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89 results on '"Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH)"'

1. Environmental Metabarcoding Reveals Contrasting Belowground and Aboveground Fungal Communities from Poplar at a Hg Phytomanagement Site

Author

Julie Foulon, Benoît Valot, Michel Chalot, Hyun S. Gweon, Alexis Durand, François Maillard, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement ( LCE ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] ( CEH ), Natural Environment Research Council ( NERC ), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), and Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Thelephoraceae, Soil Science, Plant Roots, 01 natural sciences, Ecology and Environment, [ SDV.EE ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, 03 medical and health sciences, Diversity index, Microbial ecology, Botany, DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic, Dominance (ecology), Ecosystem, Soil Microbiology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Ecology, biology, Microbiota, fungi, Fungi, Mercury, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Aureobasidium pullulans, Biodegradation, Environmental, Populus, Biology and Microbiology, 030104 developmental biology, Habitat, Guild, France, Species richness, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Characterization of microbial communities in stressful conditions at a field level is rather scarce, especially when considering fungal communities from aboveground habitats. We aimed at characterizing fungal communities from different poplar habitats at a Hg-contaminated phytomanagement site by using Illumina-based sequencing, network analysis approach, and direct isolation of Hg-resistant fungal strains. The highest diversity estimated by the Shannon index was found for soil communities, which was negatively affected by soil Hg concentration. Among the significant correlations between soil operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the co-occurrence network, 80% were negatively correlated revealing dominance of a pattern of mutual exclusion. The fungal communities associated with Populus roots mostly consisted of OTUs from the symbiotic guild, such as members of the Thelephoraceae, thus explaining the lowest diversity found for root communities. Additionally, root communities showed the highest network connectivity index, while rarely detected OTUs from the Glomeromycetes may have a central role in the root network. Unexpectedly high richness and diversity were found for aboveground habitats, compared to the root habitat. The aboveground habitats were dominated by yeasts from the Lalaria, Davidiella, and Bensingtonia genera, not detected in belowground habitats. Leaf and stem habitats were characterized by few dominant OTUs such as those from the Dothideomycete class producing mutual exclusion with other OTUs. Aureobasidium pullulans, one of the dominating OTUs, was further isolated from the leaf habitat, in addition to Nakazawaea populi species, which were found to be Hg resistant. Altogether, these findings will provide an improved point of reference for microbial research on inoculation-based programs of tailings dumps.

Published
2017

2. Human influence on climate in the 2014 southern England winter floods and their impacts

Author

Chris Huntingford, Alison L. Kay, Simon Wilson, Karsten Haustein, William Ingram, David Wallom, Peter A. Stott, Robert Vautard, Ian Ashpole, Jonathan Miller, S. M. Crooks, Geert Jan van Oldenborgh, Neil Massey, Sarah Sparrow, Jessica Skeggs, Andy Bowery, Rob Lamb, Nathalie Schaller, Richard G. Jones, Tim Legg, Myles R. Allen, Pascal Yiou, Antje Weisheimer, Friederike E. L. Otto, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP), University of Oxford, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (UNICANCER/CRCL), Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon]-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Computing Laboratory (OUCL), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Max-Planck-Institut für Mathematik in den Naturwissenschaften (MPI-MiS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Royal United Hospital, Australian Resources Research Centre, Kensington, Yale School of Medicine [New Haven, Connecticut] (YSM), The MITRE corporation, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] ( AOPP ), University of Oxford [Oxford], Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon ( CRCL ), Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon]-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Computing Laboratory ( OUCL ), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute ( KNMI ), Max-Planck-Institut für Mathematik in den Naturwissenschaften, Leipzig ( MPI-MATH ), Max-Planck-Institut, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] ( LSCE ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology ( CEH ), Natural Environment Research Council ( NERC ), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] ( CEH ), Met Office Hadley Centre ( MOHC ), Yale School of Medicine, Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Yale University School of Medicine

Subjects
[ SDU.OCEAN ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Hydrological modelling, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Drainage basin, 02 engineering and technology, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), 01 natural sciences, Meteorology and Climatology, [ SDU.ENVI ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Precipitation, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Flood myth, Flooding (psychology), Storm, 6. Clean water, 020801 environmental engineering, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Snowmelt, Environmental science, Climate model, Hydrology, Social Sciences (miscellaneous)
Abstract

A succession of storms reaching Southern England in the winter of 2013/2014 caused severe floods and £451 million insured losses. In a large ensemble of climate model simulations, we find that, as well as increasing the amount of moisture the atmosphere can hold, anthropogenic warming caused a small but significant increase in the number of January days with westerly flow, both of which increased extreme precipitation. Hydrological modelling indicates this increased extreme 30-day-average Thames river flows, and slightly increased daily peak flows, consistent with the understanding of the catchment’s sensitivity to longer-duration precipitation and changes in the role of snowmelt. Consequently, flood risk mapping shows a small increase in properties in the Thames catchment potentially at risk of riverine flooding, with a substantial range of uncertainty, demonstrating the importance of explicit modelling of impacts and relatively subtle changes in weather-related risks when quantifying present-day effects of human influence on climate.

