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Masonry arch bridges are essential elements of the road and railway networks of Europe, as they pertain to cultural heritage and play an important role in transportation. The integrity and safety of these centuries-old structures must be ensured. Therefore, there is great interest in understanding the behavior of masonry arch bridges and monitoring their health. Efficient methods for assessing the condition of structures, including inspections and monitoring, constitute a fundamental element of structural health monitoring (SHM) applications. Given the multitude of surveying techniques available, it becomes crucial to establish cost-effective sensor placement strategies capable of detecting structural failures. These strategies can involve identifying particularly sensitive areas, optimizing the number of sensors used, as well as refining the number and duration of monitoring setups, among other considerations. As part of the PONT3 project, which aims to develop a comprehensive and cost-effective approach to anticipate failure propagation in ageing bridges, this research focusses on developing interoperability-driven inspection and monitoring strategies to provide data that will allow anticipating the evolution of possible failure scenarios. In this regard, an extensive summary of the key characteristics of inspection and monitoring technologies, and typical system configurations in existing literature for masonry arch bridges are provided. Then, the measurable physical parameters of interest and applicable monitoring techniques for each of the physical parameters is discussed. Monitoring requirements in terms of measurement locations, accuracy, range, and temporal resolution and the aspects of developing cost functions are evaluated. The recommendations for interoperability-driven data collection to exchange and employ acquired information for the purpose of structural diagnosis concludes the framework. The study finally discusses a future outlook on the developmen, Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

This paper presents a set of undertaken actions for characterizing masonry arch bridges using data structure suitable for proper embedment in Digital Twins and Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBM). Interfaces in bridge maintenance are relentlessly and increasingly sophisticated. For both new and existing bridges, these interfaces are tending towards their ability to deal with different sources of information. Comprehensive digital twins of heritage masonry arch bridges may include several sources of information gathered from the real asset. Measurements can be taken using many different techniques ranging from contact to contactless and from non-destructive to moderately destructive samples. In addition, these twins may base upon different numerical models aimed at predicting and anticipating the present and future behaviors of the asset, respectively. Masonry arch bridges are known for their complex material and structural characteristics. Digitizing these masonry properties is key for effective simulation and analysis, often involving homogenization of diverse material properties. The design of comprehensive information constructs able to store and federate multiple data layers within a single entity is still challenging. Layers must be connected using vast scoped solutions such as knowledge graphs, integrating measurements, simulations and other information sources. In this particular case study on a masonry arch bridge located in Catalonia, Spain, in-situ Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) data is conceptualized for proper infusion within HBIM schemas. This integration pursues a seamless information flow for analysis or predictive purposes., The financial support from the Ministry of Science and Innovation (Spain), the State Agency of Research, and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the project PONT3 (PID2021-124236OB-C32). Authors also acknowledge the #KPI50 initiative of Ashvin, an H2020 project under agreement 958161 for the complementary support to the development of twinning techniques in new sites. The fifth author acknowledges the financial support of the European Union – NextGeneration EU through the postdoctoral grant Margarita Salas., Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura, Postprint (published version)

Digital Twins (DT) represent a technology that provides a way to encompass useful information of built assets for the sake of productivity enhancement in the AECO sector. Its adoption in the industry is still at early developmental stages. Significant strides have been made in establishing frameworks and workflows for effective DT implementation. This paper analyzes a case study in which a DT of a built bridge is developed during the particular episode of a load test, to understand how structural design can benefit (and potentially adapt) to the specific demands this innovative technology may generate. The bridge under twinning was already built and its design was neither determined nor influenced by the fact that load testing procedures were meant to be twinned. By identifying the link between the development of the DT of the bridge and its design, a conceptual diagram illustrates the key components to consider during the structural design phase. The main objective of this diagram is to present an encompassed vision of design that already accounts for the future existence of the DT of the asset, beyond the delivery of a BIM model. The implementation of the proposed diagram for the case study is described. As a result, it is observed that the proactive integration of structural engineers' specialized knowledge holds promise for enhancing the efficiency of DTs for construction and maintenance tasks., Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura, Postprint (published version)

Contextualizing information between multi-physics simulations and vaster information constructs such as digital twins. 3D geometries, measurements, simulations, and asset management coexist in such information constructs., Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura, Preprint

Masonry arch bridges are a significant component of Europe's road and railway networks, contributing to cultural heritage and playing a crucial role in transportation. Ensuring the integrity and safety of these centuries-old structures is of paramount importance. Dynamic identification methods offer an effective approach to assess the performance of masonry arch bridges and update Finite Element (FE) models, thereby reducing uncertainties. However, practical limitations often restrict measurements to a few discrete locations, necessitating the identification of optimal sensor locations to capture crucial structural behaviour. This study focuses on the Joncadella Viaduct in Spain, a unique hybrid arch bridge comprising both masonry and concrete spans. As part of the PONT3 Project, which aims to develop a comprehensive and cost-effective approach to anticipate failure propagation in aging bridges, this research focuses on the masonry section of the bridge that comprises four of the thirteen spans. By creating 3D FE models of the masonry portion and the entire bridge, an Optimum Sensor Placement (OSP) study is conducted using the effective independence method (EFI) for varying numbers of sensors and dynamic identification test setups. The study also involves calibrating the boundary conditions of the partial FE model to match the dynamic properties of the full bridge model. The obtained results will guide field measurements to update the FE model of the partial arch bridge, thereby reducing uncertainties related to boundary conditions and material properties., Peer Reviewed, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura::9.1 - Desenvolupar infraestructures fiables, sostenibles, resilients i de qualitat, incloent infraestructures regionals i transfrontereres, per tal de donar suport al desenvolupament econòmic i al benestar humà, amb especial atenció a l’accés assequible i equitatiu per a totes les persones, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::11 - Ciutats i Comunitats Sostenibles, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::11 - Ciutats i Comunitats Sostenibles::11.4 - Redoblar els esforços per a protegir i salvaguardar el patrimoni cultural i natural del món, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::13 - Acció per al Clima::13.1 - Enfortir la resiliència i la capacitat d’adaptació als riscos relacionats amb el clima i els desastres naturals a tots els països, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::13 - Acció per al Clima, Postprint (published version)

