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Background/Aim. Infantile esotropia (ET), entitled as congenital ET, is defined as an alternating, cross-fixational ET that occurs within the first 6 months of life. The aim of this study was to determine the long-term motor and sensory outcomes after surgical correction of patients with infantile ET. Methods. Medical records of 108 consecutive children who had bimedial rectus recession (BMR) initially for ET were reviewed retrospectively. The patients were divided into 3 groups: the group I, surgery before one-year old; the group II, surgery between one and two-year old; the group III, surgery after two-year old. Results. No significant differences were determined among the groups for preoperative mean angle of deviation and refractive error (p > 0.05, for both). Development rate of dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) was greater (40%) in the group I, and the relationship between the rate of DVD and the timing of the initial surgery was statistically significant (p = 0.03). Risk for additional surgery was significantly greater in patients with a younger mean age at initial surgery (p = 0.01). Although measurable stereopsis rate was higher in the group I (35%, 32.4%, 27.8%, respectively) the difference among the groups was insignificant (p = 0.80). Conclusion. Patients with ET have limited potential of high grade stereoacuity despite the early alignment of eyes. Early surgery also has potential effects for the development of both inferior oblique overaction and DVD earlier.

To report genital and ocular Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) infection as a rare complication of intravesical BCG immunotherapy. We report a patient with bladder carcinoma who developed penile and ocular BCG infection. Medical history, clinical features, imaging findings, histopathological evaluation, and response to treatment clinched the diagnosis. Granulomatous inflammation was noted on histopathological evaluation of lung and cutaneous lesion of the penis. The left eye with choroidal tubercle and tractional retinal detachment involving fovea underwent pars plana vitrectomy. After silicone removal, best-corrected visual acuity was 20/100 and patient received anti-TB regimen for 12 months. At 1 year follow-up, the choroidal tuberculoma was found to have completely resolved and the ocular status was stable. Though there are other reported cases of BCG infection secondary to intravesical BCG instillation noted in the literature, penile granuloma accompanying with choroidal tubercle is an uncommon form among these complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) using the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) as inflammation markers.Methods: The files of 33 IIH patients and 33 controls were screened for this retrospective study. For each patient, the NLR and PLR values were calculated using a single fasting blood sample. For both eyes, papilledema (PE) grades, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT), and ganglion cell layer thickness (GCLT) measurements were recorded along with the demographic data, including body mass index (BMI), and complete neurological and ophthalmological findings. Comparisons between the two groups and between the IIH patients with and without PE were made. The associations of NLR and PLR with all other parameters were analyzed independently from age, gender, and BMI.Results: NLR and PLR were higher in patients with IIH than controls (P < 0.05). They were also higher in patients with PE (P < 0.05) in the IIH group. NLR and PLR were found to be associated with BCVA (P < 0.001 and P = 0.023, respectively), global RNFLT (P = 0.004 and 0.012, respectively), RNFLT of the temporal quadrant (P < 0.001 and P = 0.042, respectively) and PE grade (P < 0.001 and P = 0.035, respectively).Conclusion: The NLR and PLR values and their associations with BCVA, RNFLT, and PE support the hypothesis that inflammation is a very important component of the pathogenesis of IIH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of MN Opthalmology / MN Oftalmoloji is the property of Medical Network and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia is the property of Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim: To evaluate the results of phacoemulsification (PE) surgery in completely monocular cases and to emphasize the important points in the pre-, intra- and post-operative periods. Material and Methods: A total of 42 patients who had no light perception in one eye and had underwent PE surgery in the other eye at our clinic between January 2014 and March 2016 were included in the study. The charts of the patients were evaluated retrospectively. The age and gender of the cases, whether there was an additional pathology in the eye undergoing surgery, the reason of visual loss in the other eye, the type of anesthesia used, pre- and post-operative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) with the Snellen chart, intraocular pressure and intra- and post-operative complications were investigated. Results: There were17 (40.5%) female and 25 (59.5%) male patients with a mean age of 74.2±10.5 (45-93) years. The most common causes of the monocular state were glaucoma, cataract and trauma, the most common accompanying pathologies in the eyes undergoing cataract surgery were glaucoma, zonular weakness and age-related macular degeneration. Mean BCVA was 0.07±0.1 (0.01-0.4) pre-operatively and 0.5±0.3 (0.01-1) post-operatively (p=0.001). The mean follow-up duration was 3.9±5.6 months (1 week to 24 months). The most common post-operative complication was corneal edema. Conclusion: The stress created by cataract surgery on the physician and patient is quite high in monocular cases. However, satisfactory results with PE are obtained in these cases by carefully using pre-, intra- and post-operative methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Post-fixation of sections is especially required for cryostat sections of fresh frozen tissues. Vimentin is an intermediate filament in both fibrillary and non-fibrillary form, expressed in Müller's cells and astrocytes of the retina. Our aim was to determine the best