Protection (Chain of Responsibility) Amendment Act 2016, Qld, attempts to address the problems. By placing responsibility for mine rehabilitation on mining companies as well as ‘related persons’, the 2016 Qld Act opens up new enforcement opportunities. The approach Queensland has taken contrasts with measures recently adopted in Western Australia. The strengths and weaknesses of the two different approaches are compared.

Now that we are done examining creational and structural patterns, this chapter will introduce you to a few behavioral patterns. As the name suggests, behavioral patterns concern themselves with how classes and objects behave, communicate, and message within a given system.

GoF Definition: Avoid coupling the sender of a request to its receiver by giving more than one object a chance to handle the request. Chain the receiving objects and pass the request along the chain until an object handles it.

Software design patterns provide a proven and comprehensive solution for a series of problems that designers confront with them. Web security becomes a critical issue in the online environments. Many techniques strive to achieve web applications to acceptable level of confidence. One of the useful behavioral design patterns is the chain-of- responsibilities pattern that includes several command objects in a series of processing objects. There is a set of logic in each processing object that can handle a command and transfer it to the next processing object. This series of processing objects is stable, and also, the position of each ring in the chain is unchangeable. In this paper, a dynamic chain of responsibilities design pattern that provides a new mechanism for enhance flexibility in security of web application would be presented.

They comprise objects that have functionality, an intermediate stage between a concept and its operation.The functional object allows the intermediating of the value addition, so that it can be later used to develop the operational added value.Functional objects are often interfaces with other objects, links between objects or “analyzers” of objects and comply with all the functions that link the implicit concept in the objects and its operation. The maximal strategy of functional objects is defined by the implicit operational system to generate value within an environment of controlled quality. This implies that functional objects, besides providing an integration of other objects and processes, have an operation in themselves. The operation is given by the synergy they produce when integrating processes and objects.The minimum strategy is defined by the possibility of installing a control system that includes the necessary automatisms to avoid risks. The minimum strategy of functional objects needs to have alarm systems, redundancies and alternative plans in order to ensure that the risks are avoided.

In this paper, it proposes a data mining system based on data mining algorithms of B/S framework, including the key parts such as visualization of data mining, processing of data mining processes and data storage etc…and initially achieves an agriculture data mining platform based on B/S framework based on the chain of responsibility pattern. Finally, it combines the specific application cases of agriculture data to validate the expansibility, flexibility and effectiveness of the agricultural data mining platform based on Web.

An object-based approach to portraying urban systems, based on the priority of spatial relationships, is proposed. Real-world entities are represented by means of unitary fixed and non-fixed objects. Fixed unitary objects are located directly, by coordinates, while non-fixed unitary objects are located by pointing to fixed objects. Self-organizing spatial ensembles of unitary urban objects are represented by means of emerging domain objects. Software objects represent unitary objects and domains as well as the relationships between them. The user is responsible for formulating rules of object creation, updating, and destruction, while the system automatically updates relationships following movements of non-fixed objects, domain self-organization, change, and destruction. A prototype software system for simulating housing dynamics is presented.

A robot system was developed for the assembly of flexible belt-shaped objects, and the assembly procedures employed by workers in using it were analysed. A multi-fingered hand was developed to hold the objects at several points, and to move them into the proper position for attachment to a part. In addition, an image processing method that can recognize the gripping positions on source objects and conditions after the source objects are attached is proposed.

In the classical pattern recognition problem, consideration is given to individual objects, each of which actually belongs to one of the finite number of classes and is presented for the recognition irrespective of other objects. Recognition objects often form a single interconnected array determined by the nature of the event involved, namely, its natural extent in time or in space along one or a few coordinates. As a consequence, the need arises to take consistent decisions about the classes for all elements of the array. The prior assumption consisting in the fact that neighboring objects more often belong to one class than to different classes will permit one to improve the recognition quality in comparison with the classical case of the independence of classes of separate objects.

Among the design patterns that recur most often in middleware, such as Wrapper-Facade and Strategy, the author's favorite is the Chain of Responsibility pattern. In object-oriented terms, the CoR pattern aims to decouple a caller from its target object, and it accomplishes this by interposing a chain of objects between them. This arrangement lets each object in the chain act on a request as it flows from the caller to the target. The pattern evokes images of time-honored approaches such as assembly lines and division of labor.