Published
2016

3. Benchmarking the seasonal cycle of CO 2 fluxes simulated by terrestrial ecosystem models

Author

Peng , Shushi, Ciais , Philippe, Chevallier , Frédéric, Peylin , Philippe, Cadule , Patricia, Sitch , Stephen, Piao , Shilong, Ahlström , Anders, Huntingford , Chris, Levy , Peter, Li , Xiran, Liu , Yongwen, Lomas , Mark, Poulter , Benjamin, Viovy , Nicolas, Wang , Tao, Wang , Xuhui, Zaehle , Sönke, Zeng , Ning, Zhao , Fang, Zhao , Hongfang, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University [Beijing], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), University of Exeter, Lund University [Lund], Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), University of Sheffield [Sheffield], Montana State University (MSU), Biogeochemical Systems Department [Jena], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] ( LSCE ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), CEA, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Gyf Sur Yvette, France, Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace ( IPSL ), École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales ( CNES ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Exeter Climate Systems, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] ( CEH ), Natural Environment Research Council ( NERC ), Loughborough University (UNITED KINGDOM), Loughborough University, Montana State University ( MSU ), Laboratoire d'Informatique pour l'Entreprise et les Systèmes de Production ( LIESP ), Université Lumière - Lyon 2 ( UL2 ) -École Centrale de Lyon ( ECL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon ( INSA Lyon ), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ), Department for Biogeochemical System, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Subjects
[ SDU.OCEAN ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [ SDU.ENVI ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience; We evaluated the seasonality of CO 2 fluxes simulated by nine terrestrial ecosystem models of the TRENDY project against (1) the seasonal cycle of gross primary production (GPP) and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) measured at flux tower sites over different biomes, (2) gridded monthly Model Tree Ensembles-estimated GPP (MTE-GPP) and MTE-NEE obtained by interpolating many flux tower measurements with a machine-learning algorithm, (3) atmospheric CO 2 mole fraction measurements at surface sites, and (4) CO 2 total columns (X CO2) measurements from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). For comparison with atmospheric CO 2 measurements, the LMDZ4 transport model was run with time-varying CO 2 fluxes of each model as surface boundary conditions. Seven out of the nine models overestimate the seasonal amplitude of GPP and produce a too early start in spring at most flux sites. Despite their positive bias for GPP, the nine models underestimate NEE at most flux sites and in the Northern Hemisphere compared with MTE-NEE. Comparison with surface atmospheric CO 2 measurements confirms that most models underestimate the seasonal amplitude of NEE in the Northern Hemisphere (except CLM4C and SDGVM). Comparison with TCCON data also shows that the seasonal amplitude of X CO2 is underestimated by more than 10% for seven out of the nine models (except for CLM4C and SDGVM) and that the MTE-NEE product is closer to the TCCON data using LMDZ4. From CO 2 columns measured routinely at 10 TCCON sites, the constrained amplitude of NEE over the Northern Hemisphere is of 1.6 ± 0.4 gC m À2 d À1 , which translates into a net CO 2 uptake during the carbon uptake period in the Northern Hemisphere of 7.9 ± 2.0 PgC yr À1 .

Published
2015

4. 10 years later : revisiting priorities for science and society a decade after the millennium ecosystem assessment

Author

MULDER, Christian, BENNETT, Elena M, BOHAN, David A., BONKOWSKI, Michael, CARPENTER, Stephen R, CHALMERS, Rachel M, CRAMER, Wolfgang, DURANCE, Isabelle, EISENHAUER, Nico, FONTAINE, Colin, HAUGHTON, Alison J, HETTELINGH, Jean-Paul, HINES, Jes, IBANEZ, Sébastien, JEPPESEN, Erik, KRUMINS, Jennifer Adams, MA, Athen, MANCINELLI, Giorgio, MASSOL, François, MCLAUGHLIN, Orla, NAEEM, Shahid, PASCUAL, Unai, PEÑUELAS, Josep, PETTORELLI, Nathalie, POCOCK, Michael J O, RAFFAELLI, Dave, RASMUSSEN, Jes J, RUSCH, Graciela, SCHERBER, Christoph, SETÄLÄ, H., SUTHERLAND, William J, VACHER, Corinne, VOIGT, Winfried, VONK, J Arie, WOOD, Stephen A, WOODWARD, Guy, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] (RIVM), Université McGill, Agroécologie [Dijon], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Institut of Zoology, University of Cologne, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Singleton Hospital, Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Avignon Université (AU), School of Biosciences [Cardiff], Cardiff University, Université de Leipzig, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la COnservation (CESCO), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Rothamsted Research, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Natl Environm Res Inst, Dept Freshwater Ecol, Silkeborg, Aarhus University [Aarhus], Montclair State University, Department of Computer Science (Queen Mary University of London), Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), University of Salento [Lecce], Évolution, Écologie et Paléontologie (Evo-Eco-Paleo) - UMR 8198 (Evo-Eco-Paléo), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Columbia University [New York], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Basque Center for Climate Change, CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CEAB-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Catalonia, Spain, Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Environment Department [York], University of York [York, UK], Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Agroecology, DNPW, Georg-August-University [Göttingen], Institute of Landscape Ecology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster (WWU), Department of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Conservation Science Group, Biodiversité, Gènes et Communautés, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), National Centre for Adult Stem Cell Research, Griffith University [Brisbane], School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Mulder, Christian, Bennett, Elena M., Bohan, David A., Bonkowski, Michael, Carpenter, Stephen R., Chalmers, Rachel, Cramer, Wolfgang, Durance, Isabelle, Eisenhauer, Nico, Fontaine, Colin, Haughton, Alison J., Hettelingh, Jean Paul, Hines, Je, Ibanez, Sébastien, Jeppesen, Erik, Krumins, Jennifer Adam, Ma, Athen, Mancinelli, Giorgio, Massol, Françoi, Mclaughlin, Órla, Naeem, Shahid, Pascual, Unai, Peñuelas, Josep, Pettorelli, Nathalie, Pocock, Michael J. O., Raffaelli, Dave, Rasmussen, Jes J., Rusch, Graciela M., Scherber, Christoph, Setälä, Heikki, Sutherland, William J., Vacher, Corinne, Voigt, Winfried, Vonk, J. Arie, Wood, Stephen A., Woodward, Guy, McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Leipzig University, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montclair State University [USA] (MSU), Évolution, Écologie et Paléontologie (Evo-Eco-Paleo) - UMR 8198 (Evo-Eco-Paléo (EEP)), Basque Center for Climate Change (BC3), Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster = University of Münster (WWU), Department of Ecological and Environmental Sciences [Lahti], Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität = Friedrich Schiller University Jena [Jena, Germany], Center for Limnology, Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Sorbonne Universités (COMUE), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Department of Bioscience [Roskilde], School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Università del Salento, Université de Lille, Ikerbasque - Basque Foundation for Science, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Environment Department, Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Partenaires INRAE, Agroecology, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Imperial College London, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), University of Helsinki, Aquatic Environmental Ecology (IBED, FNWI), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] ( RIVM ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, University of Wisconsin-Madison [Madison], Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale ( IMBE ), Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse ( UAPV ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research ( iDiv ), Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la COnservation ( CESCO ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine ( LECA ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Université Savoie Mont Blanc ( USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Computer Science ( Queen Mary University of London ), Queen Mary University of London ( QMUL ), Évolution, Écologie et Paléontologie (Evo-Eco-Paleo) - UMR 8198 ( Evo-Eco-Paléo ), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), University of Cambridge [UK] ( CAM ), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] ( CEH ), Natural Environment Research Council ( NERC ), Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, 7485 Trondheim, Norway, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster ( WWU ), Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics ( IBED ), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] ( UvA ), and Griffith University