post-fixation method for visualising vimentin in archival mouse eyes.Materials and Methods: We used an archival mouse eye, slightly pre-fixed with paraformaldehyde and stored at -80°C for 4 years. We tried three fixatives (pa-raformaldehyde [PFA], alcohol/acetic acid [AAA] and methanol) for post-fixation of eye sections.Results: We showed that post-fixation alters the labelling properties of vimentin expressed in the retina. In the sections with no post-fixation, vimentin positivity was observed in and around the nuclei in non-fibrillary form. In PFA post-fixed sections, the vimentin in the retina was not observed as fibrils. Positivity was observed in the nuclei and in perinuclear regions of the cells. In AAA post-fixed sections, positive labelling was observed around the nuclei as fibrils. In methanol post-fixed sections, labelling was observed around the nuclei as fibrils.Conclusions: We conclude that post-fixation with AAA is more convenient for immunofluorescent labelling of vimentin in the retina for slightly PFA pre-fixed and long-term stored retina. (Folia Morphol 2018; 77, 2: 246-252). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine differences in macular sensitivity and fixation patterns in different subtypes of severe amblyopia.Methods: This case-control study enrolled a total of 73 male adults, including 18 with pure strabismic severe amblyopia, 19 with pure anisometropic severe amblyopia, 18 with mixed (strabismic plus anizometropic) severe amblyopia, and 18 healthy controls. MP-1 microperimetry was used to evaluate macular sensitivity, location of fixation, and stability of fixation.Results: Mean macular sensitivity, stability of fixation, and location of fixation were significantly worse in all amblyopia subtypes when compared with healthy controls. Intergroup comparisons between amblyopia subtypes revealed that mean macular sensitivity, stability of fixation, and location of fixation were significantly worse in pure strabismic and mixed amblyopic eyes when compared with pure anisometropic amblyopic eyes.Conclusions: Strabismus seems to be a worse prognostic factor in severe amblyopia than anisometropia in terms of fixation characteristics and retinal sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study was designed to investigate whether the structure and electrical potential of the central retina in subjects with red-green color vision deficiency (RG-CVD) differ from normals, or not. Methods: Thirty-four male adults with RG-CVD and 34 age-matched male trichromat controls were enrolled. They had full vision and no systemic and ocular diasase except refractive errors within ±3 diopters. In addition to complete ophthalmic exam, they underwent central foveal thickness (CFT) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL, overall global and 4 quadrants) thickness measurements by optical coherence tomography (OCT, Spectralis®, Heidelberg), and multifocal electroretinography (mf-ERG, Retiscan®, Roland). Results in the groups were compared. Five chronic smokers were excluded from the RG-CVD group. Results: The mean age was 21.51±2.30 years in RG-GVD group and 22.17±2 in controls (p=0.248). CFT and RNFL measurements were similar in both eyes of subjects in both groups (p>0.05 for all). Remarkably, though not all were statistically significant, amplitudes of both N1 and P1 were higher and latencies of both N1 and P1 were shorter in all hexagons in RG-CVD cases, except for the lower P1 and N1 amplitudes found in the most peripheral one. Conclusion: Subjects with RG-CVD seem to have normal microstructure, but higher electrical potentials with faster activity in the central retina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study was designed to investigate whether the structure and electrical potential of the central retina in subjects with red-green color vision deficiency (RG-CVD) differ from normals, or not. Methods: Thirty-four male adults with RG-CVD and 34 age-matched male trichromat controls were enrolled. They had full vision and no systemic and ocular diasase except refractive errors within ±3 diopters. In addition to complete ophthalmic exam, they underwent central foveal thickness (CFT) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL, overall global and 4 quadrants) thickness measurements by optical coherence tomography (OCT, Spectralis®, Heidelberg), and multifocal electroretinography (mf-ERG, Retiscan®, Roland). Results in the groups were compared. Five chronic smokers were excluded from the RG-CVD group. Results: The mean age was 21.51±2.30 years in RG-GVD group and 22.17±2 in controls (p=0.248). CFT and RNFL measurements were similar in both eyes of subjects in both groups (p>0.05 for all). Remarkably, though not all were statistically significant, amplitudes of both N1 and P1 were higher and latencies of both N1 and P1 were shorter in all hexagons in RG-CVD cases, except for the lower P1 and N1 amplitudes found in the most peripheral one. Conclusion: Subjects with RG-CVD seem to have normal microstructure, but higher electrical potentials with faster activity in the central retina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aim: This study aims to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Amblyopia and Strabismus Questionnaire (A&SQ) that is translated into Turkish. Materials and methods: This is a methodological study. A total of 149 patients took part in the survey research between December 2012 and June 2014 in an university hospital, and 37 were retested. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used for the questionnaire's reliability analysis. Results: Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the subscales of fear of losing the better eye, distance estimation, visual disorientation, double vision, and social contact and appearance were found to be 0.80, 0.88, 0.95, 0.80, and 0.81, respectively. Five factors determined by the exploratory factor analysis explained 69.87% of the total variance. Conclusion: The Turkish version of the A&SQ is found as a reliable and valid scale for analyzing Turkish society. The A&SQ might be helpful for measuring quality of life in patients with strabismus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]