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Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most important health issues worldwide. The rising incidence of the disease has resulted in a parallel increase of complications such as diabetic foot ulcers (DFU). It is estimated that 25% of patients with diabetes will develop foot ulcers over a lifetime. In Mexico, this lifetime incidence is about 40% to 50%, and 20% of the cases will require amputations. DFU can result in staggering financial burdens for the healthcare system and the patient. Therapies that promote rapid and complete healing and reduce the need for expensive surgical procedures would impact these costs substantially. Methods: Cu/TiO2–SiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by T. López et al. sol-gel patented method. After synthesis, they were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction. Then, they were embedded in a polymeric gel matrix. The Cu/TiO2–SiO2 nanogel was used as conservative therapy for a chronic non-healing DFU on a 62-year old female with several comorbidities and chronic complications of diabetes. Wound debridement was performed prior to nanogel administration. The nanogel was applied over the ulcer on alternate days for an initial period of 2 weeks and then continued for 10 months. Results: Significant improvement was observed in the wound healing process since the first applications. The infection was limited and tissue regeneration was enhanced until complete healing of the ulcer. Conclusion: Cu/TiO2–SiO2 nanogel therapy enhanced reepithelialization and healing of the DFU. The successful outcome allowed to avoid the amputation that was proposed for the patient.

Resumo Frente à pandemia da doença causada pelo novo coronavírus (COVID-19), o manejo do paciente com fator de risco e/ou doença cardiovascular é desafiador nos dias de hoje. As complicações cardiovasculares evidenciadas nos pacientes com COVID-19 resultam de vários mecanismos, que vão desde lesão direta pelo vírus até complicações secundárias à resposta inflamatória e trombótica desencadeada pela infecção. O cuidado adequado do paciente com COVID-19 exige atenção ao sistema cardiovascular em busca de melhores desfechos. Abstract In face of the pandemic of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the management of patients with cardiovascular risk factors and/or disease is challenging. The cardiovascular complications evidenced in patients with COVID-19 derive from several mechanisms, ranging from direct viral injury to complications secondary to the inflammatory and thrombotic responses to the infection. The proper care of patients with COVID-19 requires special attention to the cardiovascular system aimed at better outcomes.

Background: Patients with HIV have been found to suffer from lipid abnormalities, including elevated levels of total and LDL-cholesterol as well as triglyceride levels. Abnormal lipid levels are associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, which are significant causes of mortality among the general population. Therefore, the objective of the current study is to conduct a systematic review with network meta-analysis to compare the effects of statins classes on HIV patients. Methods: Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and observational studies published in English up to 31 December 2017, and which include direct and/or indirect evidence, will be included. Studies will be retrieved by searching four electronic databases and cross-referencing. Dual selection and abstraction of data will occur. The primary outcome will all-cause mortality, new event of acute myocardial infarction, stroke (hemorrhagic and ischemic), hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome and urgent revascularization procedures and cardiovascular mortality. Secondary outcomes will be assessment of the differences in change of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), high density lipoprotein (HDL-C). Risk of bias will be assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias assessment instrument for RCTs and the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology instrument for observational studies. Network meta-analysis will be performed using multivariate random-effects meta-regression models. The surface under the cumulative ranking curve will be used to provide a hierarchy of statins that reduce cardiovascular mortality in HIV patients. A revised version of the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool (RoB 2.0) will be used to assess the risk of bias in eligible RCTs. Results will be synthesized and analyzed using network meta-analysis (NMA). Overall strength of the evidence and publication bias will be evaluated. Subgroup and sensitivity analysis will also be performed. Results and Conclusion: Ethics approval was not required for this study because it was based on published studies. The results and findings of this study will be submitted and published in a scientific peer-reviewed journal. The evidence will determine which combination of interventions are most promising for current practice and further investigation. Trial registration number: PROSPERO (CRD42017072996).