This paper summarizes the findings obtained during the development of information pipelines between a construction site and its corresponding digital twin. The case study is the construction of an office building in which independent information pipelines can track different aspects of the construction process and the aggregate result can assist managers in decision making in the form of a vaster entity: its digital twin. The digital twin prototype is designed as a recipient of information that mirror its physical building and its systems. The paper contributes with a real case in which these pipelines enable continuous monitoring and analysis of various basic parameters during construction. With a varied array of sensors installed, data was collected, organized and transmitted through a knowledge graph-based system to the digital twin dashboard. A dashboard is able to allocate many sources of data (from sensors, images or point clouds) but also, it helps visualizing data analysis that could help making informed decisions about the building during construction. The paper emphasizes the varied nature of data in construction sites as well as the importance of proper data channeling to enable multi-purpose, effective decision-making using the digital twin. Overall, the paper provides a real life insight that challenges massive implementation of digital twins within the existing construction sites for an office building. It also highlights its potential to improve productivity, resource efficiency, health and safety in construction environments. For this purpose, faced bottlenecks and challenges require refinements, more development and further research., All authors acknowledge the funding of Ashvin, “Assistants for Healthy, Safe, and Productive Virtual Construction Design, Operation & Maintenance using a Digital Twin” an H2020 project under agreement 958161. In Addition, the authors are grateful to BIS structures, BCA, DRAGADOS, and FREO for providing access to the construction site for measurements and data-collection, as well for their disposition to share project information and follow the development of this research., Peer Reviewed, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::8 - Treball Decent i Creixement Econòmic, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura, Postprint (published version)

A specific model is developed by Digital Twin Technologies (DTT) and the Polytechnic University of Catalunya (UPC) for real-time monitoring of vibration quality to proactively address concrete consolidation issues., Preprint

The emergence of digital twin technologies offers a promising avenue for improving decision-making through the integrated use of up-to-date physical or synthetically simulated data. Nevertheless, the practical implementation of digital twins in the built environment remains a significant challenge. This paper describes a system that seamlessly integrates data into digital twins of built assets. The system uses a knowledge graph to achieve data integration, which is designed to be modular, flexible, and interoperable. The graph includes BIM models, metadata from an external IoT platform, and process-related information. The system is microservice-based and revolves around a graph database housing the knowledge graph. It employs dynamic operations to update the knowledge graph and is tested using civil engineering infrastructure examples. Results from this work can be used to create pipelines that extract and operate with data connecting computational agents integrated into the system as microservices or connected through the system API., This paper was prepared in the context of project ASHVIN. ASHVIN has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 958161. This publication reflects only author’s view and that the European Commission is not responsible for any uses that may be made of the information it contains. The first author acknowledges the funding of the FI-2021 AGAUR PhD grant., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

The need for measurable data from physical assets to actively feed a living Digital Twin (DT) is paramount. The requirements and needs that the gathered data should fulfill in order to be practically implemented in the stream data pipeline are heterogeneous, some of them general and other case-specific. This article summarizes a set of identified challenges and requirements for a seamless infusion of well-established Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems within DT platforms, without the objective of solve all of them. This identification is performed based on a review of traditional SHM systems with a vast array of information sources as well as on the review of techniques for the systematic digitalization of existing assets. On the other hand, ten real demo cases belonging to Ashvin, an H2020 Research and Innovation project, are providing real world testing beds for an active development of SHM infused in DT systems. Multiple information sources are studied in those sites, which also enriches with more realism, the identification of requirements and challenges presented herein. These assets provide a perspective to researchers about practical implications of these needs., All authors acknowledge the funding of ASHVIN, “Assistants for Healthy, Safe, and Productive Virtual Construction Design, Operation & Maintenance using a Digital Twin” an H2020 project under agreement 958161., Peer Reviewed, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura, Postprint (published version)

