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Abstract Objective This study aims to evaluate the application value in neurological outcome of cerebral regional oxygen saturation (CrSO2) and amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) monitoring during neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) courses. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 18 neonates receiving veno-arterial ECMO (V-A ECMO) support at our hospital from July 2021 to December 2022. Continuous monitoring of CrSO2 and brain electrical activity was conducted using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and aEEG throughout the ECMO treatment. We collected and analyzed related clinical data. Results Among the 11 survivors, 5 were categorized as the normal group (N group) and 6 as the abnormal group (AN group) based on post-ECMO brain MRI outcomes. The N group exhibited shorter time percentage of significant CrSO2 reduction (> 25% from baseline or absolute value

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the application value in neurological outcome of cerebral regional oxygen saturation (CrSO2) and amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) monitoring during neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) courses. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 18 neonates receiving veno-arterial ECMO (V-A ECMO) support at our hospital from July 2021 to December 2022. Continuous monitoring of CrSO2 and brain electrical activity was conducted using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and aEEG throughout the ECMO treatment. We collected and analyzed related clinical data. Results: Among the 11 survivors, 5 were categorized as the normal group (N group) and 6 as the abnormal group (AN group) based on post-ECMO brain MRI outcomes. The N group exhibited shorter time percentage of significant CrSO2 reduction (> 25% from baseline or absolute value < 40%), better fractional tissue oxygen extraction (FTOE) rates, and more stable mean percentage changes in CrSO2 compared to the AN group. Neonates in the N group predominantly showed mildly abnormal aEEG readings, with one patient displaying disrupted sleep-wake cycles. This particular patient also had more significant CrSO2 reduction and poorer FTOE compared to others in the N group. Additionally, the Test of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP) scores indicated hypoevolutism in this patient before discharge, while others in the N group had normal TIMP scores. In the AN group, 4 exhibited moderate and 2 severe aEEG abnormalities; 5 had hypoevolutism TIMP scores, and 1 with moderate aEEG abnormalities maintained a normal TIMP score, exhibiting lesser CrSO2 reduction and improved FTOE. Conclusion: CrSO2 and aEEG monitoring show potential as routine assessments for neurological outcomes during neonatal ECMO. In our cohort, a tendency was observed where neonates with greater reductions in CrSO2 and more severe aEEG abnormalities experienced poorer neurological outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the relationship of perioperative cerebral regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) with various preoperative clinical variables and hemodynamic changes during transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) under general anesthesia. We retrospectively analyzed cerebral rSO2 values from left-hemisphere measurements obtained using near-infrared spectroscopy (O3™ regional oximetry) at five time points: pre-induction, the start of the procedure, the start of valve deployment, time of lowest cerebral rSO2 value during valve deployment, and the end of the procedure. This study included 91 patients (60 with balloon-expandable valves and 31 with self-expandable valves). The baseline cerebral rSO2 values were correlated with B-type natriuretic peptide, hemoglobin, fractional shortening, ejection fraction, left ventricular mass index, left ventricular end-systolic diameter, STS risk of mortality, and STS morbidity or mortality. The patients who took longer to recover their systolic blood pressure to 90 mmHg after valve deployment with a balloon-expandable valve (group B) had lower cerebral rSO2 values during deployment compared to patients with faster recovery with balloon-expandable valve (group A) and with self-expandable valve (group C). Baseline cerebral rSO2 is associated with preoperative variables related to cardiac failure and function, and a significant decline during valve deployment may indicate a risk of prolonged hypotension during TAVI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: When resuscitating patients with septic shock, cerebrovascular reactivity parameters are calculated by monitoring regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) using near-infrared spectroscopy to determine the optimal blood pressure. Here, we aimed to analyze the impact of cerebral autoregulation-directed optimal blood pressure management on the incidence of delirium and the prognosis of patients with septic shock. Methods: This prospective randomized controlled clinical study was conducted in the Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, China. Fifty-one patients with septic shock (December 2020–May 2022) were enrolled and randomly allocated to the experimental (n=26) or control group (n=25). Using the ICM+ software, we monitored the dynamic changes in rSO2 and mean arterial pressure (MAP) and calculated the cerebrovascular reactivity parameter tissue oxygen reactivity index to determine the optimal blood pressure to maintain normal cerebral autoregulation function during resuscitation in the experimental group. The control group was treated according to the Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines. Differences in the incidence of delirium and 28-day mortality between the two groups were compared, and the risk factors were analyzed. Results: The 51 patients, including 39 male and 12 female, had a mean age of (57.0±14.9) years. The incidence of delirium was 40.1% (23/51), and the 28-day mortality rate was 29.4% (15/51). The mean MAP during the first 24 h of intensive care unit (ICU) admission was higher ([84.5±12.2] mmHg vs. [77.4±11.8] mmHg, P=0.040), and the incidence of delirium was lower (30.8% vs. 60.0%, P=0.036) in the experimental group than in the control group. The use of cerebral autoregulation-directed optimal blood pressure (odds ratio [OR]=0.090, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.009 to 0.923, P=0.043) and length of ICU stay (OR=1.473, 95% CI: 1.093 to 1.985, P=0.011) were risk factors for delirium during septic shock. Vasoactive drug dose (OR=8.445, 95% CI: 1.26 to 56.576, P=0.028) and partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) (OR=0.958, 95% CI: 0.921 to 0.996, P=0.032) were the risk factors for 28-day mortality. Conclusions: The use of cerebral autoregulation-directed optimal blood pressure management during shock resuscitation reduces the incidence of delirium in patients with septic shock. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov ldentifer: NCT03879317

Introduction: In cardiac arrest, cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury mainly determine the neurological outcome. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between the course of cerebral oxygenation and regain of consciousness in patients treated with extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR). We hypothesized that rapid cerebral oxygenation increase causes unfavorable outcomes. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in three European hospitals. We included adult ECPR patients between October 2018 and March 2020, in whom cerebral regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) measurements were started minutes before ECPR initiation until 3 h after. The primary outcome was regain of consciousness, defined as following commands, analyzed using binary logistic regression. Results: The sample consisted of 26 ECPR patients (23% women, Agemean 46 years). We found no significant differences in rSO2 values at baseline (49.1% versus 49.3% for regain versus no regain of consciousness). Mean cerebral rSO2 values in the first 30 min after ECPR initiation were higher in patients who regained consciousness (38%) than in patients who did not regain consciousness (62%, odds ratio 1.23, 95% confidence interval 1.01–1.50). Conclusion: Higher mean cerebral rSO2 values in the first 30 min after initiation of ECPR were found in patients who regained consciousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Measurement of regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) is a safe, noninvasive, and portable optical method that can be used to monitor activity within the cortical areas of the human brain. Making use of specific wavelengths of light, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) provides measurements of oxygenated hemoglobin (Hb) and deoxygenated Hb that is in direct relation with hemodynamic changes in the brain. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the changes in rSO2 at different time points between propofol and sevoflurane anesthesia during gynecological laparoscopic surgery. After approval by the institutional ethics committee, written informed consent was taken from all eligible patients. Methods: This randomized clinical study was conducted in a gynecology operation theater complex. Thirty-four patients aged between 18 and 60 years categorized between the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class I I and II who are scheduled for gynecological laparoscopic surgery under general anesthesia were randomized into two groups with 17 patients in each group. The Group 1 patients receive sevoflurane anesthesia and Group 2 patients receive total intravenous anesthesia using an infusion of propofol. The rSO2 values were continuously monitored using NIRS. The bispectral index target range during maintenance was 40–50. Results: The sevoflurane group showed significantly higher rSO2 values than the propofol group in gynecological laparoscopic surgery. Conclusion: It can be inferred that the sevoflurane group showed significantly higher rSO2 values than the propofol group in gynecological laparoscopic surgery not only during pneumoperitoneum in the Trendelenburg position but also after desufflation of the abdomen in the neutral position (supine). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Measurement of regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) is a safe, noninvasive, and portable optical method that can be used to monitor activity within the cortical areas of the human brain. Making use of specific wavelengths of light, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) provides measurements of oxygenated hemoglobin (Hb) and deoxygenated Hb that is in direct relation with hemodynamic changes in the brain. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the changes in rSO2 at different time points between propofol and sevoflurane anesthesia during gynecological laparoscopic surgery. After approval by the institutional ethics committee, written informed consent was taken from all eligible patients. Methods: This randomized clinical study was conducted in a gynecology operation theater complex. Thirty-four patients aged between 18 and 60 years categorized between the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class I I and II who are scheduled for gynecological laparoscopic surgery under general anesthesia were randomized into two groups with 17 patients in each group. The Group 1 patients receive sevoflurane anesthesia and Group 2 patients receive total intravenous anesthesia using an infusion of propofol. The rSO2 values were continuously monitored using NIRS. The bispectral index target range during maintenance was 40–50. Results: The sevoflurane group showed significantly higher rSO2 values than the propofol group in gynecological laparoscopic surgery. Conclusion: It can be inferred that the sevoflurane group showed significantly higher rSO2 values than the propofol group in gynecological laparoscopic surgery not only during pneumoperitoneum in the Trendelenburg position but also after desufflation of the abdomen in the neutral position (supine).