Background: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and MetS-related stroke is set to increase dramatically in coming decades. MetS is a complex disease that includes endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertension, ectopic obesity, and dyslipidaemia, and an increased risk of cardiovascular events. However, there are no systematic analyses, or well-conducted meta-analyses to evaluate the relationship between epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) and (MetS). The aim of this study is to examine this association of EAT with MetS in different ages and sex. Methods: The update systematic review, and meta-analysis will be conducted using published studies that will be identified from electronic databases (ie, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Studies that firstly, examined the association between EAT and MetS, secondly, focus on cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies, thirdly, were conducted among in adults aged between 40 and 70 years, fourth, provided sufficient data for calculating ORs or relative risk with a 95% CI, fifth, were published as original articles written in English or other languages, and sixth, have been published until January year 2018 will be included. Study selection, data collection, quality assessment, and statistical syntheses will be conducted based on discussions among investigators. Results: Ethics approval was not required for this study because it was based on published studies. The results and findings of this study will be submitted and published in a scientific peer-reviewed journal. This study will provide a high quality synthesis on the association of EAT and MetS. Conclusion: This systematic review will provide evidence to assess whether there is a strong association of EAT and MetS, and its components.

Summary Introduction: acute coronary syndromes (ACS) represent a widely prevalent health issue with high mortality in Brazil and worldwide. The severity of ACS is not known in patients in the city of São Bernardo do Campo a municipality contiguous and adjacent to the city of São Paulo. Objectives: to study the profile of coronary disease in patients hospitalized with ACS who underwent coronary angiography in the emergency room between 2012 and 2013. Methods: this is an observational study that included consecutive patients with ACS admitted to the emergency room of a hospital. Data collection was performed using medical records with the following variables: sex, age, risk factors for cardiovascular disease, coronary angiography. Results: the sample in this period included 131 patients, of which 64.8% were men. The most prevalent diagnosis was ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) (57.2%) followed by non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) (22.1%) and unstable angina (UA) (20.6%). There were no significant differences in the epidemiology and risk factors between the diagnoses, except that heart failure was more prevalent in patients with UA. Discussion: there were no differences between groups regarding the coronaries involved; however, STEMI patients showed similar numbers of multi- and singlevessel lesions, NSTEMI patients showed more multivessel lesions, and UA patients showed more multivessel lesions or lesion-free arteries. Although multivessel lesions were prevalent in all groups, STEMI patients showed a significantly higher number of single-vessel lesions compared with the other acute coronary syndromes. Conclusion: the study demonstrated a predominance of STEMI in the studied population, which differs from the usual results in ACS. Resumo Introdução: a síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) é uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade no Brasil e no mundo. A gravidade da coronariopatia em pacientes atendidos na cidade de São Bernardo do Campo não é conhecida. Objetivo: estudar o perfil da doença coronariana em pacientes internados com SCA e submetidos à cineangiocoronariografia entre 2012 e 2013. Métodos trata-se de estudo descritivo no qual se incluíram pacientes com SCA admitidos no setor de emergência do hospital. Houve consulta aos prontuários das seguintes variáveis: sexo, idade, fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular, diagnóstico e lesões coronárias. O erro alfa estabelecido foi de 5%. Resultados: a amostra neste período foi de 131 pacientes, sendo 64,8% homens. O diagnóstico mais prevalente foi o infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnível do segmento ST (IAMCST) (57,2%), seguido de infarto agudo do miocárdio sem supradesnível do segmento ST (IAMSST) (22,1%) e angina instável (AI) (20,6%). Não houve diferenças significativas quanto ao perfil epidemiológico e a fatores de risco entre os diagnósticos, com exceção da presença de insuficiência cardíaca, mais prevalente nos pacientes com AI. Discussão: as coronárias acometidas não diferiram entre os grupos; porém, enquanto o grupo IAMCST apresentou proporção de lesões multi e uniarteriais similares, o grupo IAMSST apresentou mais lesões multiarteriais, e o grupo AI, mais lesões multiarteriais ou artérias livres de lesões. Apesar das lesões multiarteriais serem prevalentes em todos os grupos, os pacientes com IAMCST apresentaram um número significativamente maior de lesões uniarteriais em comparação a pacientes com outras síndromes coronárias agudas. Conclusão: o estudo demonstrou um predomínio de IAMCST na população estudada, o que difere dos resultados habituais na SCA.