Collaboration design optimizes the system at the level of collaborating primitive elements while detailed design optimizes those primitive elements themselves. This chapter discusses how high-fidelity models can be optimized through the application of collaboration and detailed design patterns to improve various system qualities of service. A simple, but disciplined workflow is given that allows any system to be tuned to meet its most important quality of service criteria. A number of design patterns are discussed and their application explained. Exercises are provided for optimizing collaborations and primitive software elements for the Roadrunner Traffic Light Control System and the Coyote Unmanned Aerial Vehicle.

This paper is concerned with evolving objects method for software design that can adapt to the changing environments and requirements automatically. We present system architecture with objects library, where there are objects based on domain ontologies. We define some genetic operators for objects, and discuss how to apply these genetic operators on objects to get new objects, which can satisfy new requirements.

Shared objects are used in the distributed environment for synchronization, date sharing and service provision. They are usually replicated in a distributed system for higher availability and fault tolerance. Coherent or strongly consistent implementation of replicated objects has been studied extensively in the literature. This paper concentrates on a general method for specifying and implementing replicated objects that may require weaker consistency conditions. The weakness of the objects is left open and users are allowed to specify their objects by defining how concurrent sets of operations should be performed. The implementation of a replicated object consists of two modules: one module is an algorithm to identify concurrent sets from a distrihuted computation and the other module is a user-defined procedure to process the concurrent sets. We show examples of weaker objects that can be defined and implemented more efficiently because of the less stringent requirements imposed on these objects. Several objects, including a shared dictionary, are used to demonstrate our scheme and we show that non-blocking implementations of some of these objects are possible.

When using the Chain of Responsibility Pattern; one object (the sender) can send a request for some behaviour to a chain of handlers, without knowing what the contents of the chain is and without knowing which of the handlers will process the request. The basic idea is illustrated in Fig. 28.1.

Web services composition has been an active research area over the last few years. However, the technology is still not mature yet and several research issues need to be addressed. In this paper, we propose Genetic Algorithm based Design Pattern. This system provides tools for adaptive service composition and provisioning. We introduce a composition model where service context and exceptions are configurable to accommodate needs of different users. This allows for reusability of a service in different contexts and achieves a level of adaptive and contextualization without recoding and recompiling of the overall composed services. The proposed system will compose web services based on user request using Service oriented Architecture (SOA). Genetic Algorithm based composition Design Pattern satisfies properties of autonomic system. We use different Design Patterns for designing the system like, Master slave Design Pattern and Chain of responsibility Design Pattern. Our proposed system will satisfy all properties of autonomic system, for monitoring we have used context based monitoring, for decision making we use Master Slave which is based on decision making system that will reconfigure itself and Thread per connection is used of executing different services in different threads. A simple UML class and Sequence diagrams are depicted.

No one can know everything, so there is a saying that “two brains are better than one.” If it’s true, then more brains chained together will be even better. Everybody knows a little bit of something and can unite together to form a powerful entity. It’s pretty much like families helping each other in the same neighborhood or collaborations among team members on projects in an organization. Every unit in a chain of brains can contribute to tackling problems. If a unit of the chain doesn’t know how to handle a problem, then it will pass the problem along the chain and somebody may be able to handle it. Or sometimes, the problem may still be passed along even though there is a unit that knows how to handle it. So a particular process to solve a problem can be complete. It’s analogous to an assembly line; every worker knows how to put particular parts to every unfinished product on the conveyer belt. But the product needs to be passed along the chain of workers on the assembly line until the last one to complete it before it can be shipped. Each worker has his own specialties and responsibility on a production line. So the chain of responsibility can be formed like, “I don’t know this problem, maybe you would” or “I am done with my part, now it’s your turn.” This kind of chain of “brains” or “responsibility” allows further upgrades or expansion without modifying what existing units can do. New units are just simply added to the chain, and then the chain will be more capable. Extra workers are added to the end of the line for adding some more parts to the product. The process of adding workers to the production line shouldn’t affect other existing workers.