Aim: Temporal changes in cerebral regional oxygen saturation (crSO2) are useful for predicting return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients. However, little is known regarding the usefulness of peripheral regional oxygen saturation (prSO2) associated with OHCA patient outcomes. This study evaluated the association between temporal changes in prSO2 and ROSC in patients with OHCA.Methods: This was a prospective study at two tertiary emergency centres in Japan. We evaluated the relationship between ROSC and temporal changes in crSO2 and prSO2. The rSO2 sensor was attached to the patient's forehead and upper arm, and rSO2 was continuously measured until resuscitative efforts were terminated or until the patient with sustained ROSC (>20 min) arrived at the emergency department.Results: We included 145 patients with OHCA, of whom 35 achieved ROSC. Witness status (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 11.6 [3.13-58.1]) and ΔprSO2 (1.13 [1.06-1.24]) were significantly associated with ROSC in multiple logistic analysis. In the ROSC group, ΔprSO2 increased earlier than ΔcrSO2 during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. In the non-ROSC group, there was no significant difference between ΔcrSO2 and ΔprSO2, and neither increased before termination of resuscitation (TOR).Conclusion: We demonstrated for the first time that prSO2 is associated with ROSC in OHCA patients and showed that temporal changes in prSO2 could predict ROSC earlier than those in crSO2. Our findings could provide time to prepare early interventions after ROSC and assist in determining the TOR for OHCA patients in Japan. Further studies are needed to validate these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionSudden cardiac arrest causes numerous deaths worldwide. High-quality chest compressions are important for good neurological recovery. Arterial pressure is considered useful to monitor the quality of chest compressions by the American Heart Association. However, arterial pressure catheter might be inconvenient during resuscitation. Conversely, cerebral regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) during resuscitation may be associated with a good neurological prognosis. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the correlation between mean arterial pressure and rSO2 during resuscitation to evaluate rSO2 as an indicator of the quality of chest compressions.Materials and MethodsThis study was a single-center, prospective, observational study. Patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest who were transported to a tertiary care emergency center in Japan between October 2014 and March 2015 were included. The primary outcome was the regression coefficient between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and rSO2. MAP and rSO2 were measured during resuscitation (at hospital arrival [0 min], 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 min), and MAP was measured by using an arterial catheter inserted into the femoral artery. For analysis, we used the higher value of rSO2 obtained from the left and right forehead of the patient measured using a near-infrared spectrometer. Regression coefficients were calculated using the generalized estimating equation with MAP and systolic arterial pressure as response variables and rSO2 as an explanatory variable since MAP and rSO2 were repeatedly measured in the same patient. Since the confounding factors between MAP or systolic arterial pressure and rSO2 were not clear clinically or from previous studies, the generalized estimating equation was analyzed using a univariate analysis.ResultsIn this study, 37 patients were analyzed. The rSO2 and MAP during resuscitation from hospital arrival to 15 min later were expressed as follows: (median [interquartile range, IQR]): rSO2, 29.5 (24.3–38.8)%, and MAP, 36.5 (26–46) mmHg. The regression coefficient (95% CI) of log-rSO2 and log-MAP was 0.42 (0.03–0.81) (p = 0.035).ConclusionThe values of rSO2 and MAP showed a mild but statistically significant association. rSO2 could be used to assess the quality of chest compressions during resuscitation as a non-invasive and simple method.