Subjects
services, Evolution, science and policy, assessment, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Services, Behavior and Systematics, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, ecological networks, human well-being, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, biodiversity, ecosystem, [SDV.GEN.GPO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], Ecology, Science and policy, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Biodiversity, millennium, sustainability, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, research questions, [ SDV.GEN.GPO ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], Research questions, Sustainability, ecosystem functioning, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Ecological networks, Ecosystem functioning, Human well-being
Abstract

International audience; The study of ecological services (ESs) is fast becoming a cornerstone of mainstream ecology, largely because they provide a useful means of linking functioning to societal benefits in complex systems by connecting different organizational levels. In order to identify the main challenges facing current and future ES research, we analyzed the effects of the publication of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA, 2005) on different disciplines. Within a set of topics framed around concepts embedded within the MEA, each co-author identified five key research challenges and, where feasible, suggested possible solutions. Concepts included those related to specific service types (i.e. provisioning, supporting, regulating, cultural, aesthetic services) as well as more synthetic issues spanning the natural and social sciences, which often linked a wide range of disciplines, as was the case for the application of network theory. By merging similar responses, and removing some of the narrower suggestions from our sample pool, we distilled the key challenges into a smaller subset. We review some of the historical context to the MEA and identify some of the broader scientific and philosophical issues that still permeate discourse in this field. Finally, we consider where the greatest advances are most likely to be made in the next decade and beyond.

Published
2015

5. Biological Flora of the British Isles: Ambrosia artemisiifolia

Author

Dietmar Brandes, James M. Bullock, Swen Follak, Robert Richter, Michael Leitner, Robert Vautard, Gerhard Karrer, Matt Smith, Blaise Petitpierre, Thomas Mang, Boris Fumanal, Antoine Guisan, Uwe Starfinger, Dietmar Moser, Franz Essl, Gero Vogl, Claude Lavoie, Bruno Chauvel, Heinz Müller-Schärer, Gabriella Kazinczi, Urs Schaffner, Stefan Dullinger, Daniel S. Chapman, Olivier Broennimann, Beryl Laitung, Christoph Kueffer, Moritz von der Lippe, Krisztina Biró, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna [Vienna], Georgikon Faculty, Institute for Plant Protection, University of Pannonia, Institute for Plant Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Department of Ecology & Evolution, Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH), Agroécologie [Dijon], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Laboratoire de Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l'Arbre Fruitier et Forestier (PIAF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP), Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, Institute of Botany, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien = University of Natural Resources and Life [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Department of Plant Production and Plant Protection, University of Kaposvar, Institute for Integrative Biology [Zürich] (IBZ), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Ecole Supérieure d'aménagement du territoire et de développement régional, Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), Heinz Maier-Leibnitz-Zentrum, Technische Universitat, Department of Biology, Unit Ecology & Evolution, University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Department of Ecology and Evolution [Lausanne], Faculty of Physics, CABI Europe Switzerland, Laboratory of Aeropalynology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (UAM), Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Centre for Cultivated Plants, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Ecology, Technical University of Berlin / Technische Universität Berlin (TU), Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for sustainable Plant Production, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Technische Universität Berlin (TU), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Université Laval, Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Technische Universität Berlin (TUB), Université de Lausanne, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] ( CEH ), Natural Environment Research Council ( NERC ), Centre for Ecology & Hydrology ( CEH ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Laboratoire de Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l'Arbre Fruitier et Forestier ( PIAF ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 ( UBP ), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, University of Lausanne, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań ( UAM ), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] ( LSCE ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), and Technical University of Berlin

Subjects
[ SDV.BV ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, ecophysiology, Growing season, Plant Science, medicine.disease_cause, modelling, Pollen, medicine, Temperate climate, Ruderal species, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, biogeography, agriculture, Herbivore, Ecology, biology, parasites and diseases, Phenology, reproductive biology, geographical and altitudinal distribution, health, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, climate change, germination, Weed
Abstract

This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (Common ragweed) that are relevant to understanding its ecology. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, and history, conservation, impacts and management. Ambrosia artemisiifolia is a monoecious, wind-pollinated, annual herb native to North America whose height varies from 10 cm to 2.5 m, according to environmental conditions. It has erect, branched stems and pinnately lobed leaves. Spike-like racemes of male capitula composed of staminate (male) florets terminate the stems, while cyme-like clusters of pistillate (female) florets are arranged in groups in the axils of main and lateral stem leaves. Seeds require prolonged chilling to break dormancy. Following seedling emergence in spring, the rate of vegetative growth depends on temperature, but development occurs over a wide thermal range. In temperate European climates, male and female flowers are produced from summer to early autumn (July to October). Ambrosia artemisiifolia is sensitive to freezing. Late spring frosts kill seedlings and the first autumn frosts terminate the growing season. It has a preference for dry soils of intermediate to rich nutrient level. Ambrosia artemisiifolia was introduced into Europe with seed imports from North America in the 19th century. Since World War II, it has become widespread in temperate regions of Europe and is now abundant in open, disturbed habitats as a ruderal and agricultural weed. Recently, the North American ragweed leaf beetle (Ophraella communa) has been detected in southern Switzerland and northern Italy. This species appears to have the capacity to substantially reduce growth and seed production of A. artemisiifolia. In heavily infested regions of Europe, A. artemisiifolia causes substantial crop-yield losses and its copious, highly allergenic pollen creates considerable public health problems. There is a consensus among models that climate change will allow its northward and uphill spread in Europe.