Dissipative zones in buildings allow for the release of energy when a seismic event occurs. The structural analysis of these zones involves the study of the structure at different levels ranging from mechanical properties of materials, adjacent elements, and the whole system. The materials, elements and structures require ductility and strength. Within this framework, austenitic stainless steel (ASS), as a material subjected to cyclic fatigue, shows significant strain hardening and ductility. These promising features require an in-depth analysis when used for dissipative zones. For instance, structures such as eccentrically braced frames (EBFs), whose dissipative zones are placed in links, need that these links achieve the plastic stage first whereas the adjacent elements remain in the elastic stage. The overstrength within the numerical design of structures deserves particular attention, as do the factors involved in the modelling that can affect its assumption. Particularly, a study of the way of cyclic hardening parameters are used can influence the overstrength ASS was carried out. Three ways were considered: average, single values and the superposition of eight backstresses for kinematic hardening. The last one revealed the most conservative results and a higher influence on the link overstrength. It was found that the designed-assumed cyclic parameters directly influenced the link overstrength. With the designed-assumed that considered several changes to the kinematic hardening, the link overstrength was higher with less energy dissipated. Nonetheless, the link’s ductility and dissipated energy increased when the hardening was regular. The experimental material validation and numerical results of the EBF with ASS links were similar., The authors acknowledge the financial support provided by the Project BIA2016-75678-R, AEI/FEDER, UE “Comportamiento estructural de pórticos de acero inoxidable. Seguridad frente a acciones accidentales de sismo fuego”, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economic Affairs and Digital Transformation (MINECO). The first author acknowledges the financial support from the Peruvian Government Beca Generación del Bicentenario., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Standard BIM data-exchange format requirements are permeating Building Construction. This is due to the increasing digital communication between Stakeholders of complex projects. All steps of development (conception, design, procurement, construction and operation) are pushing towards integration of data schemas. Desirably, knowledge and value generated by one stakeholder may then be leveraged by other stakeholders. 3D models, simulations, measurements, logbooks, schedules, as-built conditions and other information constructs are on the verge of interoperable communication. Structural Analysis must play a significant role within those more digitized data exchanges. This paper presents recent developments of frameworks, connectors and tools for the integration of structural I-shaped beam entities into Digital Twins. The information construct I-Twin encompasses information loads for geometries (IFC-Based), sensors (IoT) and simulations (FEM)., Authors acknowledge the funding of ASHVIN, “Assistants for Healthy, Safe, and Productive Virtual Construction Design, Operation & Maintenance using a Digital Twin” an H2020 project under agreement 958161. This publication reflects only authors' view and that the European Commission is not responsible for any uses that may be made of the information it contains., Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::8 - Treball Decent i Creixement Econòmic, Postprint (published version)

In the H2020 European project ASHVIN “Assistants for Healthy, Safe, and Productive Virtual Construction Design, Operation & Maintenance using a Digital Twin”, a set of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and Performance Indicators (PIs) to plan and control productive, resource efficient, and safe maintenance are being developed for transport infrastructure. This paper is presenting PIs and KPIs for the assessment and monitoring of the following aspects: Productivity, Resource Efficiency, Cost, Health & Safety during the operational life cycle stage, which is mainly focusing on the inspection and maintenance planning. Quantifiable and measurable PIs and KPIs are proposed and applied on two demonstration projects, highway bridge in Spain and airport runway in Croatia, as part of transportation infrastructure. Proposed PIs and KPIs are integrated into digital twins of the analyzed assets and into decision making tools for risk based maintenance planning. This paper presents the overview of the proposed digital PIs and KPIs applied on two demonstration projects and the integration into decision support tools for efficient and sustainable maintenance planning., Postprint (published version)

This article presents a case study with various developments of digital twinning of a sample of load tests performed on several railways bridges. The case study is located in Extremadura, South Western Spain and its aim is the generation of a validated, multi-layered information construct in the form of a digital twin as the result of a load test. This result is conceived, not only to verify the assumptions of the design of the bridge but also, to optimize future maintenance plans of the network. This particular case study is framed within a vaster European effort on digitization of the construction sector. Research and Innovation Actions within this demo case are aimed at integrating routine requirements and procedures of load tests with cutting edge digital technologies for the generation of validated virtual replica of these physical bridges. The generated twins during these load tests behaviourally match the obtained response during loading and as such, represent an ideal model for future simulations and behavioural predictions. Different data-gathering techniques and numerical models are integrated within a Common Data Environment (CDE). All efforts related to measurement, simulation, 3D modelling, assessment and validation can be wrapped up systematically for further use during regular operation of the asset., All authors acknowledge the funding of Ashvin, “Assistants for Healthy, Safe, and Productive Virtual Construction Design, Operation & Maintenance using a Digital Twin” a H2020 project under agreement 958161. Special acknowledgements to key collaborators DRACE (formerly Geocisa) and ADIF for allowing access to these load episodes to the Ashvin Consortium. This publication reflects only author’s view and that the European Commission is not responsible for any uses that may be made of the information it contains., Peer Reviewed, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura, Postprint (published version)

This paper presents a digital-twin based tool that can be used for bridge management. The tool offers various capabilities that include embedding BIM geometries, simulations, measurements, GIS location, and performance analysis. These features enable efficient and effective management of bridges by providing detailed information and analysis of the bridge's performance, which can help in identifying potential issues and implementing appropriate solutions. The methodology represents one of the outcomes of Ashvin, an H2020 project aimed to providing assistant solution for design, construction and management of infrastructure systems. The hitherto obtained findings include this digital tool which can be of practical and beneficial use for bridge owners and operators, as it can help them to organize and centralize the bridge data in a way it helps making informed decisions regarding the maintenance, repair, and replacement of bridges. Overall, this paper highlights the importance of embracing technology in the management of critical infrastructure such as bridges, which can significantly improve their performance and extend their lifespan., European Commission. Grant Number: 958161, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::11 - Ciutats i Comunitats Sostenibles, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::8 - Treball Decent i Creixement Econòmic, Postprint (published version)

