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Adultery, which refers to nonmarital sexual intercourse by one of the spouses while the marriage is in progress, is regulated in the Turkish Civil Code as an absolute ground for divorce based on fault (TCC 161). According to TCC 174/II, “The party whose personal rights have been attacked due to the events leading to the divorce may re-quest the payment of an appropriate amount of money as moral com-pensation from the other defective party”. The act of adultery is ac-cepted as an attack on personal rights in judicial decisions and doc-trine. Therefore, the spouse whose personal rights have been attacked due to the act of adultery may demand non-pecuniary damages from the adulterer. However, the deceived spouse cannot claim non-pecuniary damages from the third party of the adultery according to the Judgment of General Assembly on the Unification of Judgments of the Turkish Supreme Court dated 06.07.2018 (Docket No. 2017/5, Decision No. 2018/7). In this study, some problematic issues regard-ing the non-pecuniary damages claimed due to adultery are discussed in the light of the Supreme Court judgments., Evlilik devam ederken, eşlerden birinin evlilik dışı cinsel ilişkide bulunmasını ifade eden zina, Türk Medeni Kanunu’nda kusura dayalı, mutlak bir boşanma sebebi olarak düzenlenmiştir (TMK 161). TMK 174/II uyarınca “Boşanmaya sebep olan olaylar yüzünden kişilik hakkı saldırıya uğrayan taraf, kusurlu olan diğer taraftan manevî tazminat olarak uygun miktarda bir para ödenmesini isteyebilir”. Zina fiili, yargı kararlarında ve doktrinde kişilik hakkına yönelik bir saldırı olarak kabul edilmektedir. Dolayısıyla zina fiili sebebiyle kişilik hakkı saldırıya uğrayan eş, zina yapan eşten manevi tazminat talep edebilir. Bununla birlikte aldatılan eş, 06.07.2018 tarihli Yargıtay İçtihadı Birleştirme Büyük Genel Kurulu Kararı uyarınca zinanın tarafı olan üçüncü kişiden manevi tazminat talep edemez (2017/5 E., 2018/7 K.). Bu çalışmada zina sebebiyle talep edilen manevi tazminata ilişkin özellik arz eden durumlar ve bazı sorunlu hususlar Yargıtay kararları ışığında ele alınmıştır.

Currently cities are faced with many environmental problems in parallel with increased population, like environmental pollution (water, soil, noise and air pollution, etc.), drinking water problems, water scarcity/use, resource scarcity, traffic, large natural disasters, lack of green space, insufficient infrastructure, migration and unplanned urbanization, public health problems, carbon emissions, rapidly increasing population, radiation and energy crises. Cities with rapidly increasing populations using communication technologies and technological infrastructure to resolve all these problems are called smart cities and it is unavoidable that future cities will be designed with the understanding of a new generation. One of the subareas of smart cities for solutions to environmental problems included among these many problems is the use of smart environment applications.With the aid of smart environment applications using smart technologies, many types of pollutants including noise, different types of waste, carbon emissions (carbon footprint), radiation and light, in addition to the classic air-water-soil pollutants, can be monitored and managed. Smart environment applications can produce important solutions to solve chronic problems like water scarcity/use, energy, global warming and climate change, which directly affect these basic environmental problems.This article investigates sample applications in cities taking important steps to become smart cities in Turkey and how smart environment applications are used to solve these problems in cities with large populations faced with rapidly increasing environmental problems. Sample applications will be presented by examining studies, reports and references related to organizations and institutions especially. As in the rest of the world, smart environment applications are rapidly being implemented in the design of example smart towns in our country. Through contributions of the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization and the Ministry of Industry and Technology, local administrations and other organizations on a city basis have taken important steps to becoming smart cities by using smart environment applications.

Currently, for awareness of environmental problems and to solve problems related to the environment, the largest duty falls to other public institutions like universities. Especially our universities, educational institutions with highest information production and information flow to society, are institutions where environmental awareness should be highest. For this reason, currently universities are ranked on both national and international scales with points according to sustainable and applicable social contribution and the magnitude of social responsibility projects.In terms of universities, the concept of green campus includes the main lines of an approach focused on sustainable environmental management accepted for the last 10 years around the world. In order to attain this academic concept, universities around the world came together to determine a variety of environmental indexes and ranked universities in terms of sustainable environmental policies and management.In our study, a road map to ensure universities in Turkey can be included in the top ranks in the world in general in terms of sustainability and environmental awareness indexes and how they can become green campuses was researched. In this context; the UI GreenMetric Certificate System, determining the road map for world universities to recognize and integrate the green campus concept at sustainable environmental scale, was implemented on an international platform by Indonesia University in 2010 and until 2021, it has undergone various updates in the historical process. The last update was made on the basis of Covid-19 in May-2021 and it took its final form. Covid-19 updates are only in the size of scoring indicators; no changes were made in the total scores and percentiles of the main categories.

