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In the paper there is evaluated floristic composition and soil characteristics of grasslands in the Mohelno Serpentine Steppe, where the sheep grazing was renewed after ca 60 years in 1997. Soil samples were collected in spring 2016 from 9 permanent plots MHS 1-9 in the same date as the phytocoenological relevés were conducted. In the soil there was determined the soil acidity and the content of macro- and micronutrients. Data were evaluated using RDA (redundance analysis). It was found the higher dominance of species such as: Plantago lanceolata L., Festuca pseudovina Hack. ex Wiesb., Achillea collina Heimerl, Cerastium arvense L. and Centaurea scabiosa L. by higher content of basic macronutrients (N, P, K) in the soil. There is was apparent tendency for the decrease in the species diversity connected with increasing soil nutrient content.

Article Details: Received: 2019-04-08 | Accepted: 2019-06-03 | Available online: 2019-09-30 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2019.22.03.101-109 The aim of the work was to analyze the influence of different intensity of grassland exploitation on the development of floristic composition. The experiment was carried out in 2017 and 2018 in the Žirany village (SW Slovakia) characterized by a mild climate with an average annual temperature of 9 °C. Before the experiment was established, the grassland was used for sheep grazing and dominated by Lollium perenne L. The monitoring period was 2017 and 2018. The experimental crops were mown 2× (variant 4), 3× (variant 3) and 4× (variant 2). We established also control variant (variant 1) which was not mowed and fertilized, as well. The floristic composition was evaluated before each cut. It follows from the results obtained at the beginning of the monitoring in 2017, grass species (Lollium perenne L., Poa trivalis L., Poa pratensis L.) predominantly prevailed and they maintained their dominant position during the whole vegetation period in 2017. Furthermore, other meadow herbs (Achillea millefolium L., Cerastium arvense L.) were found in higher proportion. Legumes were found in a lesser extent. In 2018, we reduced the proportion in the botanical groups of other meadow herbs and leguminous plants. Conversely, grasses increased their share compared to 2017. The cover has been reduced mainly in variant 3 (3× mowed) and variant 2 (2× mowed). Keywords: floristic composition, mowing management, grasses, legumes, other meadow herbs, permanent grassland References BOVAL, M. and DIXON, R. (2012) The importance of grasslands for animal production and other functions: A review on management and methodological progress in the tropics. In Animal, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 748–762. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731112000304 BRITAŇAK, N. et al. (2013) Production capacity of a mountain meadow in Slovakia. In Michalik, D. L., et. al. (eds.) Proceedings of the 22nd International Grassland Congress – Revitalising Grassland to Suitain our Communities, 2013 Sept 15–19, Sydney, pp. 1520–1521. ECONOMIC and social development program 2014–2020 Village Žirany [online]. Retrived 2019-01-09 from http://www.zirany.eu/documents/1427100129phsr-zirany2014.pdf (In Slovak). EZE, S., PALMER, S. M. and CHAPMAN, P. J. (2018) Soil organic carbon stock in grasslands: Effects of inorganic fertilizers, liming and grazing in different climate settings. In Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 223. GAISLER, J., PAVLŮ, V. and PAVLŮ, L. (2011) Effect of different extensive management treatments on the plant diversity of an upland meadow without forage utilisation. In Grassl. Sci. Eur., vol. 16, pp. 577–579. GIBSON D. J. (2009) Grasses and grassland ecology. New York: Oxford University Press. 305 p. JANCOVIC, J. and VOZAR, Ľ. (2014) Use of grasslands (In Slovak) In SKLADANKA, J. et. al. Fodder crops. Brno: MU. 368 p. (In Czech). KLAPP, E. (1971) Wiesen und Wieden. Berlin: Paul Parey. 520 p. KLIMES, L., JONGEPIEROVA, I., and JONGEPIER, J.W. (2000) The effect of mowing on previously abandoned meadow: a ten year experiment. Praha: Přiroda.. KOHOUTEK, A. et al. (2009) Selected indicators of productive and extraproductional management of grasslands in the Czech Republic. In Grassl. Sci. Eur., vol. 14, pp. 11–24. KRAJCOVIC, V. (2004) Integration of mountain farming landscape systems. In Use of permanent grassland in mountain and agriculturally disadvantaged areas (Publication on the occasion of Slovakia´s accession to the European Union). Banska Bystrica: VUTPHP, pp. 56–133 (In Slovak). MICHAUD, A. et al. (2012) Identification of the environmental factors which drive the botanical and functional composition of permanent grasslands. In J. Agric. Sci., vol. 150, pp. 219–236. MORAVEC, J. et. al. (1994) Phytocoenology. Praha: Academia. 403 p. (In Czech). O‘MARA F. P. (2012) The role of grasslands in food security and climate change. In Annals of Botany, vol. 110, no. 6, pp. 1263–1270. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcs209 POLLAK, S., JANCOVA and LIESKOVSKÝ, M. (2013). Alternative energy utilization options grasslands: proceedings of research papers. Piesťany: Plant production research centre in Piesťany. 218 p. (In Slovak). REGAL, V. 1956. Microskopic method for evaluation of grass quality. Proceeding CS AZV, Plant production, no. 6 (In Czech). SMITH, N. A. C., WILLEMS, J. H. and BOBBINK, R. (2008) Longterm after-effect of fertilisation on the restoration of calcareous grasslands. In Appl. Veg. Sci., vol. 11, pp. 279–286. STÝBNAROVA, M. and DUFEK, A. (2016) Changes of botanical composition of permanent grassland four years after the cessation of different fertilization with compost and slurry. In Cattle Research, 2016, vol. 58, no. 211.