Published
2015

6. Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) : an integrated project for understanding of the West African climate system and its human dimension

Author

G. de Coëtlogon, Romain Roehrig, Sally L. Lavender, Bernard Fontaine, Flore Mounier, Romain Marteau, Christopher M. Taylor, Christophe Lavaysse, Serge Janicot, Guy Caniaux, Fabrice Chauvin, George N. Kiladis, Stéphanie Leroux, Jean-Philippe Lafore, Benjamin Sultan, Nathalie Philippon, Nicholas M. J. Hall, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques ( LOCEAN ), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique ( CNRM-GAME ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), ESTER - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre de Recherches de Climatologie ( CRC ), Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales ( LEGOS ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales ( CNES ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory ( ESRL ), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ), Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Montreal], McGill University, School of Environmental Sciences [Norwich], University of East Anglia [Norwich] ( UEA ), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] ( CEH ), Natural Environment Research Council ( NERC ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherches de Climatologie (CRC), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Montréal], McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0207 environmental engineering, 02 engineering and technology, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, Intraseasonal variability, Monsoon, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, West africa, West African monsoon, predictability, Monsoon onset, monsoon onset, Crop yield, Precipitation, Predictability, 020701 environmental engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, intraseasonal variability, [ SDU.STU.ME ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, crop yield, Scale (music), West african, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, Atmospheric dynamics
Abstract

International audience; The intraseasonal time scale is critical in West Africa where resources are highly rainfall dependent. Three main modes of variability have been identified, two with a mean periodicity of 15 days and one with a mean periodicity around 40 days. These modes have a regional scale and can strongly influence precipitation and convective activity. They are mainly controlled by atmospheric dynamics and land-surface interactions. They can also modulate the very specific phase of the African summer monsoon onset. A better knowledge of the mechanisms controlling this scale is necessary to improve its predictability.

Published
2011

7. Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) : an integrated project for understanding of the West African climate system and its human dimension

Author

Taylor, C.M., D.J. Parker, N. Kalthoff, M.A. Gaertner, N. Philippon, S. Bastin, P. P. Harris, A. Boone, F. Guichard, A. Agusti-Panareda, M. Baldi, P. Cerlini, L. Descroix, H. Douville, C. Flamant, J.-Y. Grandpeix, J. Polcher, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung (IMK), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica [Toledo], Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Centre de Recherches de Climatologie (CRC), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SPACE - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Istituto di Biometeorologia [Roma] (IBIMET), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Centro di ricerca sul clima e i cambiamenti climatici (CRC), Università degli Studi di Perugia (UNIPG), Laboratoire d'étude des transferts en hydrologie et environnement (LTHE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), IRD, Centre Niamey, Niger, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha = University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Università degli Studi di Perugia = University of Perugia (UNIPG), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] ( CEH ), Natural Environment Research Council ( NERC ), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] ( SEE ), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung ( IMK ), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie ( KIT ), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha ( UCLM ), Centre de Recherches de Climatologie ( CRC ), Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique ( CNRM-GAME ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ( ECMWF ), Istituto di Biometeorologia [Roma] ( IBIMET ), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche ( CNR ), Centro di ricerca sul clima e i cambiamenti climatici ( CRC ), Università degli Studi di Perugia ( UNIPG ), Laboratoire d'étude des transferts en hydrologie et environnement ( LTHE ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble ( INPG ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble ( OSUG ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) ( LMD ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -École polytechnique ( X ) -École des Ponts ParisTech ( ENPC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, and École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris )

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Planetary boundary layer, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 0207 environmental engineering, Weather forecasting, Mesoscale meteorology, 02 engineering and technology, computer.software_genre, Monsoon, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, planetary boundary layer, Atmosphere, 020701 environmental engineering, convection, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Moisture, Storm, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, [ SDE.MCG ] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Climatology, Environmental science, [ SDU.STU.CL ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, soil moisture, computer
Abstract

Research into land-atmosphere coupling within the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis has highlighted the atmospheric impact of soil moisture on space scales of 5 km upwards and time scales of several days. Observational and modelling studies have shown how antecedent rainfall patterns affect new storms in the Sahel. The land feedback operates through various mechanisms, including a direct link to afternoon storm initiation from surface-induced mesoscale circulations, and indirectly via a large-scale moisture transport in the nocturnal monsoon. The results suggest potential for significant improvements in weather forecasting through assimilation of satellite data. Intriguing questions remain about the importance of vegetation memory on seasonal-interannual scales.

Published
2011

8. A modelling-chain linking climate science and decision-makers for future urban flood management in West Africa

Author

James D. Miller, Theo Vischel, Tazen Fowe, Geremy Panthou, Catherine Wilcox, Christopher M. Taylor, Emma Visman, Gnenakantanhan Coulibaly, Pepo Gonzalez, Richard Body, Gianni Vesuviano, Christophe Bouvier, Nanee Chahinian, Frédéric Cazenave, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut international d'ingénierie de l'eau et de l'environnement (2iE), Cranfield University, HR WALLINGFORD UK, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Hydrosciences Montpellier (HSM), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)

Subjects
Global and Planetary Change, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation
Abstract

Intensification of the hydrological cycle resulting from climate change in West Africa poses significant risks for the region's rapidly urbanising cities, but limited research on flood risk has been undertaken at the urban domain scale. Furthermore, conventional climate models are unable to realistically represent the type of intense storms which dominate the West African monsoon. This paper presents a decision-first framing of climate research in co-production of a climate-hydrology-flooding modelling chain, linking scientists working on state-of-the-art regional climate science with decision-makers involved in city planning for future urban flood management in the city of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The realistic convection-permitting model over Africa (CP4A) is applied at the urban scale for the first time and data suggest significant intensification of high-impact weather events and demonstrate the importance of considering the spatio-temporal scales in CP4A. Hydrological modelling and hydraulic modelling indicate increases in peak flows and flood extents in Ouagadougou in response to climate change which will be further exacerbated by future urbanisation. Advances in decision-makers' capability for using climate information within Ouagadougou were observed, and key recommendations applicable to other regional urban areas are made. This study provides proof of concept that a decision-first modelling-chain provides a methodology for co-producing climate information that can, to some extent, bridge the usability gap between what scientists think is useful and what decision-makers need.The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10113-022-01943-x.

Published
2022

9. Unusual characteristics of the carbon cycle during the 2015−2016 El Niño

Author

Ana Bastos, Kai Wang, Stephen W. Pacala, Hao Xu, Shilong Piao, Philippe Ciais, Jiafu Mao, Ralph F. Keeling, Xiaoying Shi, Frédéric Chevallier, Anping Chen, Chris Huntingford, Xuhui Wang, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University [Beijing], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Environmental Sciences Division [Oak Ridge], Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC-UT-Battelle, LLC, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Department of Biogeochemical Integration [Jena], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology [Princeton], Princeton University, Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), U.S. Department of Energy, USDOE: DE‐AC05‐00OR22725, Office of Science, SC, Biological and Environmental Research, BER, National Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC: 41861134036, 41988101, We thank Dr. Pieter Tans and Dr. Ed Dlugokencky for providing the CO mole fraction data. We also thank the TRENDYv6 modelers for their simulations and Dr. Christian Rödenbeck for the Jena CarboScope inversion datasets. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 41861134036 and 41988101) and an Oak Ridge National Lab subcontract (grant no. 4000167205). J. Mao and X. Shi were supported by the Reducing Uncertainties in Biogeochemical Interactions through Synthesis and Computation Science Focus Area and the Terrestrial Ecosystem Science Scientific Focus Area project in the Earth and Environmental Systems Sciences Division of the Biological and Environmental Research (BER) office in the US Department of Energy Office of Science. Oak Ridge National Laboratory is supported by the Office of Science of the US Department of Energy under contract no. DE‐AC05‐00OR22725. 2, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), and University of California-University of California