With advanced analysis techniques, such as FE-analysis and computational modeling, engineers gain deeper insights of the behavior of steel structures. On the other hand, established technologies, such as sensors, cameras, or laser scanners, offer new ways to measure and monitor the behavior of structural systems with unprecedented accuracy and ease of data use. By deploying these devices strategically, engineers can capture critical data points providing understanding of structural behavior, condition and performance. Moreover, Building Information Modelling methods and their evolutionary transition to twins provide collaborative arenas for the integration of virtual representations together with physical and characteristics of a structure. These representations facilitate visualization, coordination, and communication throughout the construction lifecycle. Encompassing advanced analysis, measurements, and BIM represents the core concept of a multilayered digital twin presented in this paper. This paper presents a discussion on this concept through the lens of steel structures design using advanced analysis, data integration and interoperability. Some developments related to educational steel structures twins are also described., Authors acknowledge the funding of research projects based on Digital Twins for the Built Environments. Respectively, DI-2021, as part of the Industrial PhD program on Doubly Curved Digital Twins and “Ashvin- Assistants for Healthy, Safe, and Productive Virtual Construction Design, Operation & Maintenance using a Digital Twin” as an H2020 project under agreement 958161 that provides access to two demonstrators depicted in the paper., Postprint (published version)

In this work-in-progress, we explore the use of prompt engineering and image generation to elicit student understanding of different concepts discussed in structural engineering courses. In the context of image generation, prompt engineering refers to the process of providing a text or image prompt to a machine learning model to generate an image that meets certain criteria. The quality of the prompt can significantly impact the quality of the generated image. Hence, prompt engineering is an important part of the image generation process. By providing a well-crafted prompt that accurately describes the desired image, the generative model will more likely produce an image that meets the desired criteria. In the context of this study, students created prompts that were converted into images using Text-to-image Generative Models. When adequately prompted, these images are meant to visually describe their understanding of the concepts we have discussed during traditional lectures. The participants were presented with their own image as well as others’ images to elicit both agreements or concerns at two levels: their understanding of the concepts and their understanding of the importance of prompting in the foreseeable future of AI-based systems. Hitherto, we have tried to use the generation of images using natural language for answering these research questions: i) for students, to which extent the crafting prompts may elicit thinking about the structural engineering phenomena? and ii) for instructors, to which extent these represent the level of understanding of the students on these topics?, The First Author acknowledges the financial support provided by 2021 SGR 01163 and the Technical University of Catalonia with the grant AGRUPS., Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::4 - Educació de Qualitat, Postprint (published version)

This technical note deals with the strength of web panels under concentrated loads, with emphasis on girders with closely spaced transverse stiffeners (commonly referred to as narrow panels). A review of experimental data and data from simulations suggest that girders with closely spaced panels exhibit substantially higher strength to concentrated loads than that calculated in accordance with the AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (AISC, 2016). A simple equation to account for a fraction of the excess in strength is proposed., Postprint (published version)

This investigation presents the seasonal analysis of an 846 long steel box girder bridge using Terrestrial Laser Scanners (TLS) and FE-models. The Bridge is both vertically and horizontally curved with a tapered, stiffened steel box girder. The sequential seasonal measurement of the plates using a TLS provides a set of point clouds that can be systematically used to feed advanced inelastic FE analysis. Since the bridge experiences considerable seasonal displacements, the effect of these displacements on the ultimate load capacity of the composite bridge is under study. In the FE-analysis, comparisons between defining imperfections of the plates as adequately scaled Eigenshapes or, as real measurements, are performed. Different scenarios (seasonal and shape- related) are thus assessed. In addition, another challenge in this investigation is to digitize realistically and seasonally the “as built” shape of the plates. The definition of the resulting 3D geometry must be versatile enough to be used by different stakeholders (simulation, BIM managers, IoT). The outcome of this pipeline of information covering measurement-FE-analysis and assessment is of great interest to maintenance managers. Understanding the seasonal geometrical configuration of this bridge may represent an accurate starting point for subsequent forecasting of structural engineering scenarios., Authors acknowledge the funding of ASHVIN, “Assistants for Healthy, Safe, and Productive Virtual Construction Design, Operation & Maintenance using a Digital Twin” an H2020 project under agreement 958161. In Addition, the authors are grateful to BAGH Técnica and MITMA for providing access to the bridge for measurements, data collection as well for their disposition to share project information and follow the development of this research., Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura, Postprint (published version)

Concedida la seva construcció com a ferrocarril miner a la societat Solvay & Cie el 5 de setembre de 1918. I adquirit l'1 de març de 1923, per la Companyia General De Ferrocarrils Catalana, la qual va sol·licitar la conversió de la concessió de ferrocarril miner a ferrocarril secundari de servei públic, inaugurant-se la línia Súria-Manresa el 13 d'agost del 1924. El viaducte de Juncadella conforma part de la història del desenvolupament de la indústria ferroviària de Barcelona. Aquest treball se centra en la inspecció i l'aixecament fotogràfic mitjançant la utilització de vehicles aeris no tripulats per a la reconstrucció virtual geomètrica del viaducte de Juncadella per avaluar-ne les dimensions en contraposició a les dictades pels seus plànols oficials. A la primera part es presenta l'estat d'art seguit per una investigació històrica sobre les fases de construcció i les intervencions al llarg de la vida útil del viaducte de Juncadella. La segona part inclou les regulacions en temes de drones a nivell d'Espanya i internacionalment i la tercera part desenvolupa el procés d'un aixecament fotogràfic per obtenir un model geomètric 3D aplicant tècniques fotogramètriques., Concedida su construcción como ferrocarril minero a la sociedad Solvay & Cie el 5 de septiembre de 1918. Y adquirido el 1 de marzo de 1923, por la Compañía General De Ferrocarriles Catalana, la cual solicitó la conversión de la concesión de ferrocarril minero a ferrocarril secundario de servicio público, inaugurándose la línea Súria-Manresa el 13 de agosto de 1924. El viaducto de Juncadella conforma parte de la historia del desarrollo de la industria ferroviaria de Barcelona. El presente trabajo se centra en la inspección y levantamiento fotográfico mediante la utilización de vehículos aéreos no tripulados para la reconstrucción virtual geométrica del viaducto de Juncadella para evaluar sus dimensiones en contraposición a las dictadas por sus planos oficiales. En la primera parte se presenta el estado de arte seguido por una investigación histórica sobre las fases de construcción y las intervenciones a lo largo de la vida útil del viaducto de Juncadella. La segunda parte abarca la las regulaciones en temas de drones a nivel de España e internacionalmente y la tercera parte desarrolla el proceso de un levantamiento fotográfico para la obtención de un modelo geométrico 3D aplicando técnicas fotogramétricas., Its construction as a mining railway was granted to the company Solvay & Cie on September 5, 1918. And acquired on March 1, 1923, by the Compañía General De Ferrocarriles Catalana, which requested the conversion of the mining railway concession to a secondary railway of public service, with the inauguration of the Súria-Manresa line on August 13, 1924. The Juncadella viaduct forms part of the history of the development of the railway industry in Barcelona. The present work focuses on the inspection and photographic survey through the use of unmanned aerial vehicles for the virtual geometric reconstruction of the Juncadella viaduct to evaluate its dimensions as opposed to those dictated by its official plans. In the first part, the state of the art is presented, followed by a historical investigation on the construction phases and the interventions throughout the useful life of the Juncadella viaduct. The second part covers the regulations on drone issues at the Spanish and international level and the third part develops the process of a photographic survey to obtain a 3D geometric model applying photogrammetric techniques.

