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Background: Verbena stricta is a perennial herb of the Verbenaceae family, known for its medicinal properties, wide adaptability, and high resistance. Methods: This research investigated the metabolic pathways of flower color change by combining transcriptome and metabolomics analyses. Results: In purple flowers and white variants, a total of 118 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs), including 20 anthocyanins, and 7627 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found. The downregulation of delphinidin-3-O-galactoside, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, and delphinidin-3-O-(6″-O-p-coumaroyl) glucoside, along with the absence of petunidin and malvidin derivatives, may explain the loss of pigmentation in the white-flower mutant. Fourteen candidate genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis were identified, among which the expression of Flavonoid 3′, 5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H) was significantly downregulated, notably limiting flux through the delphinidin pathway and reducing delphinidin accumulation. This limitation in upstream reactions, coupled with the multi-shunt process in downstream reactions, completely blocked the production of petunidin and malvidin. Conclusions: These findings offer new opinions on the anthocyanin metabolites and key genes responsible for the floral pigmentation in V. stricta. Additionally, the white variant provides a valuable platform for future research into the ornamental flower color of the Verbenaceae family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemerocallis cultivar Small orange lamp is a hybrid variety. Its whole chloroplast genome was 156,053 bp in size, consisting of 135 genes in total, including 89 mRNA genes, 38 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. The chloroplast genome contained a large single copy region (LSC 84,805 bp), a small single copy region (SSC 18,510 bp) and a pair of inverted repeats (IRa and IRb 26,369 bp). The overall GC content was 37.34%. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus and H. cultivar Small orange lamp are most closely related. This will provide valuable reference for further research on the genetic information of plants in the Hemerocallis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemerocallis cultivar Small orange lamp is a hybrid variety. Its whole chloroplast genome was 156,053 bp in size, consisting of 135 genes in total, including 89 mRNA genes, 38 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. The chloroplast genome contained a large single copy region (LSC 84,805 bp), a small single copy region (SSC 18,510 bp) and a pair of inverted repeats (IRa and IRb 26,369 bp). The overall GC content was 37.34%. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus and H . cultivar Small orange lamp are most closely related. This will provide valuable reference for further research on the genetic information of plants in the Hemerocallis., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s)., (© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)