According to a definition rolled out from the Workshop on Adaptable and Adaptive Software [1] “A program is called adaptive if it changes its behaviour automatically according to its context.”Within this context, we restrict our research domain to the automatic runtime adaptation of existing behaviours. In this paper, we propose an Autonomic Design Pattern which is an amalgamation of chain of responsibility and visitor patterns that can be used to analyze or design self-adaptive systems.We harvested this pattern and applied it on unstructured peer to peer networks and Webservices environments.Representation of an operation to be performed on the elements of an object structure is taken from the Visitor pattern and to reduce the coupling between the sender of a request to its receiver by giving more than one object a chance to handle the request is adopted from Chain of responsibility.

In this article we express some ideas on how to select an arbitrary set of objects, or to combine objects and information in the objects, in an arbitrary way. In the following will an object-oriented database be thought of as a collection of sets. The sets are collections of objects which all share a common message protocol. Operations originating from relational algebra are defined on these sets. To make the retrieval of objects efficient, a storage strategy for objects is developed. Combination of objects and changes in the objects' message protocol as a result of a retrieval request, are solved by a filtering mechanism.

Objects in software are mapping of the real word, and can be defined by relations to others. Relation is the difference, association, interaction and constraint among objects, which can be defined by the interface of objects. Every object treats itself as subject, while the other as objects. To design an object, we need a way to decompose it into orthogonal member objects, thus get orthogonal software.

Quality ultimately is not solely the province of the physician. The chain of responsibility to prevent and treat disease is complex. It involves not only physicians and patients but also the payors of health care who are demanding more involvement in health care decision making. Payors want understandable information upon which to base their decisions. They are acquiring the means and the resolve to direct their patients to those who will effectively report such information and away from those who will not. Accordingly, physicians should be able to explain their quality assurance methods and be willing to demonstrate and document quality of care in their offices.

A successful representation of objects in literature is as a collection of patches, or parts, with a certain appearance and position. The relative locations of the different parts of an object are constrained by the geometry of the object. Going beyond a single object, consider a collection of images of a particular scene category containing multiple (recurring) objects. The parts belonging to different objects are not constrained by such a geometry. However, the objects themselves, arguably due to their semantic relationships, demonstrate a pattern in their relative locations. Hence, analyzing the interactions among the parts across the collection of images can allow for extraction of the foreground objects, and analyzing the interactions among these objects can allow for a semantically meaningful grouping of these objects, which characterizes the entire scene. These groupings are typically hierarchical. We introduce hierarchical semantics of objects (hSO) that captures this hierarchical grouping. We propose an approach for the unsupervised learning of the hSO from a collection of images of a particular scene. We also demonstrate the use of the hSO in providing context for enhanced object localization in the presence of significant occlusions, and show its superior performance over a fully connected graphical model for the same task.

The chain of responsibility pattern let these object which can handle the request of customer become to a chain and a handler of the responsibility chain handles the request of a customer or deliver the request of a customer to next handler of the chain of Responsibility. In this paper, let the observer pattern be embedded to the chain of responsibility pattern to become a kind of compound pattern, make the ability of the chain of Responsibility pattern be strengthen. Core of design is the each handler of the chain of Responsibility as the object of observer pattern, and when there is not any an observer of the handler can handle the request of the customer, the handler will deliver the request of the customer to next handler of the responsibility chain.

This paper describes a class of distributed objects, called a g g r e g a t e objects, that can be partitioned across the processing nodes of a parallel system. Element objects are accessed according to the logical structure of the aggregate object. This simplifies the design of applications that access multiple, logically related objects. It also provides opportunities to exploit the large memory and processing power of parallel systems, and it simplifies the load balancing of these systems. The paper also describes how aggregate objects can be created and accessed using the Interwork IIm Concurrent Programming Toolkit on the Intel iPSC Parallel System. This toolkit allows the programmer to define new aggregate object types which extend Interwork 11's semantics for simple objects. It also enables efficient, fully parallel access to these objects from multiple processing nodes. Using this toolkit, an aggregate object defined as an n-dimensional array of simple objects was defined. This object type was used to build a large discrete event simulation.