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, chemistry.chemical_element, Atmospheric sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecology and Environment, Carbon Cycle, Carbon cycle, atmospheric CO2 growth rate (CGR), Meteorology and Climatology, medicine, Environmental Chemistry, Ecosystem, El Niño, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, El Nino-Southern Oscillation, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, Atmosphere, Anomaly (natural sciences), Northern Hemisphere, Carbon Dioxide, 15. Life on land, Seasonality, medicine.disease, Carbon, northern terrestrial ecosystems, Productivity (ecology), chemistry, 13. Climate action, CO2 seasonal-cycle amplitude (SCA), soil water deficit, Environmental science, Terrestrial ecosystem, net biome productivity (NBP)
Abstract

International audience; The 2015−2016 El Niño was one of the strongest on record, but its influence on the carbon balance is less clear. Using Northern Hemisphere atmospheric CO2 observations, we found both detrended atmospheric CO2 growth rate (CGR) and CO2 seasonal-cycle amplitude (SCA) of 2015−2016 were much higher than that of other El Niño events. The simultaneous high CGR and SCA were unusual, because our analysis of long-term CO2 observations at Mauna Loa revealed a significantly negative correlation between CGR and SCA. Atmospheric inversions and terrestrial ecosystem models indicate strong northern land carbon uptake during spring but substantially reduced carbon uptake (or high emissions) during early autumn, which amplified SCA but also resulted in a small anomaly in annual carbon uptake of northern ecosystems in 2015−2016. This negative ecosystem carbon uptake anomaly in early autumn was primarily due to soil water deficits and more litter decomposition caused by enhanced spring productivity. Our study demonstrates a decoupling between seasonality and annual carbon cycle balance in northern ecosystems over 2015−2016, which is unprecedented in the past five decades of El Niño events.

Published
2021

10. The PROFOUND Database for evaluating vegetation models and simulating climate impacts on European forests

Author

C. P. O. Reyer, R. Silveyra Gonzalez, K. Dolos, F. Hartig, Y. Hauf, M. Noack, P. Lasch-Born, T. Rötzer, H. Pretzsch, H. Meesenburg, S. Fleck, M. Wagner, A. Bolte, T. G. M. Sanders, P. Kolari, A. Mäkelä, T. Vesala, I. Mammarella, J. Pumpanen, A. Collalti, C. Trotta, G. Matteucci, E. D'Andrea, L. Foltýnová, J. Krejza, A. Ibrom, K. Pilegaard, D. Loustau, J.-M. Bonnefond, P. Berbigier, D. Picart, S. Lafont, M. Dietze, D. Cameron, M. Vieno, H. Tian, A. Palacios-Orueta, V. Cicuendez, L. Recuero, K. Wiese, M. Büchner, S. Lange, J. Volkholz, H. Kim, J. A. Horemans, F. Bohn, J. Steinkamp, A. Chikalanov, G. P. Weedon, J. Sheffield, F. Babst, I. Vega del Valle, F. Suckow, S. Martel, M. Mahnken, M. Gutsch, K. Frieler, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), University of Regensburg, Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe, Partenaires INRAE, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Northwest German Forest Research Station, Thünen Institute, University of Helsinki, University of Eastern Finland, Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo (ISAFOM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo], Institute for agriculture and forestry systems in the Mediterranean (CNR-ISAFOM), Global Change Research Institute CAS, Biosystems Division [Roskilde], Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy (Risø DTU), Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU)-Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Boston University [Boston] (BU), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Auburn University (AU), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), University of Antwerp (UA), Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main-Senckenberg – Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research - Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Leibniz Association-Leibniz Association, University of Library Study and Information Technology, Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Princeton University, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Micrometeorology and biogeochemical cycles, INAR Physics, Ecosystem processes (INAR Forest Sciences), Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Department of Forest Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Forest Modelling Group, and Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, SILVICULTURAL ALTERNATIVES, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, BIAS CORRECTION, Flat file database, Relational database, Geography & travel, Climate Change, Eddy covariance, Climate change, computer.software_genre, 01 natural sciences, Ecology and Environment, Profound, Data file, USE EFFICIENCY, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Temporal scales, ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, ddc:910, lcsh:GE1-350, Data, 4112 Forestry, OAK QUERCUS-PETRAEA, Database, ISIMIP, NET ECOSYSTEM EXCHANGE, INTERCOMPARISON PROJECT, Physics, Forest Model, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Representative Concentration Pathways, PINUS-SYLVESTRIS, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, 113 Computer and information sciences, EDDY-COVARIANCE, lcsh:Geology, Chemistry, 13. Climate action, FAGUS-SYLVATICA L, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, computer, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Process-based vegetation models are widely used to predict local and global ecosystem dynamics and climate change impacts. Due to their complexity, they require careful parameterization and evaluation to ensure that projections are accurate and reliable. The PROFOUND Database (PROFOUND DB) provides a wide range of empirical data on European forests to calibrate and evaluate vegetation models that simulate climate impacts at the forest stand scale. A particular advantage of this database is its wide coverage of multiple data sources at different hierarchical and temporal scales, together with environmental driving data as well as the latest climate scenarios. Specifically, the PROFOUND DB provides general site descriptions, soil, climate, CO2, nitrogen deposition, tree and forest stand level, and remote sensing data for nine contrasting forest stands distributed across Europe. Moreover, for a subset of five sites, time series of carbon fluxes, atmospheric heat conduction and soil water are also available. The climate and nitrogen deposition data contain several datasets for the historic period and a wide range of future climate change scenarios following the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, RCP8.5). We also provide pre-industrial climate simulations that allow for model runs aimed at disentangling the contribution of climate change to observed forest productivity changes. The PROFOUND DB is available freely as a “SQLite” relational database or “ASCII” flat file version (at https://doi.org/10.5880/PIK.2020.006/; Reyer et al., 2020). The data policies of the individual contributing datasets are provided in the metadata of each data file. The PROFOUND DB can also be accessed via the ProfoundData R package (https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ProfoundData; Silveyra Gonzalez et al., 2020), which provides basic functions to explore, plot and extract the data for model set-up, calibration and evaluation.