En este TFM se pretende diseñar una metodología activa y participativa para la unidad de aprendizaje de los materiales de construcción (RA5, UF1 del MP, del CFGM Construcción). Para ello, primero se hace una breve introducción de las metodologías educativas, los criterios a tener en cuenta a la hora de escoger una y un glosario de metodologías docentes. Se elige la metodología que consiste en una serie de actividades grupales participativas, previa presentación inicial y reforzando las actividades con un trabajo individual y uno final grupal, de síntesis de la materia. A continuación se prepara todo el material soporte y se desarrolla la experiencia educativa. Si el resultado fuera satisfactorio podría ser de ayuda para aquellos docentes o centros educativos que imparten esta especialidad y quiera incorporar una metodología activa y participativa para su enseñanza.

Due to the relatively large slenderness of plated structures, the proof of adequate buckling resistance is crucial for dimensioning. Plate buckling is a stability problem of a compression-loaded plate and is generally characterized by failure of the structure prior to achieving plastic component resistance. The stability verification of welded plated structures assisted by finite element analysis (FEM) is becoming increasingly prevalent in applied engineering. The rules and examples given in this book might illustrate the correct application of the numerical models and give background information on the FEM-based design of welded plated structures. Aside from technical background information on calculation methods and software requirements, modelling, solution settings, evaluation, and verification as a key part of this manual, benchmark examples and worked examples are given. They not only allow the user to better understand the procedure and the background but can also serve as test examples to prove the validity of their own numerical calculations. We are sure that this manual will contribute to improved knowledge of the application of FEM for the design of plated structures, and thereby enhance the acceptance of FEM design in practice., Postprint (published version)

This deliverable presents a report on the developed actions and results concerning Digital-Twin-enabled multi-physics simulations and model matching. Enabling meaningful simulations within new human-infrastructure interfaces such as Digital twins is paramount. Accessing the power of simulation opens manifold new ways for observation, understanding, analysis and prediction of numerous scenarios to which the asset may be faced. As a result, managers can access countless ways of acquiring synthetic data for eventually taking better, more informed decisions. The tool MatchFEM is conceived as a fundamental part of this endeavour. From a broad perspective, the tool is aimed at contextualizing information between multi-physics simulations and vaster information constructs such as digital twins. 3D geometries, measurements, simulations, and asset management coexist in such information constructs. This report provides guidance for the generation of comprehensive adequate initial conditions of the assets to be used during their life span using a DT basis. From a more specific focus, this deliverable presents a set of exemplary recommendations for the development of DT-enabled load tests of assets in the form of a white paper. The deliverable also belongs to a vaster suit of documents encountered in WP5 of the Ashvin project in which measurements, models and assessments are described thoroughly., Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura, Preprint

This paper aims at investigating the patch loading resistance of steel plate girders with triangular cell flanges. This geometrical arrangement increases considerably the resistance of the web plates when subjected to concentrated loading. In this study, the patch loading resistance is studied by means of GMNI- analyses considering large displacements, elastoplastic material behavior, initial geometric imperfections, and an assumed pattern of residual stress distribution. The numerical model is validated against experimental results taken from the literature. Thereafter, a parametric study is conducted in order to investigate the influence of various geometric parameters such as the location in the web and flange as well as the thickness of the plates that forms the triangular cells, and the panel aspect ratio on the resistance of the stiffened girders. A design proposal is also presented following the guideline in the EC3:1–5. This proposal takes into account the influence of the stiffening effect provided by the triangular cell flanges. The results show that the use of triangular cell flanges enhances the resistance of steel plate girders to patch loading., Peer Reviewed, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura, Postprint (author's final draft)

