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Compartment syndrome is a condition where high pressure within a muscle compartment reduces capillary blood perfusion below the level necessary for tissue viability. A variety of injuries and medical conditions may initiate acute compartment syndrome, including fractures, contusions, burns, bleeding disorders, post-ischemic swelling, and gunshot wounds. Exertional compartment syndrome is a well-recognised clinical entity, which can have an acute or chronic presentation, and is associated most often with unaccustomed exercise. This case report discusses a 15-year-old girl who for two years felt transitory pain in the right peroneal compartment when she played sport. After many days of horseback riding, she sustained a sudden increase of the antero-lateral leg pain. The pressure of her lateral leg compartment rose to 100mmHg. Emergent fasciotomy of the lateral compartment of the right leg was performed, and showed partially necrotic peroneal muscles. The reported case is unusual because the pathology was localised to the peroneal compartment only and left the 3 other loges unaffected. Only two other reported cases of exertional compartment syndrome from prolonged horseback riding has been found in the medical literature. The particular mechanism of the peroneal compartment as a result of horseback riding in children is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The primary objective of this review was to synthesize the literature related to the use of foot orthoses and how they can potentially alter lower extremity running biomechanics and neuromuscular activity. Data sources: Literature sources from a broad range of scientific journals were searched, focusing primarily on literature describing studies which directly related to orthoses and their effect on lower extremity running biomechanics. Study section: Data were primarily reviewed from experimental and epidemiological studies. Data extraction: Only data from research published in refereed journals or professional conference proceedings were presented in this review. Data synthesis: While the clinical efficacy of orthoses is widely documented, the mechanism behind that success is not well understood. Many biomechanical and electromyographic (EMG) investigations have been conducted to understand the alterations in lower extremity kinematics, kinetics, and muscle EMG when running in an orthotic device. However, there are several methodological differences across these studies including healthy versus injured individuals, types of orthoses used, and variables of interest. Conclusions: Overall, foot orthoses are effective in the treatment of overuse injury. However, those studies investigating the effect of foot orthoses on the lower extremity kinematics and kinetics have reported conflicting results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Current opinion in the medical literature concerning displaced supracondylar fractures of the distal humerus recommends pinning because with flexion braces there is a risk of both secondary displacement and Volkmann syndrome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed 84 children with displaced supracondylar fractures. According to Rigault's classification, 30 children had grade 2 fractures, 21 had grade 3, 28 had grade 4 and 5 had multiple fragments, which were thus outside this classification. Fractures that could be reduced to a stable position under general anesthesia were treated with a posterior long arm splint with an average elbow flexion of 113 degrees (90-140). This technique was applied in 28 of the grade 2 fractures and in 4 of the grade 3 fractures, but in none of the grade 4 fractures. RESULTS: Of the 4 cases of Rigault grade 3 fractures treated nonoperatively, 3 had to be re-reduced and 1 needed an operation later on for varus correction. Of the 28 Rigault grade 2 fractures, 27 showed excellent results, and 1 had a good result. We advise nonoperative treatment in type 2 supracondylar fractures if stable reduction is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]