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Biofilm is a common causative factor for urinary tract infections due to catheter usage with a percentage of infection around 70-80%. The Bajakah tampala (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk) is one of native plants of Kalimantan which contains phenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins which are proven to accelerate wound healing, have antibacterial activity, and have very high and strong antioxidant activity. This study aims to determine the antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of bajakah root extract (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk) on catheter colonies of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans and to determine their mechanism of action in vitro. This research is carried out with an in vitro experimental study design using a microplate reader. Extraction was carried out by maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent. The results showed that the ethanol extract of Bajakah tampala (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk) had antibacterial activity against S. aureus with a concentration of 1% w/v of 88.33% ± 0.01 and anti-biofilm activity of 82.21% ± 0.01. E. Coli bacteria had an antibacterial activity of 84.83% and an anti-biofilm activity of 80.11 at a concentration of 1% w/v. C. albicans had an antifungal activity at a concentration of 1% w/v of 82.31% ± 0.01 and anti-biofilm activity of 77.00% ± 0.01. From these results it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of Bajakah tampala (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk) has antibacterial and antifungal activities and the potential as a new anti-biofilm agent against S.aureus, E. coli and C. albicans

Chronic inflammation is common in infectious diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, and autoimmune diseases. However, using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is accompanied by dangerous side effects. Therefore, searching for safer alternative therapies without side effects is very important. A natural blend of ingredients produced by stingless bees from plants was potential as a remedy. Meanwhile, the potential of kelulut bee products from East Kalimantan as an anti-inflammatory is still unknown. This study aimed to compare the chemical composition of kelulut bee (Trigona apicalis) products and evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of honey, propolis, and their combination. Propolis extract and honey were determined as secondary metabolites. An anti-inflammatory in vivo assay triggered the edema using carrageenan on male mice and measured its anti-inflammatory power value. Propolis extract and honey from T. apicalis have a promising anti-inflammatory effect and are significantly higher than the positive control. Meanwhile, combining propolis extract and honey did not enhance the anti-inflammatory effect. In addition, combining honey and propolis preparations with a ratio of 75 : 25 has a better effect on reducing edema volume than the other two combinations. Still, it is not better than the treatment with propolis extract or honey alone. The content of polyphenol compounds found in honey and propolis preparations is thought to have an important role in reducing edema volume.

Abstract Background Biofilm is one of the causes of antibiotic resistance. One of the biofilm-producing bacteria is Staphylococcus epidermidis which has been proven to infect long-term users of urinary catheters and implant devices. The 1-monolaurin compound has been known to have an antimicrobial effect. However, its effect on clinical isolates of S. epidermidis in producing biofilm has not been established. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of 1-monolaurin towards biofilm forming clinical isolates of S. epidermidis. Methods The experiment used micro broth dilution technique which consists of test group (1-monolaurin), positive control group (rifampicin), solvent group, negative control group (clinical isolate of S. epidermidis), and media group (TSB media). The Minimal Inhibition Concentration (MIC) was determined by incubating bacteria added with 1-monolaurin (1000–1953 μg/mL) or rifampicin (250–0,488 μg/mL) for 24 h. The MIC was determined visually. After that, the incubated bacteria was cultured in TSA media to determine Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). The assessment of Biofilm inhibitory Concentration (BIC) and Biofilm Eradication Concentration (BEC) was conducted with the same way, the difference was BIC intervened directly with compound meanwhile BEC was incubated for 24 h in 37 °C before the intervention. Then, the specimen was reincubated to grow biofilm at the microplate, washed with PBS and stained with 1% of crystal violet. The optical density (OD) was measured at a wavelength of 595 nm. The percentage of BIC and BEC then were calculated, continued to probit analysis regression to determine the BIC50, BIC80, BEC50, and BEC80. Results The MIC dan MBC of 1-monolaurin and rifampicin were > 1000 μg/mL, > 1000 μg/mL, ≤0.488 μg/mL, and 1.953 μg/mL respectively. BIC50 and BIC80 of 1-monolaurin and rifampicin were 26.669 μg/mL, 168.688 μg/mL, 0.079 μg/mL, and 0.974 μg/mL respectively. The BEC50 and BEC80 of 1-monolaurin and rifampicin were 322.504 μg/mL, 1338.681 μg/mL, 5.547 μg/mL, dan 17.910 μg/mL respectively. Conclusion The 1-monolaurin can inhibit growth and eradicate the biofilm formed by clinical isolates of S. epidermidis, however, it has neither inhibit nor kill planktonic cells of S. epidermidis.