This article describes the outcomes of a completed study of practice in civil engineering education. The study is aimed at infusing Construction 4.0 content to a Bachelor degree on Civil Engineering. A set of STEAM-rich activities are created in the form of an individual learning path. These activities are conceived with a threefold perspective: i) Construction 4.0-related, ii) STEAM vision by-design and iii) hardware-software independent (open-source, accessible, affordable). Cornerstone and capstone projects as well as a set of workshops represent some demonstrators of these activities. All these demonstrators are knitted together in a single path in that is pegged to the traditional curriculum The STEAM perspective provides completeness to the whole development. During the last two years, design, development and implementation of several demonstrators have been completed. Some results related to the application of some activities are already available. In the years to come, it is expected that an improved systematic deployment of such activities will allow assessing the evolution between tools, pedagogies and the needs of the sector. In this paper, the description of the activities together with the discussion on the potential of tinkering on Construction 4.0-based curriculum is addressed., Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::4 - Educació de Qualitat, Postprint (published version)

The construction industry is struggling with low productivity rates because of a low level of digitalization, dynamic interactions, and uncontrollable circumstances on sites, which make the planning process complex. Usage of the digital twin construction paradigm enables to facilitate construction management and leverage the sector’s unexploited potential. This research addresses current shortcomings by real-time discrete event simulation. During crane operations, kinematic data were collected, which were classified by machine learning algorithms for activity recognition and duration extraction. Based on the identified durations, Goodness-of-Fit techniques determined suitable probability density functions. The resulting probability density functions were used as input parameters in stochastic discrete event simulations. It was shown that with enriched data collection, probability density functions have to be updated. The data-driven discrete event simulation facilitates decision-making processes by providing more reliable real-time information for the planning of upcoming construction works. Thus, data-based instead of experience-based management can be enabled., Part of this research has been conducted for the H2020 funded project ASHVIN, Grant Number: 958161. The authors are grateful to BIS structures, BCA, DRAGADOS, and FREO for providing access to construction site and for sharing project information., Postprint (published version)

Continuously emerging technologies in Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) are transforming the sector. In the Industry, the digitization of the built environment in manifold ways represents a pivotal moment in terms of increasing productivity, resource efficiency, safety and cost-benefit. As in other domains, this digitization comes with a profound cost in disruption. In Civil Engineering Education, there is a debate needed when it comes to embedding digitization within curricula in ways it fosters creativity and guarantees equal opportunities. Educators in Civil Engineering are increasingly making attempts for embedding digitization activities properly. This innovative practice is aimed at providing one bridge between the physical and the virtual realms to civil engineering students. It aims at eliciting reflective thoughts on how information may flow in this physical-to-virtual journey. In particular, info coming from Terrestrial Laser Scanners, one tool that is claimed to contribute considerably in the digitization of the sector. For this purpose, a classical physical Mediterranean game Petanca is enriched with a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) and with computational geometry tools to become a physical-to-virtual game. This work in progress presents the tools, the methodology and some of the results obtained in initial editions of the activity at the School of Civil Engineering in Barcelona, Spain., Postprint (published version)

There is a considerable opportunity to improve the planning and control of construction work. The construction industry is still struggling to adopt to the digital revolution’s concepts due to complexity, uncertainty, the fragmented supply chain, the short-term thinking, and the culture of ad hoc solutions. The main purpose of this document is to describe the business and decision-making processes to support lean project planning, control, and risk management with digital twin data., There is a considerable opportunity to improve the planning and control of construction work. The construction industry is still struggling to adopt to the digital revolution’s concepts due to complexity, uncertainty, the fragmented supply chain, the short-term thinking, and the culture of ad hoc solutions. The main purpose of this document is to describe the business and decision-making processes to support lean project planning, control, and risk management with digital twin data. Additionally, this document also presents and describes a process model that has been developed for the construction phase. In this task, three demo-sites have been investigated. All three projects were building construction projects hence no infrastructure projects have been researched. To describe the designed process model, IDEF0-notation was used. A vital part of using digital twins to support process management and agile planning is the capture of data from the site. The produced process model contains five different process groups: initiating, planning, implementing, controlling, and closing and is generally based on the demonstration sites within the ASHVIN project and applicable to constructions sites worldwide. From each demonstration site information was gathered considering how data-collection had been conducted on each site using various digital tools and how they corresponded to the different KPI’s within the project. The methods were then analysed and evaluated how they could be implemented in a work breakdown structure (WBS) and location breakdown structure (LBS). These methods in combination with the process model allows the team to detect issues, react and adjust the schedule to make the whole process smoother. It can assist them in planning when to take in certain disciplines and when to order materials. During this task the demonstration projects were already in the construction phase, which meant that it was mainly controlling activities that could be conducted accord, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura, Preprint

This paper proposes a digitally twinned experimental analysis of a scale-reduced laboratory-sized steel cable net subjected to vertical loading. The test is aimed at establishing automated pipelines of information and analysis between the measurements (displacements of nodes) and the numerical model of the cable net, which are seamlessly interconnected through a BIM model. These automated pipelines erect the frame of the development of a digital twin of the cable net with structural analysis purposes. For the sake of measurements, a terrestrial laser scanner is used. Displacements of the nodes are extracted using computational geometry tools. For the sake of analysis, a data-based numerical model is proposed to obtain the tensile state of the cables. Precisely understanding the force distribution along nets is a challenge at design, construction and operation stages. This research belongs to a vaster project related to the development of automated pipelines of information for European infrastructure in the form of digital twins. The outcome of this laboratory test results is of great use when developing similar automated pipelines of information in real sites including cable nets in roofs., All authors acknowledge the funding of ASHVIN, “Assistants for Healthy, Safe, and Productive Virtual Construction Design, Operation & Maintenance using a Digital Twin” an H2020 project under agreement 958161., Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura, Postprint (published version)