A paper of Kruckeberg et al. (1993) reported the hyperaccumulation of nickel by Arenaria rubella at an ultramafic site at Olivine Bridge in the state of Washington, USA. Several aspects of the publication led the present authors to doubt the reliability of the data, leading to a reinvestigation of the behaviour of this species at this site. Extensive sampling of two species of the Caryophyllaceae, A. rubella and Cerastium arvense, was then carried out at Olivine Bridge in two different years, together with the collection of soil samples. The plant samples were treated in various ways in an attempt to reduce the potential influence of soil contamination. The results of this work indicate that A. rubella and C. arvense both behave in a normal way in respect of their nickel uptake from ultramafic soil. The elements nickel, iron, cobalt, chromium and magnesium have been found at levels only 1/10–1/100 of those reported in the earlier work. The weaknesses in the earlier study have led to a consideration of several aspects of putative nickel hyperaccumulation, especially as applied to species in the Caryophyllaceae. Particularly important are washing procedures, selection of material for analysis, and the use of various criteria for assessing the likelihood of soil contamination of plant samples. A careful re-examination of several other reported cases of nickel hyperaccumulation by members of the Caryophyllaceae is now recommended.

Cerastium arvense var. cavillieri Briq. in Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 5: 94. 1901. Holotypus: FRANCE. Corse: Serra di Pigno sur Bastia, 900 m, 13.VII.1900, E . Burnat, Briquet & Cavillier 36 (G-BU [G00830030]!). = Cerastium boissierianum Greuter & Burdet, Published as part of Jeanmonod, Daniel, 2018, Typification des noms de taxons corses de l'herbier Burnat (G-BU), pp. 61-74 in Candollea 73 (1) on page 65, DOI: 10.15553/c2018v731a6, http://zenodo.org/record/5722164

Positive interactions between cushion plant and associated plants species in the high Andes of central Chile should also include the effects of fungal root symbionts. We hypothesized that higher colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi exists in cushion-associated (nursling) plants compared with conspecific individuals growing on bare ground. We assessed the AM status of Andean plants at two sites at different altitudes (3,200 and 3,600 m a.s.l.) in 23 species, particularly in cushions of Azorella madreporica and five associated plants; additionally, AM fungal spores were retrieved from soil outside and beneath cushions. 18 of the 23 examined plant species presented diagnostic structures of arbuscular mycorrhiza; most of them were also colonized by dark-septate endophytes. Mycorrhization of A. madreporica cushions showed differences between both sites (68% and 32%, respectively). In the native species Hordeum comosum, Nastanthus agglomeratus, and Phacelia secunda associated to A. madreporica, mycorrhization was six times higher than in the same species growing dispersed on bare ground at 3,600 m a.s.l., but mycorrhiza development was less cushion dependent in the alien plants Cerastium arvense and Taraxacum officinale at both sites. The ratio of AM fungal spores beneath versus outside cushions was also 6:1. The common and abundant presence of AM in cushion communities at high altitudes emphasizes the importance of the fungal root symbionts in such situations where plant species benefit from the microclimatic conditions generated by the cushion and also from well-developed mycorrhizal networks.