In this study, the tea pulp and apricot kernel was used as biomass resource. The effect of the alkali pretreatment parameter’s on the isolation efficiency of the main components was investigated. The investigated parameters in the study are the concentration of alkaline (10 g/L -40 g/L), the concentration of hydrogen peroxide (1% - 5%) and the contact time (3-8 hour). FTIR, TGA, H-NMR and XRD analyzes were performed during the characterization of main components. The optimum contact time and alkaline concentration were determined as 6 h, and 20 g/L, respectively. The isolation efficiencies of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin at optimum conditions (based on raw material) were determined as 36%, 25%, 23% for the tea pulp and 26%, 34%, 24% for apricot kernel, respectively. It has been determined that the hydrogen peroxide concentration increases the hemicellulose and cellulose isolation efficiency up to a certain concentration, but when the hydrogen peroxide ratio was exceeded the critical value the basic components were degraded. As a result of the H-NMR analysis of tea pulp and apricot kernel hemicelluloses revealed that the isolated hemicellulosic fraction contained anhydro xylose units, 4-O-methyl glucuronic acid. It has been found that the isolated cellulosic fractions have a degree of crystallinity in the range of 60 - 55%. As a result of FTIR analysis of hemicellulose and cellulose, it was found that isolation could not be performed effectively. It was determined that the cellulosic fractions contained xylan residues and the hemicellulose fractions contained aromatic skeleton of the lignin., Bu çalışmada çay posası (çay demleme atığı) ve kayısı çekirdeği biyokütle kaynağı olarak kullanıldı. Alkali ön işlem süreci ile temel bileşenler izole edilmeye çalışıldı Alkali ön işlem süreç parametrelerinin izolasyon verimleri üzerine etkisi incelendi. Etkisi incelenen parametreler; alkalin konsantrasyonu (10 g / L -40 g / L), peroksit konsantrasyonu (% 1 - % 5) ve temas süresi (3-8 saat)’dir. TGA, H-NMR ve XRD analizleri ile izole edilen temel bileşenler karakterize edildi. Optimum temas süresi ve alkalin konsantrasyonu sırasıyla 6 saat ve 20 g/L olarak belirlendi. Hemiselüloz, selüloz ve ligninin optimum koşullarda (hammaddeye bağlı olarak) izolasyon verimliliği, çay posası için sırasıyla % 36,% 25,% 23 ve kayısı çekirdeği için % 26,% 34,% 24 olarak belirlendi. Peroksit konsantrasyonunun hemiselüloz ve selüloz izolasyon verimliliğini belirli bir konsantrasyona kadar arttırdığı, ancak peroksit oranı kritik değeri aştığında ve temel bileşenlerin bozulduğu tespit edildi. Çay posası ve kayısı çekirdeği hemiselülozlarının H-NMR analizi sonucunda, izole hemiselülozik fraksiyonun anhidro ksiloz birimleri, 4-O-metil glukuronik asit içerdiğini anlaşıldı. İzole edilmiş selülozik fraksiyonların,% 60-55 aralığında bir kristallik derecesine sahip oldukları bulundu. Hemiselüloz ve selülozun FTIR analizi sonucunda izolasyonun etkili bir şekilde yapılamadığı bulunmuştur. Selülozik fraksiyonların ksilan kalıntıları ve hemiselüloz fraksiyonlarının ligninin aromatik iskeletini içerdiği tespit edildi.

In this study, the potential of different types of biowaste to products with high added value was investigated through a sustainable bio-refinery approach. For this purpose, the pine wood sawdust, the walnut shell, the sugar beet pulp, the tea pulp and apricot kernel had been evaluated. The effect of chemical structure of biomass on the isolation yields of main components (hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin) were investigated. The main components were characterized with FTIR analysis and the obtained spectrums has been interpreted with the literature’s. It was determined that lignin content of biomass used in this study had no effect on hemicellulose extraction yield. The tea pulp's hemicellulose yield (25%) and the walnut shell's lignin isolation yield (19%) were found to be higher than the other biomass types., Bu çalışmada farklı atık türlerinin sürdürülebilir biyo-rafineri yaklaşımıyla katma değeri yüksek ürünlere dönüşüm potansiyelleri karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla kayısı çekirdeği kabuğu, ceviz kabuğu, şeker pancarı küspesi, çay posası ve çam odununun talaşı değerlendirilmiştir. Biyokütlenin kimyasal yapısının temel bileşenlerin (hemiselüloz, selüloz, ligninin) izolasyon verimleri üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Edilen temel bileşenler (hemiselüloz ve selüloz) FTIR analizi ile karakterize edilmiş ve elde edilen spektrum literatür çerçevesinde yorumlanmıştır. Biyokütlenin lignin içeriğinin hemiselüloz ekstraksiyon verimi üzerine etkisinin olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Çay posasının hemiselüloz izolasyon veriminin (%25), ceviz kabuğunun ise lignin izolasyon veriminin (%19) diğer biyokütle türlerinden daha yüksek olduğu ortaya konulmuştur.