A composite bridge located in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona represents one of the sites for demonstrating the capabilities of digital twins on maintenance of built assets. Digital twins can be deemed to as digital living replica of the physical one that provides real time information throughout adequate connectivity (sensors, images, remote sensing) and provides automated visualization of the asset for decision-making purposes (performance indicators that are assessed regularly). This demonstrator is an 846 meters long composite bridge with plates and a concrete slab. The plates are tapered along a portion of its length. The bridge is horizontally curved with a bifurcation at its end. One of the challenges in this demonstrator is to reproduce realistically the “as built” shape of the plates using a terrestrial laser scanner for simulation purposes. The outcome of this specific side of the digital twinning (other sides also include many sensor- and image-based methods) is of great interest for maintenance managers. Understanding the real configuration of the asset represents an accurate starting point for subsequent modelling., All authors acknowledge the funding of ASHVIN, “Assistants for Healthy, Safe, and Productive Virtual Construction Design, Operation & Maintenance using a Digital Twin” an H2020 project under agreement 958161., Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura, Postprint (published version)

Rolando Chacón Flores, professor de l'Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria de Camins, Canals i Ports de Barcelona (ETSECCPB) i del Departament d'Enginyeria Civil i Ambiental, explica una experiència d'innovació docent.

This document presents an automated pipeline to process sensor-based data produced during load tests on digitally twinned HS railway bridges. The research is developed within the frame of the H2020 European project ASHVIN, related to Assistants for Healthy, Safe, and Productive Virtual Construction, Design, Operation & Maintenance using Digital Twins. The pipeline is developed within a digital twin application based on event-driven microservices, which integrates the ASHVIN IoT platform, the IFC building information model and an array of services dedicated to automating processes performed during the operation stage of structural assets. A load test carried out on a bridge located on a HS railway in Spain is used as a demonstrator., All authors acknowledge the funding of ASHVIN, “Assistants for Healthy, Safe, and Productive Virtual Construction Design, Operation & Maintenance using a Digital Twin” an H2020 project under agreement 958161., Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::8 - Treball Decent i Creixement Econòmic, Postprint (published version)

This paper proposes a pipeline for the automation of data between two realms: i) simulation, in a fully nonlinear, and time-dependent structural analysis model and, ii)concrete maturity monitoring data from the construction site. The connection enables an information construct understood for its use within the Digital Twin of the building during construction phases. The pipeline requires a comprehensive coordination between stakeholders at both the site (Construction) and the structural control office, which is challenging. The pipeline consists of a) temperature sensors, b) a mobile app connected to the sensor via Bluetooth with basic instructions for datagatherers, c) integration and interoperability of BIM, and, d) an advanced Finite Element (FE) model. By measuring the concrete temperature during many days, realistic concrete mechanical properties are inferred and infused into the FE models using adequate calibration. Two applications for the improvement of construction activities are identified. Formwork striking and tendons stressing. The paper describes the testbed of all the connections, for the construction of an in-situ casted concrete building in Barcelona, Spain., All authors acknowledge the funding of ASHVIN, “Assistants for Healthy, Safe, and Productive Virtu-al Construction Design, Operation & Maintenance using a Digital Twin” an H2020 project under agreement 958161. In Addition, the authors are grateful to BIS structures, BCA, DRAGADOS, and FREO for providing access to the construction site for measurements and data collection, as well for their disposition to share project information and follow the development of this research., Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura, Postprint (published version)

This paper shows the developments on the digital twinning of a set of new High speed Railway bridges located in South Western Spain. The aim of this digitization is the generation of a twin-driven maintenance planning. This research is performed within the frame of a H2020 European project called ASHVIN, related to the use of Digital Twins for Design, Construction and Maintenance purposes within the AEC sector. The project provides a series of demo cases for all stages. One of the demo cases is a series of new bridges belonging to a high speed train network in Extremadura, Spain. The demo case is aimed at establishing sensor-based and image-based requirements, procedures and examples for the generation of realistic virtual replica of the physical bridges. The twins are deemed to as living assets that can be updated during operation. The paper depicts actions and deployments undertaken during the routine static load tests. The efforts related to sensoring, simulation, modelling, assessment and validation can be wrapped up systematically for further use during regular operation of the asset., All authors acknowledge the funding of Ashvin, “Assistants for Healthy, Safe, and Productive Virtual Construction Design, Operation & Maintenance using a Digital Twin” a H2020 project under agreement 958161., Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura, Postprint (published version)

This deliverable presents a report of the needs for structural control on buildings (initial imperfections, deflections at service, stability, rheology) and on bridges (vibrations, modal shapes, deflections, stresses) based on state-of-the-art image-based and sensor-based techniques. To this end, the deliverable identifies and describes strategies that encompass state-of-the-art instrumentation and control for infrastructures (SHM technologies)., Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::8 - Treball Decent i Creixement Econòmic, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura, Preprint

This article describes the outcomes of a completed study of practice in civil engineering education. The study is aimed at infusing Construction 4.0 content to a Bachelor degree on Civil Engineering. A set of STEAM-rich activities are created in the form of an individual learning path. These activities are conceived with a threefold perspective: i) Construction 4.0-related, ii) STEAM vision by-design and iii) hardware-software independent (open-source, accessible, affordable). Cornerstone and capstone projects as well as a set of workshops represent some demonstrators of these activities. All these demonstrators are knitted together in a single path in that is pegged to the traditional curriculum The STEAM perspective provides completeness to the whole development. During the last two years, design, development and implementation of several demonstrators have been completed. Some results related to the application of some activities are already available. In the years to come, it is expected that an improved systematic deployment of such activities will allow assessing the evolution between tools, pedagogies and the needs of the sector. In this paper, the description of the activities together with the discussion on the potential of tinkering on Construction 4.0-based curriculum is addressed.