Lundqvist, A. 1990. One-locus sporophytic S-gene system with traces of gametophytic pollen control in Cerastium arvense ssp. strictum (Caryophyllaceae). —Hereditas 113: 203–215. Lund, Sweden. ISSN 0018–0661. Received August 6, 1990. Accepted September 21, 1990 Cerastium arvense ssp. strictum (2n=36), obtained from the Swiss alps, was investigated by fluorescence microscopy of pollen tube growth in 52 population plants, 77 F1-plants in four F1-families, and 51 backcross plants from two backcrosses F1 x parent. All plants were self-incompatible with pollen tubes arrested on the stigmatic surface. One disomic S-locus with sporophytic pollen control and independent action of the S-alleles was indicated by the four groups segregating in all four F1-families. The data are interpreted to show that any of the two S-substances produced in the pollen and style is sufficient alone to cause incompatibility, and that a fraction of the pollen grains react as if one of the two imprints were absent. It is suggested that, by occasional successive cell wall formation at microsporogenesis, S-gene transcription, even if initiated before S-gene segregation in the first anaphase of the pollen meiocyte, may be insufficient to prevent the S-gene of the dyad cell to put its imprint alone on the two microspores formed in the second meiotic division. This gametophytic imprint on the pollen grain may form a necessary substitute to a system of dominance relationships in the pollen, cross-compatibility being promoted without loss of self-incompatibility. Estimates of the number of S-alleles in the sample of population plants ranged from 7 to 19; the weighted mean was 10. — The presence of an S-gene lacking dominance interaction supports the opinion that the orders Caryophyllales and Ranunculales form a phyletic lineage.

We tested the hypothesis that South Andean populations of the highly polymorphic and mostly Northern Hemisphere perennial forb Cerastium arvense L. show ecotypic variation along distinct habitats. We compared differences in morphology and flowering phenology among six natural populations occurring in different environments. Genetic differences were analyzed by a common-garden experiment and isozyme electrophoresis. Several of the morphological differences observed in the field were maintained after more than a year of cultivation in the common garden (e.g., plant height and leaf width). Mean tests and multivariate analyses on morphological traits generally distinguished high-elevation populations from the rest, and a similar grouping of populations was obtained from isozyme data at 10 loci. Cerastium arvense had genetic polymorphism levels of >50% in all populations and an average genetic diversity (HT = 0.254) of which approximately 20% was distributed among populations. These marked genetic differences are probably maintained by restricted gene flow due to variation in flowering time. Morphological and genetic differences suggest ecotypic variation in C. arvense in the southern Andes, which seems to have originated by disruptive selective pressures in different environments and the effect of genetic drift in response to the extreme climatic changes occurring during the Pleistocene.Key words: common-garden experiment, ecotypic variation, elevation and precipitation, genetic diversity, Patagonian Andes, phenology.

Relations between `bioavailable' metals in serpentinite soils and metal content of plants living on the serpentinite outcrop of Mt. Prinzera (Italy) were investigated. The taxa considered were Alyssum bertolonii Desv., Minuartia laricifolia subsp. ophiolitica (L.) Sch. et Th., Cerastium arvense subsp. suffruticosum (L.) Nym., Biscutella laevigata subsp. prinzerae Raffaelli et Baldoin, Dianthus sylvestris Wulfen group and Silene armeria L. Plants and soils from their rhizospheres were sampled in 1994 and 1995. The soils are enriched in Fe, Al, Cr, Co and Zn as compared to fresh rocks. `Bioavailable' fractions, evaluated by extractions with 0.02 M EDTA and 0.005 M DTPA, show enrichment in Fe, Co and Ni. Metal distribution in plants did not show significant changes between 1994 and 1995, even though different analytical strategies were applied. Our data confirm Alyssum bertolonii as a nickel hyperaccumulator, and the other serpentinophyte Minuartia laricifolia subsp. ophiolitica yielded relatively high metal contents. The determination of nickel distribution between shoots and roots enabled the identification of different strategies of plant adaptation to high Ni concentration in soil: hyperaccumulators, taxa with moderate levels of Ni, taxa with low translocation of Ni, taxa with low metal absorption. These groups can be generalized since the taxa studied all grow on similar soils, and metal availability strongly depends on the degree of weathering of serpentinite. Other metals, such as Cu and Zn, are actively absorbed by plants, both because of relatively high availability in the soil environment and for the active biological role they have.