Published
2020

11. Spatio-temporal variations and uncertainty in land surface modelling for high latitudes: univariate response analysis

Author

D. G. Leibovici, S. Quegan, E. Comyn-Platt, G. Hayman, M. Val Martin, M. Guimberteau, A. Druel, D. Zhu, P. Ciais, School of Mathematics and Statistics [Sheffield] (SoMaS), University of Sheffield [Sheffield], Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Department of Animal and Plant Sciences [Sheffield], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Multivariate statistics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 030231 tropical medicine, lcsh:Life, Climate change, 01 natural sciences, Ecology and Environment, Latitude, 03 medical and health sciences, Meteorology and Climatology, 0302 clinical medicine, lcsh:QH540-549.5, Range (statistics), [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Response analysis, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Univariate, Primary production, Radiative forcing, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, lcsh:Ecology
Abstract

A range of applications analysing the impact of environmental changes due to climate change, e.g. geographical spread of climate sensitive infections (CSIs), agriculture crop modelling, etc., make use of Land Surface Modelling (LSM) to predict future land surface conditions. There are multiple LSMs to choose from that account for land processes in different ways and, depending on the application, the choice of LSM and its sensitivity will have different impacts. For useful predictions for a specific application, one must therefore understand the inherent uncertainties in the LSMs and the variations between them, as well as uncertainties arising from variation in the climate data driving the LSMs. This requires methods to analyse multivariate spatio-temporal variations and differences. A methodology is proposed based on multi-way data analysis, which extends Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) to multi-dimensional tables, and provides spatio-temporal descriptions of agreements and disagreements between LSMs for both historical simulations and future predictions. The application underlying this paper is prediction of how climate change will affect the spread of CSIs in the Fenno-Scandinavian and north-west Russian regions, and the approach is explored by comparing Net Primary Production (NPP) estimates over the period 1998–2013 from versions of leading LSMs (JULES, CLM5 and two versions of ORCHIDEE) that are adapted to high latitude processes, as well as variations in JULES up to 2100 when driven by 34 global circulation models (GCMs). A single optimal spatio-temporal pattern, with slightly different weights for the four LSMs (up to 14 % maximum difference), provides a good approximation to all their estimates of NPP, capturing between 87 % and 93 % of the variability in the individual models, as well as around 90 % of the variability in the combined LSM dataset. The next best adjustment to this pattern, capturing an extra 4 % of the overall variability, is essentially a spatial correction applied to ORCHIDEE-HLveg that significantly improves the fit to this LSM, with only small improvements for the other LSMs. Subsequent correction terms gradually improve the overall and individual LSM fits, but capture at most 1.7 % of the overall variability. Analysis of differences between LSMs provides information on the times and places where the LSMs differ and by how much, but in this case no single spatio-temporal pattern strongly dominates the variability. Hence interpretation of the analysis requires the summation of several such patterns. Nonetheless, the three best principal tensors capture around 76 % of the variability in the LSM differences, and to a first approximation successively indicate the times and places where ORCHIDEE-HLveg, CLM5 and ORCHIDEE-MICT respectively differ from the other LSMs. Differences between the climate forcing GCMs had a marginal effect up to 6 % on NPP predictions out to 2100 without specific spatio-temporal GCM interaction.

Published
2020

12. Trait-based ecology at large scales: Assessing functional trait correlations, phylogenetic constraints and spatial variability using open data

Author

Philippe Usseglio-Polatera, Nikolai Friberg, Jon Webb, Martin Wilkes, Daniel Hering, Lee E. Brown, Francois Edwards, N. LeRoy Poff, Wilco C. E. P. Verberk, Judy England, J. Iwan Jones, John F. Murphy, Coventry University, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Universitat Duisberg-Essen, Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Terre et Environnement de Lorraine (OTELo), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Radboud university [Nijmegen], School of Geography [Leeds], and University of Leeds

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Environmental change, Animal Ecology and Physiology, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecology and Environment, Phylogenetics, Environmental Chemistry, Taxonomic rank, Macroecology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Ecosystem, Phylogeny, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Global and Planetary Change, Phylogenetic tree, Ecology, Biodiversity, 15. Life on land, Europe, Phenotype, 13. Climate action, Spatial ecology, Trait, Spatial variability, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Biologie
Abstract

The growing use of functional traits in ecological research has brought new insights into biodiversity responses to global environmental change. However, further progress depends on overcoming three major challenges involving (a) statistical correlations between traits, (b) phylogenetic constraints on the combination of traits possessed by any single species, and (c) spatial effects on trait structure and trait–environment relationships. Here, we introduce a new framework for quantifying trait correlations, phylogenetic constraints and spatial variability at large scales by combining openly available species’ trait, occurrence and phylogenetic data with gridded, high‐resolution environmental layers and computational modelling. Our approach is suitable for use among a wide range of taxonomic groups inhabiting terrestrial, marine and freshwater habitats. We demonstrate its application using freshwater macroinvertebrate data from 35 countries in Europe. We identified a subset of available macroinvertebrate traits, corresponding to a life‐history model with axes of resistance, resilience and resource use, as relatively unaffected by correlations and phylogenetic constraints. Trait structure responded more consistently to environmental variation than taxonomic structure, regardless of location. A re‐analysis of existing data on macroinvertebrate communities of European alpine streams supported this conclusion, and demonstrated that occurrence‐based functional diversity indices are highly sensitive to the traits included in their calculation. Overall, our findings suggest that the search for quantitative trait–environment relationships using single traits or simple combinations of multiple traits is unlikely to be productive. Instead, there is a need to embrace the value of conceptual frameworks linking community responses to environmental change via traits which correspond to the axes of life‐history models. Through a novel integration of tools and databases, our flexible framework can address this need.