BACKGROUND: Acute myocardial infarction is associated with tissue inflammation. Early coronary reperfusion clearly improves the outcome but may help propagate the inflammatory response and enhance tissue damage. Cyclooxygenase-2 is an enzyme that catalyzes the initial step in the formation of inflammatory prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. Cyclooxygenase-2 levels are increased when ischemic cardiac events occur. The overall function of COX-2 in the inflammatory process generated by myocardial ischemic damage has not yet been elucidated. GOAL: The objective of this study was to determine whether a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor (rofecoxib) could alter the evolution of acute myocardial infarction after reperfusion. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study was performed with 48 mongrel dogs divided into two groups: controls and those treated with the drug. All animals were prepared for left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion. The dogs then underwent 180 minutes of coronary occlusion, followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion. Blood samples were collected from the venous sinus immediately before coronary occlusion and after 30 minutes of reperfusion for measurements of CPK-MB, CPK-MBm and troponin I. During the experiment we observed the mean blood pressure, heart rate and coronary flow. The coronary flow and heart rate did not change, but in the control group, there was blood pressure instability, in addition to maximal levels of CPK-MB post-infarction. The same results were observed for CPK-MBm and troponin I. CONCLUSION: In a canine model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, selective inhibition of Cyclooxygenase-2 with rofecoxib was not associated with early detrimental effects on the hemodynamic profile or the gross extent of infarction; in fact, it may be beneficial by limiting cell necrosis.

OBJETIVO: Traduzir, adaptar culturalmente e validar a versão em português do Questionário de Claudicação de Edimburgo, específico para avaliar a presença de claudicação intermitente. MÉTODOS: A versão em português do Questionário de Claudicação de Edimburgo foi desenvolvida, após autorização da Universidade de Edimburgo, e aplicada em 217 indivíduos residentes no município de São Paulo, com queixas de dor nas pernas, convidados pelos meios de comunicação de massa a participar da I Campanha de Combate à Doença Arterial Obstrutiva Periférica (DAOP). Na primeira etapa, eles responderam ao Questionário de Claudicação de Edimburgo e a um questionário sobre fatores de risco e antecedentes cardiovasculares. Na segunda etapa, realizaram medidas antropométricas e do índice tornozelo-braquial (ITB) de repouso com Doppler vascular e, nos casos duvidosos, teste de esforço vascular em esteira (TEV). A presença de DAOP foi definida por ITB < 0,90 e/ou por TEV positivo e/ou por DAOP documentada. A análise estatística, que incluiu avaliação de desempenho e comparações das proporções e médias, foi realizada utilizando-se o programa SAS versão 8.2. RESULTADOS: A média de idade dos participantes foi de 60 ± 11,5 anos, com predomínio do sexo feminino (53,4%). A análise de desempenho da versão em língua portuguesa mostrou sensibilidade de 85%, especificidade de 93%, valor preditivo positivo de 80%, valor preditivo negativo de 95% e acurácia de 91%. Não houve diferença no desempenho entre idosos (> 65 anos) e não-idosos. CONCLUSÃO: A versão em português do Questionário de Claudicação de Edimburgo manteve níveis adequados de sensibilidade e especificidade, podendo ser recomendado para o rastreamento de DAOP na prática clínica e em estudos epidemiológicos realizados no Brasil. OBJECTIVE: Translation, cultural adaptation and validation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire (ECQ) a specific tool to assess intermittent claudication. METHODS: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the ECQ was developed after authorization by the University of Edinburgh. It was applied to 217 individuals: São Paulo Capital District residents with complaints of leg pain. Individuals under research were invited through mass communication media to participate in the I Campaign to Fight Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD). In stage 1, participants filled out the ECQ and another questionnaire on risk factors and cardiovascular history. In stage 2, participants had anthropometric measures and ankle-brachial index (ABI) at rest measured by vascular Doppler. In case of doubt, vascular treadmill test was applied (VTT). PAD condition was defined by ABI < 0.90 and/or positive VTT and/or documented PAD. Statistical analysis - which included performance assessment and the comparison between proportions and means - was performed using SAS software, version 8.2. RESULTS: Mean age of participants was 60±11.5 years, female sex predominated in the sample studied (53.4%). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy were 85%, 93%, 80%, 95% and 91%, respectively. No differences in performance were found between elderly (>65 years) and non-elderly subjects. CONCLUSION: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the Edinburgh claudication questionnaire maintained good sensitivity and specificity and can be recommended for screening of PAD in clinical practice and epidemiological research in Brazil.