Summary C. amense L. group is characterized by wide distribution, great phenetic variability, and controversial taxonomic interpretation. During the systematic revision of Italian populations, with special regard to those from the Apennines of uncertain distribution and debated taxonomic treatment, the most significant names employed for Italian plants have been typified: C. suffruticosum L. (neotype); C. molle Vill, (neotype); C. laricifolium Vill, (lectotype); C. rigidum (Scop.) Vitman (lectotype); C. thomasii Ten. (lectotype); C. arvense L. var. glandulosum Guss. (lectotype); C. subulatum Porta (lectotype); C. rigoi Huter (lectotype); C. beckianum Hand.-Mazz. et Stadlm. (lectotype).

Riassunto Vengono riportati e commentati i risultati di una estesa indagine citogeografica svolta su popolazioni italiane e francesi di Cerastium arvense L. s. l., nell'ambito delle quali sono stati riconosciuti tre livelli di ploidia: diploide (2n = 36), tetraploide (2n = 72) ed esaploide (2n = 108). In particolare il livello esaploide e, in questo gruppo, circoscritto a popolazioni dell'Appennino centrale. La variabilita cariologica delle popolazioni italiane e superiore a quella finora riscontrata in altri comprensori geografici. Vengono anche presentati nuovi conteggi cromosomici relativi a C. tomentosum L. Si ritiene possibile che processi di ibridazione ed introgressione siano avvenuti fra taxa afferenti ai gruppi di C. arvense e di C. tomentosum L.

Nest-mounds of Lasius flavus, Lasius alienus and Formica rufibarbis are mainly on north-facing slopes with a markedly patchy distribution at Gimritz, northwest of Halle (Saale). Nest-mound soils had higher sodium and potassium levels but lower phosphorus and nitrogen levels than soils away from mounds. Moisture content was lower but soil pH was significantly higher in nest-mound soils. However, there was no difference in the relative abundance of plants of alkaline or acid soils growing on mounds compared to plants off mounds and no significant difference between the numbers of nitrophilous plants on and off mounds. Fewer plant species (35 spp.) in total occurred on mounds than off mounds (42 spp.). Plant species richness and total plant cover was significantly less on the nest-mounds than off the mounds. Similarly, the mean number of grass (1.39 spp dm−2) and forb species (1.13 spp dm−2) on mounds was lower than the mean number of grass (1.99 spp dm−2) and forb species (1.91 spp dm−2) off mounds. Some shrubs and forbs had higher occurrence and cover on the mounds, although only in Calluna vulgaris, Thymus serpyllum and Cerastium arvense was this difference particularly marked. Ant nest-mounds may favour plant species that cannot compete with tall grasses on unmanaged, set-aside meadows.

Cerastium repens Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 439. 1753. "Habitat in Gallia, Italia." RCN: 3403. Lectotype (Bechi in Cafferty & Jarvis in Taxon 53: 1051. 2004): [icon] "Myosotis, polygoni folio canescente" in Vaillant, Bot. Paris.: 141, t. 30, f. 5. 1727. Current name: Cerastium arvense L. (Caryophyllaceae). Note: Khalaf & Stace (in Watsonia 23: 482. 2001) said that the name is "of uncertain application. No type specimen has been traced: the specimen in LINN is not a type" and is identifiable as C. arvense. They noted the occasional usage of C. repens in the sense of C. tomentosum L. and C. biebersteinii DC. The only extant original element is the Vaillant illustration, also identifiable as C. arvense, and Bechi’s formal designation of it as lectotype resulted in C. repens falling into the synonymy of C. arvense., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part C), pp. 370-473 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 404, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Cushion plants are one of the most common growth forms in alpine habitats. Their low stature, dense canopy, and compact form allow them to decouple their microclimate from the surrounding environment, mitigating the effect of low temperatures and drought, enhancing the survival of other species. In this study, we evaluated the modifications on soil temperature and moisture over an entire growing season by two cushion species (Laretia acaulis and Azorella monantha) in alpine communities located at two different elevations in the central Chilean Andes. Additionally, w ep erformed seedling survival experiments with two native herbaceous species (Hordeum comosum and Erigeron andicola) and the non-native forb Cerastium arvense to assess if seedling survival is higher within cushions than outside them. Our results indicated that cushions ameliorated extreme low and high substrate temperatures, improved soil moisture, and enhanced seedling survival of the three herbaceous plant species evaluated. Our results suggest that microclimatic modifications associated with cushion plant sc ould be important for the establishment and survival of other plant species, both native and non-native, in the high alpine communities of central Chile.