El presente trabajo ha consistido en el diseño de un modelo paramétrico de un forjado de hormigón armado apuntalado, para su posterior análisis estructural, de tal manera que cada parámetro del diseño sea una entrada de datos y así poder obtener un modelo versátil que se adapte a las características de nuestra estructura. El modelo paramétrico ha sido elaborado mediante el programa Rhinoceros/Grasshopper, en el cual Rhinoceros nos da el soporte gráfico en 3D, mientras que Grasshopper nos permite la programación paramétrica de toda la geometría. El análisis estructural ha sido realizado con un plug-in de Grasshopper llamado Karamba3D(1), el cual realiza todos los cálculos estructurales mediante métodos de elementos finitos.

Dissipative zones buildings, in which plastic hinges or plastic strains occur during, for instance, seismic episodes, have been studied for many different types of steel fuse elements. Stainless steel (SS), has attracted attention in this regard due to its high ductility and further studies are needed to determine its performance and usefulness as fuses. The use of SS in the construction industry has represented an advance due to its already known anticorrosive properties in addition to its strength and ductility. However, recent research on cyclic plasticity shows that SS has significant hardening properties, which can be exploited in the use of this material in structural elements to support cyclic loads, such as those occurring during earthquakes. The cyclic plasticity models in SS have been studied with some applications (fatigue, low-cycle fatigue and extremely low cycle fatigue). Several studies carried out cyclic tests to obtain experimental data, which have been used for numerical models with the utilisation of a combined numerical model of kinematic/isotropic hardening. These studies recommend models to simulate the behaviour of SS under a cyclic load. This work presents an experimental study of the cyclic behaviour of SS when subject to low and extremely low cycle fatigue. Several protocols on tests such as companion, multiple step and arbitrary tests were carried out. The results inferred from the experimental program provide hardening parameters used to study one example of dissipative zones of eccentrically braced frames (EBFs)., The authors acknowledge the financial support provided by the Project BIA2016-75678-R, AEI/FEDER, UE “Comportamiento estructural de pórticos de acero inoxidable. Seguridad frente a acciones accidentales de sismo y fuego”, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economic Affairs and Digital Transformation (MINECO). The first author acknowledges the financial support from the Peruvian Government. Beca Generación del Bicentenario., Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura, Postprint (published version)

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of bridges is getting special attention of infrastructure management agencies, due to its success in minimizing maintenance costs. The acquisition of structural behaviour data and its analysis to assess the structural condition are critical tasks of SHM. In this paper both are addressed. A cost - effective measurement equipment based on triaxial accelerometers is developed. It is coupled with an operational modal analysis tool that allows extracting natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping under operational loads. Both, hardware and software, are tested in a case study of a railway bridge of the Madrid Metro network. Other measurement equipments are deployed to compare results. Natural frequencies are calculated, showing a good correlation between the different systems. The obtained results provide relevant information about the global behaviour of the structure. Therefore, the proposed cost - effective solution could be used in a SHM system for continuous bridge monitoring., The first author would like to acknowledge the funding support provided by the Spanish Ministry of Uni-versities through the PhD grant program FPU (Formación de Profesorado Universitario). Additionally, all the authors are indebted to the Secretaria d’Universitats i Recerca of the Generalitat de Catalunya for the funding provided through AGAUR (2017 SGR 1481) and to the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the FEDER for the funding provided through the project BIA2017-86811-C2-1-R., Postprint (published version)

The construction industry will have to present compelling solutions to achieve the UN Societal Development Goals (SDG). A digital twin has the potential to revolutionize the design, construction, and performance of civil infrastructure assets across the environment. This paper proposes an ontology mapping the physical objects with required attributes aiming to augment built infrastructured evelopment throughout their complete lifecycle in the context of cyber-physical synchronicity of the digital twin paradigm. This research is conducted within the framework of the H2020 project ASHVIN, aiming to develop a real-time Digital Twin for the Design, Construction, and Operation phase of the infrastructure. The proposed “Platology” ontology suite will encompass physical assets and processes of an infrastructure’s lifecycle and the possibility for accurate version, configuration, and state management to form a bidirectional communication path between the physical and the virtual., This research project is funded under the European Union’s program Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no 958161., Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura, Postprint (published version)

This paper depicts the deployment of Ground-Based Interferometer Synthetic Aperture Radars for obtaining displacements and accelerations of El Tajo and Almonte Viaducts during their routine load tests. These Viaducts belong to the Highspeed Railway Network between Madrid and Badajoz, which represents a strategic infrastructure in Spain. Both Viaducts are concrete arches whose size as well as whose height over the reservoir posed a tremendous challenge for obtaining proper field data using traditional devices. The paper shows the gathered experience on the use of this technique for subsequent routine load tests., Jose Vicente Fuente Acknowledges the support ot the program Torres y Quevedo (PTQ). R. Chacón and C. Ramonell acknowledge the funding of Ashvin, “Assistants for Healthy, Safe, and Productive Virtual Construction Design, Operation & Maintenance using a Digital Twin” a H2020 project under agreement 958161. All authors are grateful to ADIF for the invaluable collaboration and openness during the execution of the load tests vis-à-vis all research performed within the railway network premises., Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura, Postprint (published version)