Background: Measurement of mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) is feasible during neonatal transition. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate a potential influence of MABP on the cerebral regional oxygen saturation (crSO2) in preterm and term infants during the immediate neonatal transition. Materials and Methods: Preterm and term infants were included in this observational study. The crSO2 was measured by near-infrared spectroscopy with the INVOS 5100C (Somanetics Corp., Troy, MI, USA) during the immediate neonatal transition (15 min after birth). The near-infrared spectroscopy sensor was applied to the left forehead. Furthermore, a pulse oximeter was applied to monitor arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate (HR). Fifteen minutes after birth, blood pressure was measured noninvasively at the left upper arm. Cerebral fraction tissue oxygen extraction (cFTOE) was calculated from SpO2 and crSO2. To investigate a potential association between crSO2/cFTOE and MABP, we performed a correlation analysis. Results: A total of 462 preterm and term infants (186/292) were included. Mean gestational age was 31.0 ± 3.5 weeks for preterm infants and 38.9 ± 0.8 weeks for full term infants. Mean birth weight was 1.591 ± 630 g in preterm infants and 3.331 ± 461 g in term infants. There was a significant negative correlation between MABP and cFTOE (ρ = -0.19, p = 0.03) in preterm infants but not in term infants (ρ = 0.05, p = 0.39). There was no significant correlation between MABP and crSO2 in either group. Conclusion: MABP has an impact on cerebral oxygenation in preterm infants. Therefore, blood pressure monitoring during the immediate neonatal transition might be relevant for improving cerebral oxygenation especially in preterm infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) provides the capability of monitoring oxygenation levels in cerebral microscopic vessels, enabling the operator to observe the spontaneous changes in the levels of hemoglobin concentration in tissue and interpret the resulting fluctuations. The current study tried to investigate whether brain's autoregulatory mechanisms in premature newborns have the potential to prevent the adverse effects caused by asynchronous changes of pressure in the rib cage. Therefore, NIRS method was applied to newborns that were alternatively shifted from nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) to nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) and vice versa. Methods: This study was done as a crossover randomized clinical trial on 30 very low-weight newborns under nCPAP, who had received surfactant as a result of respiratory distress syndrome diagnosis, from April 2015 to April 2016, in Isfahan Shahid Beheshti Educational Hospital. The newborns were 72 h old, experiencing continuous distending pressure (CDP) = 4-6 cmH2O with FiO2 = 30%-40%. The respiratory support would alternate from nCPAP to NIPPV and vice versa (with indicators of expiratory PAP (EPAP) = CDP and inspiratory PAP = EPAP + 4 cmH2O), and the cerebral regional oxygen saturation (CrSO2) was monitored using NIRS. Results: The study results indicated that newborns significantly showed higher levels of CrSO2 (84.93, P = 0.005) and oxygenation (94.63, P = 0.007) under nCPAP rather than NIPPV (82.43 and 93.43, respectively). The respiratory rate was also meaningfully slower when newborns were under nCPAP (P = 0.013). Conclusions: This study revealed that applying NIPPV may have an unfavorable effect on the premature newborn's brain tissue perfusion. However, more studies are needed to ensure solid outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In recent years, the measurement of cerebral regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) during resuscitation has attracted attention. The objective of this study was to clarify the relationship between the serial changes in the cerebral rSO2 values during extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) and the neurological outcome. Methods: We measured the serial changes in the cerebral rSO2 values of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest before and after ECPR in Osaka National Hospital. Results: From January 2013 through March 2015, the serial changes in the cerebral rSO2 values were evaluated in 16 patients. Their outcomes, as measured by the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score at discharge, included good recovery (GR) (n = 4), vegetative state (VS) (n = 2), and death (D) (n = 10). In the poor neurological group (VS and D: n = 12; age, 52.8 ± 4.0 years), the cerebral rSO2 values showed a significant increase during ECPR (5 min before ECPR: 52.0 ± 1.8%; 2 min before ECPR: 56.1 ± 2.3%; 2 min after ECPR: 63.5 ± 2.2%; 5 min after ECPR: 66.4 ± 2.2%; 10 min after ECPR: 67.6 ± 2.3% [P < 0.01]). In contrast, in the good neurological group (GR: n = 4; age, 53.8 ± 6. 9 years), the cerebral rSO2 values did not increase to a significant extent during ECPR (5 min before ECPR: 61.9 ± 3. 1%; 2 min before ECPR: 57.1 ± 4.0%; 2 min after ECPR: 59.6 ± 3.8%; 5 min after ECPR: 61.0 ± 3.7%; 10 min after ECPR: 62.0 ± 3.8% [P = 0.88]). Our study suggested that the patients whose cerebral rSO2 values showed no significant improvement after ECPR might have had a good neurological prognosis. Conclusions: The serial changes in the cerebral rSO2 values during ECPR may predict a patient's neurological outcome. The further evaluation of the validity of rSO2 monitoring during ECPR may lead to a new resuscitation strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A right aortic arch with an aberrant left subclavian artery and a Kommerell's diverticulum represents a rare anatomic variant carrying the risk of dissection or rupture. Resection of the diverticulum and re-implantation of the left subclavian artery during childhood have been recommended. Because of the risk of cerebral blood flow reduction during the aberrant subclavian artery re-implantation to the common carotid artery, monitoring and prompt measures to