Summary The effect of three different soil moisture levels and two soil fertility levels on the growth, biomass allocation and reproductive effort of four winter annual plant species from the open dune habitat i.e. Aira praecox, Cerastium arvense, Erophila verna , and Veronica arvensis , has been investigated. Soil moisture has a considerable effect on the growth and reproduction of all species except Veronica arvensis , in which an increasing soil fertility seems to be of overriding importance. In the experimental period (27-30weeks), only Cerastium semidecandrum and Erophila verna completed their life-cycle and produced seeds. In these species absolute seed biomass and number per plant are markedly depressed by a low soil moisture level. In contrast to Erophila verna , the values of these parameters increase in Cerastium semidecandrum when the soil fertility is high. Mean seed weight was not affected by the treatments. Regarding the different niches of these winter annual species in the dune habitat, we discuss in how far the niches of these annuals represent different strategies or may be considered one particular strategy sensu G rime (1979).

GUSTAFSON, D. J. (Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104), G. ROMANO (Morphotek, Inc., 210 Welsh Pool Rd., Exton, PA 19341), R. E. LATHAM (Continental Conservation, P.O. Box 57, Rose Valley, PA 19086), AND J. K. MORTON (Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1 Canada). Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis of genetic relationships among the serpentine barrens endemic Cerastium velutinum Rafinesque var. villosissimum Pennell (Caryophyllaceae) and closely related Cerastium species. J. Torrey Bot. Soc 130:218-223. 2003.-Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) banding patterns were used to examine the genetic relationships among the long-haired barrens chickweed (Cerastium velutinum var. villosissimum), members of the Cerastium arvense complex, and Cerastium species native to Europe. Cerastium velutinum var. villosissimum is genetically similar to the widespread C. velutinum and this association clustered with C. arvense spp. strictum and C. viride. Cerastium fontanum, C. glomeratum, and C. tomentosum, species native to Europe, were distinct from the North American group. Cerastium velutinum var. villosissimum is globally endangered, is genetically more similar to C. velutinum than other members of the North American C. arvense complex and is deserving of conservation efforts.

The synthesis and accumulation of lychnose and isolychnose in leaves of Cerastium arvense during late fall and winter were shown to be controlled mainly by the temperature regime, while the photoperiodic regime had only a quantitative effect. Labelled lychnose and isolychnose were formed from [(14)C]raffinose in a cell-free enzyme preparation of leaves of Cerastium arvense in accordance with the equation: raffinose+raffinose →(iso-)lychnose+sucrose.

One aspect of prehistoric crop agriculture which has received little attention is the purity of the crops when ready for either storage or consumption. For two reasons, this topic deserves consideration. First, the number of weed seeds and other impurities in a fully-processed crop is an indication of the efficiency of the prevailing technology for grain cleaning. There are several reasons why it would have been desirable to remove as many weeds as possible from a crop. Many for example are poisonous and should be removed from a crop before it is eaten. The sowing of a pure seed is also one way of controlling the growth of weeds, and thus maintaining economic crop yields. One pound of herbage seed for example, containing 1 per cent by weight of the seeds of mouse-eared chick-weed (Cerastium arvense L.) could result in as many as 43,360 plants of chick-weed per acre and cause severe reduction in the yield of the main crop (Gill and Vear 1958). Barley yields in one experiment were reduced from 21½ to 7½ bushels per acre through the growth of bind-weed (Leonard and Martin 1967). Since the artefactual evidence for prehistoric grain cleaning is meagre, the composition of the crops themselves must be our chief source of evidence. A second reason why the composition of prehistoric crops when ready for storage or consumption deserves study is that it affords a way of knowing whether crops consisted of one or several cultigens at a given period.

Eight C -glycosylflavone O -glycosides including three new compounds: isomollupentin 7- O -glucoside, isomollupentin 4′- O -glucoside and isomollupentin 2″- O -glucoside have been isolated from the leaves and flowers of Cerastium arvense . The 27 C -glycosylflavones identified in this plant are tabulated.

