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Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of levothyroxine treatment on dyspeptic symptoms and gastric emptying time in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Materials and Methods: Liquid gastric emptying scintigraphy was performed to detect the presence of gastroparesis in patients with dyspeptic complaints who were followed up with a diagnosis of subclinical hypothyroidism in the thyroid outpatient clinic. Those with specific hypothyroidism symptoms during their follow-up were treated with low dose (25 mg) levothyroxine for at least 6 months. Liquid gastric emptying scintigraphy test was performed again after treatment for those who continued to have dyspeptic complaints. Patients whose gastric emptying time was calculated using a liquid gastric emptying scintigraphy test before and after levothyroxine treatment were retrospectively examined. For testing, 18.5-37 MBq (0.5-1 mCi) 99m-TC nanocolloid was added to 300 ml of water. Late images were acquired at 30 minutes and one hour. The time activity curve was obtained. Results: Gastric emptying was normal in 13 (23.6%) patients in the liquid gastric emptying scintigraphy test performed before treatment. After treatment, gastric emptying half-time was normalized in 34 (81%) of 42 (76.4%) patients with a long gastric emptying half-time before treatment. In total, 47 patients had normal gastric emptying half-time values after treatment, and gastric emptying half-time was calculated to be long in 8 patients (14.5%). Conclusion: In our study, gastric emptying time was prolonged in 76.4% of patients with subclinical hypothyroidism, and in 81% of these patients, gastric emptying time was calculated within normal limits after LT4 treatment. Detection of prolongation of gastric emptying time due to the presence of gastroparesis in subclinical hypothyroidism cases followed up without treatment may be a guide in the prescription of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Adenosine is a pharmacological stress agent used in many nuclear medicine clinics. It causes different and widespread effects in different tissues. It causes widespread inhibition and cerebral vasodilation through A1 and A2a receptors in the central nervous system. We evaluated the duration of side effects in patients with iron deficiency and euthyroid goiter. Materials and Methods: Our study included 183 patients with atypical chest pain who underwent myocardial perfusion scintigraphy to investigate the presence of coronary artery disease. Adenosine infusion was administered intravenously at a rate of 140 µg/kg/min for 6 minutes. Complaints that occurred during intravenous administration of adenosine were questioned. The presence of at least three of the most common complaints of flushing, headache, nausea, and feeling of ill feeling was considered to have prominent complaints. If these complaints continued for at least 30 minutes, the presence of prolonged prominent complaints was accepted. Patients who developed prolonged complaints were categorized as group 1 and patients without prolonged complaints as group 2. Results: The number of patients diagnosed with euthyroid goiter was significantly higher in Group 1 (p<0.005). Additionally, thyroid size was significantly larger in patients in Group 1 compared to those in Group 2, with respective medians (minimum-maximum) of 20 (11-18 ml) and 15 (11-28 ml) (p<0.005). In group 1, 44 (86.3%) patients had iron deficiency, while in group 2 37 (28%) patients had iron deficiency (p<0.005). The free variables determining the development of prolonged prominent complaints in patients who received adenosine infusion were found to be goiter size (Odds: 1.437, confidence interval: 1.264-1.633; p<0.005) and presence of iron deficiency (Odds: 135.744, confidence interval: 27.055-681.074; p<0.005). Conclusion: Iron deficiency and euthyroid goiter are common subclinical conditions in the Turkish population. In the presence of subclinical diseases followed without treatment, the duration of drug effects may be prolonged. Prospective and more comprehensive studies are needed on this subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1,2,4‐Triazole‐fluoroquinolone and 1,2,4‐triazole–conazole hybrids are designed, synthesized, and investigated in vitro against a variety of common diseases. The structure of the newly synthesized compounds are characterized from spectral data (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and LC–MS). The antibacterial activity against both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria is shown to be enhanced by many of the produced compounds. Also, some of the products are found to have strong antiproliferative effects aganist HeLa cervical cancer cells, whilst demonstrating cytotoxic effects toward normal cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of high-dose and low-dose use of radioactive material in intraoperative gamma probe application methods in patients diagnosed with primary hyperparathyroidism and planned for surgery., Methods: 47 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism underwent minimally-invasive parathyroid surgery (MIS) after preoperative imaging studies consisting of ultrasonography (USG) and sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy (SPS) showed a possible primary parathyroid lesion (PPL). All patients received Tc-99 sestamibi on day-of-surgery imaging (DOSI) to help with the