Published
2020

13. Temperature synchronizes temporal variation in laying dates across European hole-nesting passerines

Author

Stefan J. G. Vriend, Vidar Grøtan, Marlène Gamelon, Frank Adriaensen, Markus P. Ahola, Elena Álvarez, Liam D. Bailey, Emilio Barba, Jean‐Charles Bouvier, Malcolm D. Burgess, Andrey Bushuev, Carlos Camacho, David Canal, Anne Charmantier, Ella F. Cole, Camillo Cusimano, Blandine F. Doligez, Szymon M. Drobniak, Anna Dubiec, Marcel Eens, Tapio Eeva, Kjell Einar Erikstad, Peter N. Ferns, Anne E. Goodenough, Ian R. Hartley, Shelley A. Hinsley, Elena Ivankina, Rimvydas Juškaitis, Bart Kempenaers, Anvar B. Kerimov, John Atle Kålås, Claire Lavigne, Agu Leivits, Mark C. Mainwaring, Jesús Martínez‐Padilla, Erik Matthysen, Kees van Oers, Markku Orell, Rianne Pinxten, Tone Kristin Reiertsen, Seppo Rytkönen, Juan Carlos Senar, Ben C. Sheldon, Alberto Sorace, János Török, Emma Vatka, Marcel E. Visser, Bernt‐Erik Sæther, Animal Ecology (AnE), Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Norwegian University of Science and Technology [Trondheim] (NTNU), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology [Trondheim] (IBI NTNU), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)-Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Antwerp (UA), Swedish Museum of Natural History (NRM), Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Universitad Politecnica de Valencia, Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles (PSH), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Bedfordshire, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), University of Oxford [Oxford], Università degli studi di Palermo - University of Palermo, University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Behavioural Ecology & Ecophysiology Group, University of Turku, High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, Norwegian Polar Institute, Centre for Conservation Biology, University of Gloucestershire (Cheltenham, GB), Lancaster University, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Centre de Recherche en Informatique de Paris 1 (CRI), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Nature Research Centre, Institute of Ecology, Akademijos str. 2, LT-08412, Vilnius, Lithuania., Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Evolutionary Ecology Group, Netherlands Institute of Ecology - NIOO-KNAW (NETHERLANDS), Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Leibniz Association, Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva (ICBiBE), Universitat de València (UV), University of Exeter, Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), University of Oxford, Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Department of Biology (Ethology), Cardiff University, University of Gloucestershire [Gloucester], Institute of Ecology of Nature Research Centre, University of Montana, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologia = Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (IPE), Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Ecology, University of Oulu, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, and SROPU

Subjects
Ekologi, clutch size, Evolutionary Biology, comparative analysis, Ecology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], weather, passerines, timing of breeding, phenology, Ecology and Environment, Evolutionsbiologi, spatial synchrony, Chemistry, fledgling number, birds, 1181 Ecology, evolutionary biology, clutch, fitness-related traits, Biology, climate, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

Identifying the environmental drivers of variation in fitness-related traits is a central objective in ecology and evolutionary biology. Temporal fluctuations of these environmental drivers are often synchronized at large spatial scales. Yet, whether synchronous environmental conditions can generate spatial synchrony in fitness-related trait values (i.e., correlated temporal trait fluctuations across populations) is poorly understood. Using data from long-term monitored populations of blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus, n = 31), great tits (Parus major, n = 35), and pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca, n = 20) across Europe, we assessed the influence of two local climatic variables (mean temperature and mean precipitation in February–May) on spatial synchrony in three fitness-related traits: laying date, clutch size, and fledgling number. We found a high degree of spatial synchrony in laying date but a lower degree in clutch size and fledgling number for each species. Temperature strongly influenced spatial synchrony in laying date for resident blue tits and great tits but not for migratory pied flycatchers. This is a relevant finding in the context of environmental impacts on populations because spatial synchrony in fitness-related trait values among populations may influence fluctuations in vital rates or population abundances. If environmentally induced spatial synchrony in fitness-related traits increases the spatial synchrony in vital rates or population abundances, this will ultimately increase the risk of extinction for populations and species. Assessing how environmental conditions influence spatiotemporal variation in trait values improves our mechanistic understanding of environmental impacts on populations. birds, climate, clutch size, comparative analysis, fitness-related traits, fledgling number, phenology, spatial synchrony, timing of breeding, weather

Published
2022

14. Rewiring of interactions in a changing environment: nettle-feeding butterflies and their parasitoids

Author

Nils Ryrholm, Chris Raper, Lucile Champeaux, Owen T. Lewis, Reto Schmucki, Suzanne Tharel, Niklas Janz, Hélène Audusseau, Mark R Shaw, Camilla Jansson, Constantí Stefanescu, Stockholm University, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), and Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Araschnia levana, apparent competition, parasitism, Parasitism, [SDV.BID]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecology and Environment, 03 medical and health sciences, Abundance (ecology), Biologiska vetenskaper, Land use, land-use change and forestry, skin and connective tissue diseases, range expansion, Biological sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, indirect interactions, 0303 health sciences, Ecology, fungi, food and beverages, Biological Sciences, 15. Life on land, community assemblage, sense organs
Abstract

Climate and land use change can alter the incidence and strength of biotic interactions, with important effects on the distribution, abundance and function of species. To assess the importance of these effects and their dynamics, studies quantifying how biotic interactions change in space and time are needed. We studied interactions between nettle-feeding butterflies and their shared natural enemies (parasitoids) locally and across 500 km latitudinal gradient in Sweden. We also examined the potential impact of the range-expansion of the butterfly Araschnia levana on resident butterflies via shared parasitoids, by studying how parasitism in resident butterflies covaries with the presence or absence of the newly-established species. We collected 6777 larvae of four nettle-feeding butterfly species (Aglais urticae, Aglais io, Ar. levana and Vanessa atalanta), over two years, at 19 sites distributed along the gradient. We documented the parasitoid complex for each butterfly species and measured their overlap, and analysed how parasitism rates were affected by butterfly species assemblage, variations in abundance, time, and the arrival of Ar. levana. Parasitoids caused high mortality, with substantial overlap in the complex of parasitoids associated with the four host butterflies. Levels of parasitism differed significantly among butterflies and were influenced by the local butterfly species assemblage. Our results also suggest that parasitism in resident butterflies is elevated at sites where Ar. levana has been established for a longer period. In our study system, variations in butterfly species assemblages were associated in a predictable way with substantial variations in rates of parasitism. This relationship is likely to affect the dynamics of the butterfly host species, and potentially cascade to the larger number of species with which they interact. These results highlight the importance of indirect interactions and their potential to reorganise ecological communities, especially in the context of shifts in species distributions in a warmer world.