1) A survey of cytological, genetical, and other evidence for phylogenetic differentiation of higher plant groups in Mediterranean and Central European areas is presented. 2) Methods and possible results are demonstrated, using as an example the closely related Rubiaceous genera Cruciata and Valantia, where polyploidy, descending dysploidy, increase of heterochromatin, change from allogamy to autogamy, and from perennials to annuals suggest salient features of geographical and ecological differentiation. 3) The phylogeny of more than 70 other Europe groups of Ferns and Angiosperms from the Mediterranean and Central is briefly discussed in chapters on woody plants, perennials of forest, alpine, and other open habitats, and annuals. 4) The sequence from woody plants to annuals is on the average paralleled by increasing intensity of cytogenetical differentiation (polyploidy, dysploidy, etc.) and evolutionary versatility (instead of evolutionary conservatism), and by decreasing age of groups. Furtheron, there are more Holarctic and Eurasian elements in the former, but more European, Mediterranean and Oriental elements in the later groups. 5) In woody groups our examples suggest ancient affinities between relic Macaronesian resp. Colchic laurel forest elements and even more primitive Southeast-Asian relatives (Prunus subg. Laurocerasus), origin of Mediterranean sclerophylls form laurel forest progenitors related to species in Macaronesia and East Asia (Viburnum sect. Tinus), and close affinities between Mediterranean evergreens and European summergreens (Rubus sect. Moriferi); these phenomena probably date back from the early to the later Tertiary. 6) Examples from perennial groups stress the importance of Macaronesian, Mediterranean, and Oriental areas as centers for old and primary geographical differentiation (West/East etc.) as well as for ecological radiation from laurel, sclerophyll and temperate forest elements to those of open, warm and/or cold (alpine-arctic) habitats, probably from Mid-Tertiary onward (Polystichum setiferum-P. lonchitis. Lotus corniculatus agg., Cyclamen purpurascens, Cruciata-Valantia, Galium mollugo agg., Campanula subsect. Heterophylla, Brachypodium, Dactylis glomerata agg., etc.). 7) The repeated origin of annual from perennial groups (Anagallis subg. Anagallis. Cruciata-Valantia, Carthamus, Calendula, Crepis, Brachypodium, etc.) and their further differentiation was centered in Oriental, southeastern and southwestern Mediterranean areas, and seems to have been furthered by succsssive xerothermic periods since the later Tertiary. 8) During the Pleistocene and its extreme climatic changes European floras became depauperate : Mediterranean areas then served as most important centers of conservation for many primitive progenitors of younger Central European elements. This has been demonstrated for numerous groups from forest (e. g. Polypodium vulgare agg., Paeonia, Rubus sect. Morveri. Lamiastrum, etc.), open (Pulsatilla vulgaris agg., Pinguicula sect. Pinguicula, Veronica hederifolia agg., Galium aparine agg., Anthoxanthum odoraturn agg., Dactylis glomerata agg., etc.), and even alpine habitats (Erysimum sylvestre agg., Poa badensis agg., etc.). 9) During and after the glaciations of the Pleistocene and during the Holocene intensive secondary phylogenetic differentiation and speciation took place: In the Central Europeanvegetation and flora many of the depleted niches and lateron those newly created by man were filled predominantly from the South. Proof for this comes from dysploid series leading from Mediterranean to Central European representatives (Myosotis sylwatica, Leucojum, Carex sempervirens group, Crepis sect. Phytodesia, etc.), but more typically from numerous polyploid (end partly apomictic) complexes. Many of these polyploid Central European groups and species have originated through hybrid combinations from geographically and/or ecologically diverse diploids : from various (sub)mediterranean( -montane) progenitors (Rubus sect. Morgeri, Aphanes, Sorbus sect. Aria and sect. Torminaria, Paeonia, Dentaria, Galium pusillum agg., Cr uciata glabra, Knautia drymeia agg. and K. arvensis agg., Carthamus, Poaceae-Honermeae, etc.), from further addition of genomes from eastern-continental (Pulsatilla halleri agg., Lamiastrum, Veronica ser. Austriacae and V. hederifolia agg., etc.), boreal (Polypodium vulgare agg., Polystichum aculeatum agg., etc.), or montanealpine elements (Cerastium arvense, Arenaria serpyllifolia agg., Ceum subg. Geum, Lotus corniculatus agg., Tanacetum alpinum agg., Anthoxanthum odoratum agg., Poa annua agg., etc.), or even from several of such types (Potentilla werna agg., Thlaspi, Campanula sect. Heterophylla, Galium mollugo agg., Iris pumila, ete.).

