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Background and Objective: Neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy prior to radical cystectomy (RC) improves overall survival (OS) in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). However, many patients are cisplatin ineligible; therefore, new treatment options are needed. Nivolumab without/with lirilumab prior to RC was investigated in cisplatin-ineligible patients in this phase 1b trial (NCT03532451) to determine its safety/feasibility., Methods: Patients with localized MIBC received two doses of nivolumab (480 mg) alone (cohort 1) or with lirilumab (240 mg; cohort 2) prior to RC. Cohorts were enrolled sequentially. The key eligibility criteria were cT2-4aN0-1M0 stage and cisplatin ineligibility/refusal. The primary endpoint was the rate of grade (G) ≥3 treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) as per Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 5.0. The key secondary endpoints included the proportion of patients who underwent RC >6 wk after the last dose, CD8+ T-cell density change between pretreatment transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) and post-treatment RC, ypT0N0, 6 wk. In cohorts 1 and 2, ypT0N0 rates for patients with MIBC and RC were 17% and 21%,

Cystectomy is a standard treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), but it is life-altering. We initiated a phase 2 study in which patients with MIBC received four cycles of gemcitabine, cisplatin, plus nivolumab followed by clinical restaging. Patients achieving a clinical complete response (cCR) could proceed without cystectomy. The co-primary objectives were to assess the cCR rate and the positive predictive value of cCR for a composite outcome: 2-year metastasis-free survival in patients forgoing immediate cystectomy or

Metastatic progression defines the final stages of tumor evolution and underlies the majority of cancer-related deaths. The heterogeneity in disseminated tumor cell populations capable of seeding and growing in distant organ sites contributes to the development of treatment resistant disease. We recently reported the identification of a novel tumor-derived cell population, circulating hybrid cells (CHCs), harboring attributes from both macrophages and neoplastic cells, including functional characteristics important to metastatic spread. These disseminated hybrids outnumber conventionally defined circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in cancer patients. It is unknown if CHCs represent a generalized cancer mechanism for cell dissemination, or if this population is relevant to the metastatic cascade. Herein, we detect CHCs in the peripheral blood of patients with cancer in myriad disease sites encompassing epithelial and non-epithelial malignancies. Further, we demonstrate that in vivo-derived hybrid cells harbor tumor-initiating capacity in murine cancer models and that CHCs from human breast cancer patients express stem cell antigens, features consistent with the potential to seed and grow at metastatic sites. Finally, we reveal heterogeneity of CHC phenotypes reflect key tumor features, including oncogenic mutations and functional protein expression. Importantly, this novel population of disseminated neoplastic cells opens a new area in cancer biology and renewed opportunity for battling metastatic disease.