localization of a primary parathyroid lesion (PPL) via both DOSI and intraoperative gamma probe (IGP). Patients in Group I were administered 20-25 mCi Tc-99m sestamibi (methoxy isobutyl isonitrile) and images were obtained at the 20th and 120th minutes. Patients in Group II were administered 8-10 mCi doses and images were obtained at the 20th and 40th minutes. Two nuclear medicine specialists independently evaluated the images. Lesions in the localizations determined by DOSI and IGP were compared with the histopathological results of these lesions., Results: 47 patients, 35 females, and 12 males were included in the study. The mean age of 28 patients in the first group given the high dose was 54 (41-60), and the mean age was 48 (42-57) in the second group given the low dose (p=0.011). In the group given low-dose radioactive material during intraoperative gamma probe application, the observer's sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values for finding pathology were 61.1, 100, 100, and 12.5, respectively. In the group given high-dose radioactive material, the same values were 90.9, 33.3, 50, and 83.3, respectively. While the success of MIS increases with the use of DOSI and IGP in large lesions, the success decreases with the prolongation of the accumulation time of the given dose., Conclusions: In the intraoperative gamma probe technique used in primary hyperparathyroidism patients, the method used with low-dose radioactive material has lower sensitivity but higher specificity in estimating the post-operative pathology compared to the high-dose technique., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a reversible pregnancy-specific cholestatic condition characterized by pruritus, elevated liver enzymes, and increased serum bile acids. It commences usually in the late second or third trimester, and quickly resolves after delivery. The incidence is higher in South American and Scandinavian countries (9.2%-15.6% and 1.5%, respectively) than in Europe (0.1%-0.2%). The etiology is multifactorial where genetic, endocrine, and environmental factors interact. Maternal outcome is usually benign, whereas fetal complications such as preterm labor, meconium staining, fetal distress, and sudden intrauterine fetal demise not infrequently lead to considerable perinatal morbidity and mortality. Ursodeoxycholic acid is shown to be the most efficient therapeutic agent with proven safety and efficacy. Management of ICP consists of careful monitoring of maternal hepatic function tests and serum bile acid levels in addition to the assessment of fetal well-being and timely delivery after completion of fetal pulmonary maturity. This review focuses on the current concepts about ICP based on recent literature data and presents an update regarding the diagnosis and management of this challenging issue.

1,2,4-Triazole-3-one prepared from tryptamine was converted to the corresponding carbotioamides by several steps. Their treatment with ethyl bromoacetate or 4-chlorophenacyl bromide produced the corresponding 5-oxo-1,3-thiazolidine or 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-thiazole derivatives. Acetohydrazide derivative that was obtained starting from tryptamine, was converted to the corresponding Schiff basis and sulfonamide by the treatment with suitable aldehydes and benzensulphonyl chloride, respectively. 2-[(4-Amino-5-thioxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)methyl]-4-[2-(1H-indole-3-yl)ethyl]-5-methyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-one was synthesized starting from hydrazide via the formation of the corresponding 1,3,4-oxadiazole compound, while the other bitriazole compounds were obtained by intramolecular cyclisation of carbothioamides in basic media. The treatment of 1,2,4-triazole or 1,3,4-oxadiazole compound with several amines generated the corresponding Mannich bases. Ethyl (2-amino-1,3-thiazole-4-yl)acetate was converted to the corresponding 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative, arylidenehydrazides, 1,2,4-triazole-3-one and 5-oxo-1,3-oxazolidine derivatives by several steps. The structural assignments of new compounds were based on their elemental analysis and spectral (FT IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and LC-MS) data. The antimicrobial, antilipase and antiurease activity studies revealed that some of the synthesized compounds showed antimicrobial, antilipase and/or antiurease activity.

2-[6-(Morpholin-4-yl)pyridin-3-ylamino]acetohydrazide ( 4 ) was obtained starting from 6-morpholin-4-ylpyridin-3-amine ( 2 ) via the formation of ester ( 3 ) and then converted to the corresponding Schiff bases ( 5, 6 ) with the reaction with aromatic aldehydes. The carbothioamide ( 9 ), obtained from the reaction of hydrazide with phenylisothiocyanate, was converted to the corresponding 1,2,4-triazole ( 11 ) and 1,3,4-thiadiazole ( 12 ) derivatives by the treatment with NaOH or H 2 SO 4 , respectively. The cyclocondenzation of 9 with 4-chlorophenacyl bromide or ethyl bromoacetate produced the corresponding 1,3-thiazole ( 10 ) or 1,3-thiazolidine derivatives ( 13 ), respectively. Antimicrobial and antiurease activities of newly synthesized compounds were investigated. Some of them were found to be active on M. smegmatis , and they displayed activity toward C. albicans and S. cerevisiae in high concentration. Compound 10 proved to be the most potent showing an enzyme inhibition activity with an IC 50  = 2.37 ± 0.19 μM.