The teliospores of Melampsorella cerastii are developed in the lower epidermis of the young leaves of Cerastium arvense in the spring from a systemic perennial mycelium. Hyphae mass up above the ce...

Three C-glycosylflavones isolated from Cerastium arvense have been identified as 6-C-xylosyl-apigenin (cerarvensin), its 7-O-glucoside and isovitexin 7,2″-di-O-glucoside.

Summary An index for comparing weediness in plants can be constructed from site information on herbarium specimen labels. The percent of the species collected from disturbed sites is a measure of weediness. Some examples are presented in Cerastium, Polygonum, and Aster. Weediness in plants is of great ecological and practical interest. Symposia, books and journals have been devoted exclusively to weed research. However, there are no clearcut criteria as to what characters constitute a weed. Moreover, weediness is not an absolute character either possessed or not possessed by plants, but exists more likely as a spectrum of characters which exist in varying degrees in plants. Also some plants may be weedy in one region, but quite well-behaved in another, showing little propensity to invade disturbed areas. Following is a method using information from herbarium specimen labels to determine the degree of weediness of a species in a particular region. The problem arose while I was working with the genus Cerastium (Caryophyllaceae). Cerastium arvense L. and Cerastium vulgatum L. are both listed as weeds by the Weed Society of America (I97I). Cerastium vulgatum is very easy to find on many different types of disturbed sites. Cerastium arvense was not easy to find in Pennsylvania even after searching in sites of previous collections. Four populations were found on natural rock outcrops; one population was in a fallow field by the Delaware River. It seemed obvious that C. vulgatum is much more of a weed than C. arvense. The local flora of Pennsylvania, nearby New Jersey and Delaware is well represented in two regional collections housed at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. Collections were deliberately made in every county in preparation for the writing of a state flora. If a species had no record in a given county, an active search was made for it. The major collectors, Edgar Wherry, John Fogg, Bayard Long and H. Wahl, recognized the importance of complete collections which include common plants as well as the rare botanist's delight. They demanded complete descriptions of the collecting site on the specimen labels. A survey of the collections show that herbaceous plants can generally be classed in the habitat types listed in Table i. Habitat types i through 6 existed before extensive human disturbance occurred and can be considered natural areas. Habitat types 7 through 1 exist because of human activity in the past few hundred years. The extent to which plants are found in areas disturbed by man can be considered a measure of weediness. Of 9I specimens of C. arvense, 23.20/o were

7. Artengruppe des Cerastium arv��nse L., Acker-Hornkraut Ausdauernd, mit d��nnem, verzweigtem, kriechendem Rhizom und niederliegenden, wurzelnden, bebl��tterten Trieben; 5 -30 cm hoch. Stengel aufsteigend oder aufrecht, einfach oder wenig verzweigt, r��ckw��rts anliegend oder abstehend behaart ( Haare 0,1 - 0, 3 mm lang, gerade ), besonders im obern Teil oft auch mit Dr��senhaaren. Bl��tter schmal lanzettlich (nur die obersten bisweilen oval), meist spitz, bis 3,5 cm lang, die meisten 4 - 20 m a l so lang wie breit, behaart oder kahl. In den Achseln der untern Bl��tter meist Blattb��schel oder kurze Triebe. Bl��tter im Bl��tenstand oval, meist weniger als x/ 2 so lang wie die obersten Stengelbl��tter, mit deutlichem h��utigem Rand. K elchbl��tter 5 -10 mm lang, Kronbl��tter l 2/3-2m al so lang wie die Kelchbl��tter, 8-14 mm lang,wei��. Kapsel l- 2 m a l so lang wie der Kelch. Samen 0,8-1,3 mm lang, mit kleinen, l��nglichen H��ckern. Die Artengruppe des C. arvense umfa��t etwa 10 verschiedene Arten mit haupts��chlich mediterraner Verbreitung. Verbreitungskarte der Artengruppe von M eusel (1964). Die Gruppe ist system atisch wenig untersucht und mu�� eingehend ��berarbeitet werden. S ��llner (1954) hat sehr viele Pflanzen aus der Gruppe zytologisch untersucht. Schl��ssel zur Artengruppe des Cerastium arvense 1. Bl��tter im Bl��tenstand unterseits und am Rande bis zur Spitze behaart. 2. Bl��tter bis 3,5 cm lang, weich; Kelchbl��tter 7-10 mm lang; Kronbl��tter 11-14 mm lang; ster��e Triebe fast so lang wie die b l�� h en den.......................................................................... C. arvense (Nr. 7 a) 2 *. Bl��tter bis 1,5 cm lang, etwas starr; Kelchbl��tter 4-7 mm lang; Kronbl��tter 6-11 mm lang; ster��e Triebe viel k��rzer als die b l�� h e n d e n.................................................................. C. strictum (Nr. 7 b) 1*. Bl��tter im Bl��tenstand kahl oder unterseits wenig behaart, aber dann die Spitze kahl. C. suffruticosum (Nr. 7 c) Bastarde Bastarde treten zwischen allen 3 Arten auf und wurden von S ��llner (1954) auch experim entell erzeugt., Published as part of Hans Ernst Hess, Elias Landolt & Rosmarie Hirzel, 1976, Cerastium in: Flora der Schweiz und angrenzender Gebiete. Band 1. Pteridophyta bis Caryophyllaceae (2 nd edition), pp. 806-819 in Flora der Schweiz und angrenzender Gebiete. Band 1. Pteridophyta bis Caryophyllaceae (2 nd edition), Basel und Stuttgart :Birkh��user Verlag on page 817, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.321390