curb blood flow reduction are required. A 5-month-old boy was scheduled to undergo resection surgery. During the translocation of the aberrant subclavian artery to the common carotid artery, his regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) in the left cerebrum began to decrease. We increased the end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2), mean arterial pressure, and a fraction of inspired oxygen, successfully restoring the rSO2 to the initial level. No postoperative neurological complications were observed. Our experience with this patient suggests that rSO2 monitoring is a useful, and intervention protocol including hypercapnia, elevated mean arterial pressure, and hyperoxia to counter the decreased cerebral blood flow is effective in infant patients undergoing right-sided aortic arch surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To analyze whether in term neonates during immediate transition after birth low cerebral activity measured by amplitude-integrated EEG (aEEG) is linked to cerebral regional oxygen saturation (crSO2) measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Additionally, the cerebral fractional tissue oxygen extraction (cFTOE) was calculated to analyze whether cerebral activity is linked to cFTOE.Methods: A total of 244 term neonates delivered by primary cesarean section were studied. In addition to routine monitoring with pulse oximetry, aEEG and NIRS measurements were performed during the first 15min after birth. The mean minimum (Vmin) and maximum (Vmax) amplitude of the cerebral activity as well as crSO2 and cFTOE for each minute was determined. Neonates with initial Vmin<5μV or Vmax<10μV, which normalized during transition (study group) were compared to neonates with normal aEEG values throughout the whole monitoring period (control group).Results: 9 neonates fulfilled inclusion criteria to the study group and were compared to 50 neonates in the control group. Vmin, Vmax, crSO2, SpO2 and cFTOE were compared from the 4th to 15thmin after birth. During our study period, Vmin and Vmax were significantly lower in the study group than in the control group. crSO2 was significantly lower in the study group until minute 11, dropping below the 10th centile in minute 8. cFTOE was significantly higher in the study group until minute 10, rising above the 90th centile in minutes 8 and 9. SpO2 was within normal ranges in both groups. crSO2 and cFTOE were within normal ranges in the control group.Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that neonates with initially low cerebral activity during immediate transition after birth concurrently showed low crSO2 (<10th percentile), but increased cerebral oxygen extraction (cFTOE>90th percentile). Cerebral monitoring with aEEG and NIRS might provide useful information on the neonates' condition during immediate transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: For measurement of cerebral regional oxygen saturation (crS02) in neonates, one of the frequently used near-infrared spectroscopy devices is the INVOS 5100 with either the neonatal or pediatric sensor. Measurements between adult and pediatric sensors use different algorithms and differ by 10%. There are no published data comparing neonatal and pediatric sensors. Objective: Aim of this study was to compare the neonatal sensor with the pediatric sensor of the INVOS 5100 device in a mixed cohort of neonates to recognize possible differences and enable interpretation of data. Methods: In 40 neonates, crS02 was measured in identical positions using both the neonatal and the pediatric sensor under identical conditions. Each sensor was reapplied five times to calculate mean values and standard deviations. Results: Cerebral regional oxygen saturation measurements using the neonatal sensor (mean, 76.1 ± 7.9) and crS02 measurements using the pediatric sensor (mean, 76.4 ± 8.1) were not different. Reproducibility was not significantly different with similar means of standard deviations (neonatal, 3.7 ± 1.6; pediatric, 3.1 ± 1.3). Conclusion: In a mixed cohort of neonates, crS02 measurements were identical when using the INVOS 5100 neonatal sensor and the pediatric sensor. We conclude that studies using the INVOS 5100 neonatal or pediatric sensor are well comparable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate peripheral regional oxygen saturation (rpSO₂) and cerebral regional oxygen saturation (rcSO₂) during the immediate postnatal transition in late preterm infants with and without the need for respiratory support., Study Design: This was a prospective observational study using near-infrared spectroscopy to evaluate changes in rpSO₂ and rcSO₂. These variables were measured during the first 15 minutes of life after elective cesarean delivery. Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO₂) and heart rate were measured continuously by pulse oximetry, and cerebral fractional tissue oxygen extraction (cFTOE) was calculated. Two groups were compared based on their need for respiratory support: a respiratory support group and a normal transition group. Positive-pressure ventilation was delivered with a T-piece resuscitator, and oxygen was adjusted based on SpO₂ values. A Florian respiratory function monitor was used to record the ventilation variables., Results: There were 21 infants in the normal transition group and 21 infants in the respiratory support group. Changes in heart rate over time were similar in the 2 groups. SpO₂, rcSO₂, and rpSO₂ values were consistently higher in the normal transition group. In the respiratory support group, cFTOE values remained significantly elevated for a longer period., Conclusion: This systematic analysis of rpSO₂, rcSO₂, and cFTOE in late preterm infants found significantly lower oxygen saturation values in infants who received respiratory support compared with a normal transition group. We hypothesize that the elevated cFTOE values in the respiratory support group represent compensation for lower oxygen delivery., (Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)