We design a calculus where objects are created by instantiating classes, as well as mixins. Mixin-instantiated objects are "incomplete objects", that can be completed in object-based fashion. The combination of class-based features with object-based ones offers some flexible programming solutions. The fact that all objects are created from fully-typed constructs is a guarantee of controlled (therefore reasonably safe) behavior.

Devising wait-free resilient implementations of concurrent objects from fault-prone base objects is a fundamental challenge of computer science. Wait-free means that any process that invokes an operation eventually receives a reply after executing a finite number of its own steps, even if other processes are arbitrarily slow or even failed. Resilience means that the implementation of the concurrent object behaves correctly despite the failure of up to t base objects (t being a threshold parameter a priori defined). The tutorial surveys different techniques to build wait-free resilient implementations of concurrent objects. Three complementary classes of techniques are presented: (1) fault-tolerance “by replication”, (2) fault-tolerance “by diversity”, and (3) fault-tolerance “by oracle”, respectively. The first is the well-known redundancy technique and its applicability depends on the kinds of faults that the objects can suffer. The second consists in combining the base objects with objects of other types (type refers here to a programming language notion: the type has to be powerful enough to allow implementing resilient objects). This technique basically relies on the universality of consensus objects. The third technique relies on the information we can obtain about the operational status of the processes.

We specify and implement a GUI application that simulates marine biological systems by making extensive use of object-oriented design patterns.The key design patterns are model-view-control, observer/observable, visitor, command, factory method and decorator. These design patterns help delineate the roles and responsibilities of the objects in the system, establish loose coupling between objects and arrange for the objects to communicate and cooperate with one another at the highest level of abstraction. The result is an application that exhibits minimal control flow, yet is powerful, robust, flexible and easy to maintain.Our work entails a non-trivial redesign of the current AP Computer Science Marine Biology Simulation case study and may serve as a case study for an introductory "object-first" curriculum.

Across the industrialized world the tasks completed by workers in the transport industry are highly diverse and as a result drivers face exposure to a wide range of risks. The working conditions of transport workers are also significantly different to those of most other workers. For example, in addition to the ‘mobile’ nature of their workplace, transport workers are employed in an industry where the reward system is frequently based on task completion rather than hours on-the-job, the ‘command’ structure tends to be a ‘chain of responsibility’ rather than a distinct employer/employee hierarchy, and the organization of work is generally less prescriptive than in most other occupations.

In this paper a novel approach is proposed to present crack-like patterns on the surface of 3D objects. Instead of simulating the physical processes or using texturing techniques, the vectorized crack-like pattern is used. Given a crack-like pattern, basic image processing operations are applied to extract the feature pattern, and the redundant vertices are removed in the simplification process. The pattern is transformed onto the surface of paraboloid bounding volume of the input 3D object and then projected to the object’s surface according to a set of given projection reference points. Based on reference points generation mechanism, crack-like patterns can be effectively and flexibly presented on the 3D objects. By the proposed hardware accelerated mechanism using stencil buffer, the interactivity of pattern presentation can be achieved on the fly.

Although the Connection object allows the execution of commands (such as SQL statements or stored procedures) against a data store, the Command object has greater functionality and flexibility, especially when stored procedures are being used. It’s not actually a requirement that data providers support the Command object, although all the major providers do.

For practical reasons, research on the recognition of objects from different viewpoints has relied almost exclusively on the use of two-dimensional representations of three-dimensional objects. We describe an apparatus that enables the presentation of three-dimensional objects in a discrimination learning paradigm. Three chambers positioned on a movable table allow each of two objects to be presented on either the left or the right side; a viewing window exposes only two of the objects at a time. The objects can be arbitrarily designated as either an S+ or an S-. In addition, they can be placed precisely in any arbitrary start position and rotated in depth in 100 steps of 3.6 degrees each. We have successfully used this apparatus to investigate recognition of depth-rotated objects by both pigeons and humans. By varying the stimuli, number of stimulus chambers, and software programs, the apparatus can be used for other types of tasks and to investigate other types of processes.