In this commentary, we review the timeline of clinical trials and regulatory actions of approved immune checkpoint inhibitors for small cell lung cancer, discuss challenges faced by regulatory agencies, and highlight paradoxical lessons that emerge. Accelerated approvals may fail to expedite drugs to market in this setting and further research on overall survival benefit is needed to prove drug efficacy., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is the lethal form of the disease. Many groups have performed mutational or immunohistochemistry (IHC) testing in metastatic CRPC to identify treatment targets. However, the frequency with which mutational or IHC data have an impact on clinical decision making and the outcomes of molecularly guided therapy in CRPC are largely unknown. We report our institution's experience with mutational and IHC testing in patients with metastatic CRPC and its impact on clinical decision making and patient outcomes., Methods: Between 2012 and 2015, 59 patients with CRPC underwent metastatic tissue biopsies and were genotyped with a 37-cancer gene panel in a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments-certified laboratory. PTEN expression by IHC testing was also measured in 35 of these samples. A retrospective chart review was performed to determine whether the genomic information was acted upon and the outcome of patients whose treatment was guided by molecular testing., Results: Forty-six of 59 patients with CRPC (78.0%) had biopsies with adequate tumor for mutational testing. Thirty-one of 46 subjects (67.4%) had mutations identified by sequencing. Of the 35 patients with CRPC whose biopsies were evaluated for PTEN expression by IHC testing, 13 had PTEN loss. Two patients had treatment on the basis of molecular testing, and one of these subjects had greater tumor control with molecularly guided therapy than his immediate prior therapy., Conclusion: Targeted sequencing and IHC can identify clinically informative molecular abnormalities in CRPC. Despite this, a small minority of patients in our series underwent therapies guided by mutational or IHC testing. Actionability of abnormalities identified in metastatic CRPC may be improved with access to clinical trials, insurance approval for unapproved uses of existing anticancer drugs, and larger gene sequencing panels that include more frequently mutated genes., Competing Interests: AUTHORS’ DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST Molecular Testing in Patients With Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer and Its Impact on Clinical Decision Making The following represents disclosure information provided by authors of this manuscript. All relationships are considered compensated. Relationships are self-held unless noted. I = Immediate Family Member, Inst = My Institution. Relationships may not relate to the subject matter of this manuscript. For more information about ASCO’s conflict of interest policy, please refer to www.asco.org/rwc or po.ascopubs.org/site/ifc. Derrick L. Tao No relationship to disclose Shawna Bailey Research Funding: Janssen Research & Development (Inst), Medivation (Inst), Millennium (Inst), Aragon Pharmaceuticals (Inst), Bristol-Myers Squibb (Inst), OncoGenex (Inst), Astellas Scientific & Medical Affairs (Inst), Bayer (Inst), Myriad Genetics (Inst), SOTIO (Inst), Sanofi (Inst), Zenith Epigenetics (Inst), Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (Inst), Merck (Inst) Tomasz M. Beer Stock and Other Ownership Interests: Salarius Pharmaceuticals Consulting or Advisory Role: AstraZeneca, Churchill Pharmaceuticals, Dendreon, Janssen Biotech, Janssen Oncology, Janssen Research & Development, Johnson & Johnson, Janssen Japan, Roche Research Funding: Astellas Pharma (Inst), Bristol-Myers Squibb (Inst), Dendreon (Inst), Janssen Research & Development (Inst), Medivation (Inst), OncoGenex (Inst), SOTIO (Inst), SOTIO, Theraclone Sciences (Inst), Boehringer Ingelheim (Inst) Erik Foss Research Funding: Coinvestigator for a research grant from Moximed for magnetic resonance imaging of potential and postoperative patients undergoing KineSpring knee implant surgery (an orthopedic implant designed to alleviate degenerative joint pain). Brooke Beckett No relationship to disclose Alice Fung Speakers’ Bureau: Guerbet Bryan R. Foster Honoraria: CIVCO Medical Solutions Alexander Guimaraes Honoraria: Philips Healthcare 2015 ($1,500); Siemens Medical Solutions 2014 ($2,000) Speakers’ Bureau: Siemens Medical Solutions 2014 Travel, Accommodations, Expenses: Siemens Medical Solutions 2014, Philips Healthcare 2015 Jeremy P. Cetnar No relationship to disclose Julie N. Graff Honoraria: Bayer, Astellas Medivation, Janssen Oncology Consulting or Advisory Role: Exelixis Research Funding: Sanofi (Inst), Medivation (Inst), Bristol-Myers Squibb (Inst), Merck Sharp & Dohme (Inst), Janssen Oncology (Inst) Patents, Royalties, Other Intellectual Property: OncoResponse: Exceptional responders Travel, Accommodations, Expenses: Bayer, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Clovis Oncology Kristine M. Eilers No relationship to disclose Eric J. Small Stock and Other Ownership Interests: Fortis Therapeutics, Harpoon Therapeutics Honoraria: Janssen-Cilag Consulting or Advisory Role: Fortis Therapeutics, Gilead Sciences Research Funding: Janssen (Inst) Christopher L. Corless Honoraria: Roche Consulting or Advisory Role: Roche, Thermo Fisher Scientific Biomarkers Travel, Accommodations, Expenses: Roche, Thermo Fisher Scientific George V. Thomas No relationship to disclose Joshi J. Alumkal Consulting or Advisory Role: Astellas Pharma, Bayer Research Funding: Aragon Pharmaceuticals (Inst), Astellas Pharma (Inst), Millennium (Inst), Novartis (Inst), Zenith Epigenetics (Inst)

While programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) inhibitors have shown clear anti-tumor efficacy in several solid tumors, prior results in men with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) showed no evidence of activity. Here we report unexpected antitumor activity seen in mCRPC patients treated with the anti-PD-1 antibody pembrolizumab. Patients with evidence of progression on enzalutamide were treated with pembrolizumab 200 mg IV every 3 weeks for 4 doses; pembrolizumab was added to standard dose enzalutamide. Three of the first ten patients enrolled in this ongoing phase II trial experienced rapid prostate specific antigen (PSA) reductions to ≤ 0.2 ng/ml. Two of these three patients had measurable disease upon study entry; both achieved a partial response. There were three patients with significant immune-related adverse events. One had grade 2 myositis, one had grade 3 hypothyroidism, and one had grade 2 hypothyroidism. None of these patients had a response. Two of the three responders had a baseline tumor biopsy. Immunohistochemistry from those biopsies showed the presence of CD3+, CD8+, and CD163+ leukocyte infiltrates and PD-L1 expression. Genetic analysis of the two responders revealed markers of microsatellite instability in one. The surprising and robust responses seen in this study should lead to re-examination of PD-1 inhibition in prostate cancer., Competing Interests: JNG has received honoraria from Astellas/Medivation. She has received research funding from Astellas/Medivation and Merck. CGD has received research funding from Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS). He has received consulting fees from BMS, Merck, Astra Zeneca (AZ) and Medimmune. He has patents licensed to AZ, BMS and Medimmune. WLR has received research grants, consulting fees, and/or royalties from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Galectin Therapeutics, and Nektar Therapeutics. TMB Research funding from Astellas and Medivation; consulting fees from Astellas. JJA, GVT, MF, JPC, FSE, RCB and RS have no conflicts. This research was funded by Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation. Funds from the Bloomberg Kimmel Institute (BKI) supported a portion of the laboratory work. Additional laboratory funding was funded by Merck.

Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the eighth leading cancer among women in incidence and commonly is diagnosed at a more advanced stage. Oxidative stress has been considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of RCC. Various dietary micronutrients have antioxidant properties, including carotenoids and vitamins C and E; thus, diets rich in these nutrients have been evaluated in relation to RCC prevention. The objective of this study was to explore the correlation between antioxidant micronutrients and the risk of RCC., Methods: In total, 96,196 postmenopausal women who enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) between 1993 and 1998 and were followed through July 2013 were included in this analysis. Dietary micronutrient intake was estimated from the baseline WHI food frequency questionnaire, and data on supplement use were collected using an interview-based inventory procedure. RCC cases were ascertained from follow-up surveys and were centrally adjudicated. The risks for RCC associated with intake of α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein plus zeaxanthin, lycopene, vitamin C, and vitamin E were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards regression adjusted for confounders., Results: Two hundred forty women with RCC were identified during follow-up. Lycopene intake was inversely associated with RCC risk (P = .015); compared with the lowest quartile of lycopene intake, the highest quartile of intake was associated with a 39% lower risk of RCC (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.39-0.97). No other micronutrient was significantly associated with RCC risk., Conclusions: The current results suggest that further investigation into the correlation between lycopene intake and the risk of RCC is warranted., Competing Interests: DISCLOSURES Dr. Kato reports consulting fees from Ohio State University for the Women’s Health Initiative during the conduct of the study and grants from the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, the National Cancer Institute, and the American Cancer Society outside the submitted work. Dr. Beebe-Dimmer reports junior consulting fees from the Women’s Health Initiative outside the submitted work., (© 2014 American Cancer Society.)