Cerastium arvense, spec. nov. 5. Cerastium foliis lineari-lanceolatis obtusis glabris, corollis calyce majoribus. Fl. suec. 381. Cerastium foliis calycibusque hirsutis. Hort. cliff. 174. Roy. lugdb. 450. Myosotis arvensis hirsuta, flore majore. Vaill. paris. 141. t. 30. f.4. Caryophyllus arvensis hirsutus, flore majore. Bauh. pin. 210. Habitat in Scania & australiori Europa . ���, Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1753, Species plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 438, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3931989

The accumulation of soluble carbohydrates in maturing diaspores of flowering plants comprising Arctic populations of Cerastium alpinum, indigenous Antarctic species Colobanthus quitensis and Deschampsia antarctica, and cosmopolitan Poa annua from the Antarctic was investigated. For comparative purposes, the diaspores of two species of flowering plants growing in the area of Olsztyn (Poland), Poa annua (Poaceae) and Cerastium arvense (Caryophyllaceae) were used. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of soluble carbohydrates conducted by means of high-resolution gas chromatography showed that monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), maltose and sucrose, raffinose, myo-inositol and galactinol are ubiquitous in developing and mature diaspores among investigated species. Moreover, D. antarctica and P. annua caryopses additionally contained stachyose and 1-kestose; the seeds of Caryophyllaceae studied were found to contain d-pinitol and d-ononitol. The development and maturation of the seeds of polar Caryophyllaceae and Poaceae were accompanied by the changes in the concentration of their soluble carbohydrates. During maturation, seeds accumulated galactinol and raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFOs), except C. quitensis. Although seeds of the studied Caryophyllaceae contained d-pinitol and lower amounts of d-ononitol, they did not accumulate α-d-galactoside derivatives of mentioned cyclitols. P. annua caryopses, occurring in the Antarctic, were found to accumulate considerably higher amounts of sucrose and 1-kestose than those developed in Olsztyn.

The C-galactosyl-6 C-arabinosyl-8 apigenin or isocorymboside and a C-xylosyl-6 C-arabinosyl-8 apigenin are isolated from the fresh whole plant, among many other flavonoids only present in small amounts.

Four 7,2″-di-O-glycosyl-6-C-glycosylflavones were isolated from Cerastium arvense, including two new compounds: isomollupentin 7-O-glucoside-2″-O-arabinoside and isomollupentin 7-O-glucoside-2″-O-xyloside. The known compounds are isovitexin 7-O-glucoside-2″-O-arabinoside and isomollupentin 7,2″-di-O-glucoside.

The new C -glycosyiflavone, 6- C -β- d -glucopyranosyl-8- C -β- d -galactopyranosylapigenin, has been isolated from Cerastium arvense and identified on the basis of UV, MS and 13 C NMR spectral data and comparison with the product obtained from 6- C -galactosylation of vitexin.

Volume: 29 ; Start Page: 141 ; End Page: 142