Biofilm is a common causative factor for urinary tract infections due to catheter usage with a percentage of infection around 70-80%. The Bajakah tampala (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk) is one of native plants of Kalimantan which contains phenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins which are proven to accelerate wound healing, have antibacterial activity, and have very high and strong antioxidant activity. This study aims to determine the antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of bajakah root extract (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk) on catheter colonies of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans and to determine their mechanism of action in vitro. This research is carried out with an in vitro experimental study design using a microplate reader. Extraction was carried out by maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent. The results showed that the ethanol extract of Bajakah tampala (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk) had antibacterial activity against S. aureus with a concentration of 1% w/v of 88.33% ± 0.01 and anti-biofilm activity of 82.21% ± 0.01. E. Coli bacteria had an antibacterial activity of 84.83% and an anti-biofilm activity of 80.11 at a concentration of 1% w/v. C. albicans had an antifungal activity at a concentration of 1% w/v of 82.31% ± 0.01 and anti-biofilm activity of 77.00% ± 0.01. From these results it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of Bajakah tampala (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk) has antibacterial and antifungal activities and the potential as a new anti-biofilm agent against S.aureus, E. coli and C. albicans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gong-gong snail (Strombus turturella) is a type of sea snail commonly found around Bintan Island, Riau Archipelago. It is a culinary tour of the typical food of the Riau Islands. This food produces shell waste that is not used correctly. The main composition of gong-gong shells is calcium carbonate (CaCO3), which is very good for preventing osteoporosis. With the presence of calcium, the waste of gong-gong shell can be used as a raw material for the manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations that are effective, efficient, and have high aesthetic value. This study aims to obtain a formulation of effervescent tablets from the waste of gong-gong shells with a variety of active substances and good physical properties. Effervescent tablets were made by wet granulation method in 3 formulas with various concentrations of FI (15%), FII (30%), and FIII (45%) at the concentration of gong-gong shells. The resulting granules and tablets were evaluated. The results of the granule evaluation show that the granules produced from the three formulas meet the requirements. The tablet evaluation results showed that the organoleptic test, weight uniformity, size uniformity, hardness, and pH of the three formulas had met the requirements of a good effervescent tablet. While the three formulas did not meet the brittleness test requirements, the dissolving time test of F III did not meet the requirements. The results of this study indicate that the shells of the gong-gong can be formulated into effervescent tablets and have good physical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1-monolaurin has been known to have antiviral, antibacterial, antiprotozoal, and antifungal activity. This study was conducted to understand the antibacterial and antifungal activity of 1-monolaurin on planktonic cells of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Candida tropicalis and to understand the effects of 1-monolaurin on inhibition of biofilm formation and eradication of biofilms formed in the standard cultures of monospecies and polymicrobial S.epidermidis and C.tropicalis standard cultures biofilm-forming were used in this study. Antibacterial and antifungal activity 1-monolaurin on planktonic cells were determined by the broth microdilution test method. Biofilm formation inhibition and eradication activity were determined by the broth microdilution method with crystal violet staining. Biofilm structure was observed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). 1-monolaurin showed antibacterial and antifungal activities against S.epidermidis and C.tropicalis at a concentration of >1000 µg/ml. 1-monolaurin inhibited monospecies biofilm formation by 80% with an MBIC80 of 1,953 µg/ml (S. epidermidis), 1000 µg/ml (C. tropicalis), and inhibited polymicrobial biofilm by 50% with MBIC80 of 62.5 µg/ml. The ability to eradicate biofilms from monospecies by 50% with MBEC50 of 1.953 µg/ml (S. epidermidis) and 1.953 µg/ml (C. tropicalis). For polymicrobial, 1-monolaurin showed to have the ability to eradicate biofilms by 30%. A concentration of >1000 µg/ml was needed to eradicate 50% of biofilm. SEM analyses showed fewer cell attachments and decreased biofilm formation. 1-monolaurin showed the ability to inhibit biofilm formation and eradicate biofilms from monospecies and polymicrobial standard cultures S.epidermidis and C.tropicalis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]