Advances in genomic sequencing and molecular characterization are improving our understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and challenging us to translate emerging data into meaningful clinical outcomes. Several recently approved treatments for advanced prostate cancer extend survival; however, these therapies are not personalized based on predictive biomarkers. Innovative strategies for early phase drug testing that harness our growing knowledge of important prognostic markers and emerging predictive biomarkers are needed. In this review we discuss new strategies to assess drug response in early phase clinical trial testing., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To evaluate the ability of preoperative neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) to predict pathologic upstaging and nonorgan-confined (NOC) (≥pT3) disease., Methods and Materials: After institutional review board approval, the records of consecutive patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC) for urothelial carcinoma from 2002 to 2012 at the University of Wisconsin Hospital were reviewed. A total of 102 patients with NLR within 100 days of surgery were eligible for analysis. The primary outcome was difference in stage from preoperative assessment to time of RC. Differences in preoperative NLR between groups were evaluated with an unequal variance t test. A univariate analysis assessed whether NLR, preoperative stage, grade, associated lymphovascular invasion, preoperative hydronephrosis, gender, previous pelvic radiotherapy, previous intravesical bladder cancer treatments, or nodal stage were related to upstaging. Multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the relationship of NLR to upstaging and relative organ-confined (≤pT2) and NOC disease., Results: Of 390 consecutive patients undergoing RC, 102 patients met study criteria. Overall, 55 (53.9%) patients were upstaged, 25 (25.5%) were unchanged, and 21 (20.6%) were downstaged. Fifty-one patients (50%) were upstaged to more advanced disease (≥pT3). NLR and preoperative hydronephrosis were significantly related to pathologic tumor staging. NLR, preoperative hydronephrosis, and preoperative tumor stage were significantly related to upstaging to NOC disease. Patients who were upstaged to≥pT3 demonstrated statistically significant greater NLRs (4.33±0.87) compared with patients who remained at≤pT2 stage (2.66±0.29) (P<0.001)., Conclusions: Preoperative NLR is a simple measurement that can be used to identify high-risk patients who may be upstaged at the time of RC and may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To determine whether rural residents were at a disadvantage compared with urban residents with regard to the receipt of curative therapy for prostate cancer., Materials and Methods: Using the Breast and Prostate Cancer Data Quality and Patterns of Care Study II, patients with prostate cancer who were diagnosed in 2004 were identified. Registrars reviewed the medical records of randomly selected patients with incident prostate cancer (n = 1906). The patients' residential address was geocoded and linked to the census tract from the 2000 U.S. Census. The place of residence was defined as rural or nonrural according to the census tract and rural-urban commuting area categorization. The distance from the residence to the nearest radiation oncology facility was calculated. The odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals associated with receipt of noncurative treatment was calculated from logistic regression models and adjusted for several potential confounders., Results: Of the incident patients, 39.1% lived in urban census tracts, 41.5% lived in mixed tracts, and 19.4% lived in rural tracts. Hormone-only or active surveillance was received by 15.4% of the patients. Relative to the urban patients, the odds ratio for noncurative treatment was 1.01 (95% confidence interval 0.59-1.74) for those living in mixed tracts and 0.96 (95% confidence interval 0.52-1.77) for those living in rural tracts. No association was found for noncurative treatment according to the Rural-Urban Commuting Area categorization. The linear trend was null between noncurative treatment and the distance to nearest radiation oncology facility (P = .92)., Conclusion: The choice of curative treatment did not significantly depend on the patient's place of residence, suggesting a lack of geographic disparity for the primary treatment of prostate cancer., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The effective detection and management of muscle-invasive bladder Transition Cell Carcinoma (TCC) continues to be an urgent clinical challenge. While some differences of gene expression and function in papillary (Ta), superficial (T1) and muscle-invasive (≥T2) bladder cancers have been investigated, the understanding of mechanisms involved in the progression of bladder tumors remains incomplete. Statistical methods of pathway-enrichment, cluster analysis and text-mining can extract and help interpret functional information about gene expression patterns in large sets of genomic data. The public availability of patient-derived expression microarray data allows open access and analysis of large amounts of clinical data. Using these resources, we investigated gene expression differences associated with tumor progression and muscle-invasive TCC. Gene expression was calculated relative to Ta tumors to assess progression-associated differences, revealing a network of genes related to Ras/MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways with increased expression. Further, we identified genes within this network that are similarly expressed in superficial Ta and T1 stages but altered in muscle-invasive T2 tumors, finding 7 genes (COL3A1, COL5A1, COL11A1, FN1, ErbB3, MAPK10 and CDC25C) whose expression patterns in muscle-invasive tumors are consistent in 5 to 7 independent outside microarray studies. Further, we found increased expression of the fibrillar collagen proteins COL3A1 and COL5A1 in muscle-invasive tumor samples and metastatic T24 cells. Our results suggest that increased expression of genes involved in mitogenic signaling may support the progression of muscle-invasive bladder tumors that generally lack activating mutations in these pathways, while expression changes of fibrillar collagens, fibronectin and specific signaling proteins are associated with muscle-invasive disease. These results identify potential biomarkers and targets for TCC treatments, and provide an integrated systems-level perspective of TCC pathobiology to inform future studies.

Objectives: To determine the feasibility and toxicity of adjuvant paclitaxel plus estramustine in prostate cancer patients at high risk of a 2-year PSA failure after prostatectomy., Methods: Patients with prostate adenocarcinoma who underwent radical prostatectomy with at least a 50% probability of PSA failure at 2 years postprostatectomy received 4 cycles of paclitaxel 90 mg/m(2) by 1-hour infusion, weekly for 3 weeks, followed by a 1-week treatment rest. Patients received estramustine phosphate 140 mg orally 3 times daily on the day before, the day of, and the day after paclitaxel administration. Patients received warfarin 1 mg daily to prevent thromboembolism. Serum PSA was measured monthly during adjuvant therapy, then every 3 months for a minimum of 2 years., Results: Between December 2001 and September 2004, 17 patients underwent radical prostatectomy and received protocol treatment at the University of Pennsylvania. The median risk of a 2-year PSA failure was 70%. Five (30%) patients had PSA failure develop after radical prostatectomy. The median time to PSA failure was 19 months. A statistically significant difference (P = 0.001) was noted between the expected rate of PSA failure (0.70) and the actual rate of PSA failure (0.30). Grade 3 to 4 toxicities were uncommon and included thromboembolism (6%) and neutropenia (6%). All patients completed 4 cycles of therapy and there were no treatment related deaths., Conclusions: The adjuvant use of paclitaxel and estramustine in resected high-risk prostate cancer patients is feasible and well tolerated. Adjuvant cytotoxic chemotherapy deserves further investigation with randomized studies.