Published
2021

15. Interacting effects of land use type, soil microbes and plant traits on aggregate stability

Author

Merino-Martín, Luis, Stokes, Alexia, Gweon, Hyun, Moragues-Saitua, Lur, Staunton, Siobhan, Plassard, Claude, Oliver, Anna, Le Bissonnais, Yves, Griffiths, Robert, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos [Madrid] (URJC), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario [Derio] (NEIKER), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Laboratoire d'étude des Interactions Sol - Agrosystème - Hydrosystème (UMR LISAH), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), LMM and this research were funded with a Marie Curie IEF fellowship (FP7 European program, ref. Fixsoil 626666/2013), European Project: 626666,EC:FP7:PEOPLE,FP7-PEOPLE-2013-IEF,FIXSOIL(2014), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro

Subjects
16S, Glomalin, Bacteria, Fungi, Root traits, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, complex mixtures, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Ergosterol, Soil structure, ITS, Root systems, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract

International audience; Summary Soil aggregates are critical to soil functionality, but there remain many uncertainties with respect to the role of biotic factors in forming aggregates. Understanding the interacting effects of soil, land use type, vegetation and microbial communities is a major challenge that needs assessment in both field and controlled laboratory conditions, as well as in bulk and rhizosphere soils. To address these effects and their feedbacks, we first examined the influence of soil, root and litter characteristics along a land use gradient (ancient woodland, secondary woodland, grassland, pasture and arable land) on microbial community structure (in both bulk and rhizosphere soil), as well as on aggregate stability. Then, we performed an inoculation experiment where we extracted soil columns from the arable and secondary woodland and used a third unstructured loamy soil as a control. We sterilized these three soils to remove microbial communities, and then either inoculated the tops of sterilized soil columns with soil from the secondary woodland or the arable field sites. Control columns of all soil types were not inoculated. In a fully-crossed design, we planted two species possessing distinct root system morphological traits: Brachypodium sylvaticum (fibrous system with many thin and fine roots) and Urtica dioica (taproot system with few fine roots). After four months, microbial communities (in bulk and rhizospheric soil) and aggregate stability were measured, along with root traits. In both the field and laboratory experiments, bacterial (16S) and fungal (ITS) biodiversity was determined using high throughput sequencing. In the field study we found that: i) there were strong relationships between aggregate stability and microbial community composition that were driven by land use, ii) the relationship between aggregate stability along the land use gradient and the trophic nature of bacterial communities was not significant, but that certain soil, root and litter parameters shaped bacterial phyla, with oligotrophic bacteria conditioned by the rhizosphere niche, and copiotrophic phyla more dependent on bulk soil conditions, iii) land use gradient (from woodland to arable), reduced the relative abundance of saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal fungi with an increase in the relative abundance of Ascomycota and a reduction in the relative abundance of Basidiomycota. In the laboratory experiment we found that: i) the inoculation of sterilized soils with soils from the field significantly increased aggregate stability in control soil that was initially poorly structured, ii) the effects of inoculation on aggregate stability were similar when either secondary woodland or arable soils were used as inoculums and iii) these effects were affected significantly by root length density. Our results show that microbial communities influence soil structure and that bacterial communities are intimately associated to rhizospheric conditions and root traits (of which root length density was the most pertinent).

Published
2021

16. Pollinator monitoring more than pays for itself

Author

Rory S. O'Connor, Richard Comont, Mark Jitlal, Michael Edwards, Jodey Peyton, Kelvin Balcombe, Andy J. Musgrove, Paul Lee, Alison Bailey, Simon G. Potts, Michael P.D. Garratt, Martin Harvey, Adam J. Vanbergen, Tom D. Breeze, Roger Morris, Tom Brereton, Cathy Hawes, Catherine M. Jones, Stuart P. M. Roberts, Nick J. B. Isaac, David B. Roy, Helen E. Roy, Claire Carvell, Cuong Q. Tang, William E. Kunin, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Department Land Management and Systems, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand, Butterfly Conservation, Wareham, Bumblebee Conservation Trust, Edwards Ecological and Data Services Ltd, Wallingford, UK, School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences [Milton Keynes], Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics [Milton Keynes], The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU)-The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), The James Hutton Institute, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), Buglife the Invertebrate Conservation Trust, Orton Waterville, UK, Department of Biology, Leeds University, Leeds, UK, Hymettus, Wallingford, UK, Hoverfly Recording Scheme, Wallingford, UK, British Trust for Ornithology (BTO), NatureMetrics, Agroécologie [Dijon], Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), UK Centre for Ecology HydrologyScottish GovernmentWelsh GovernmentUK Research & Innovation (UKRI)Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) NE/R016429/1, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, UK, Butterfly Conservation, Wareham, UK, Bumblebee Conservation Trust, Stirling, UK, School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK, CENTRE FOR ECOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY WALLINGFORD UK, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK., British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford, UK, and NatureMetrics Ltd, Egham, UK

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Pollination, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, power analysis, ecological economics, pollination services, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecology and Environment, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Pollinator, Economic cost, Baseline (configuration management), science polic, biodiversity policy, Service (business), Data collection, Ecology, Cost–benefit analysis, business.industry, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Environmental resource management, 15. Life on land, [SDV.BA.ZI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, Data quality, biodiversity monitoring, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, pollinators, Business, cost–benefit analysis, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract

International audience; This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.1. Resilient pollination services depend on sufficient abundance of pollinating insects over time. Currently, however, most knowledge about the status and trends of pollinators is based on changes in pollinator species richness and distribution only.2. Systematic, long-term monitoring of pollinators is urgently needed to provide baseline information on their status, to identify the drivers of declines and to inform suitable response measures.3. Power analysis was used to determine the number of sites required to detect a 30% change in pollinator populations over 10 years. We then evaluated the full economic costs of implementing four national monitoring schemes in the UK: (a) professional pollinator monitoring, (b) professional pollination service monitoring, (c) volunteer collected pan traps and (d) volunteer focal floral observations. These costs were compared to (a) the costs of implementing separate, expert-designed research and monitoring networks and (b) the economic benefits of pollination services threatened by pollinator loss.4. Estimated scheme costs ranged from £6,159/year for a 75-site volunteer focal flower observation scheme to £2.7 M/year for an 800-site professional pollination service monitoring network. The estimated research costs saved using the site network as research infrastructure range from £1.46–4.17 M/year. The economic value of UK crop yield lost following a 30% decline in pollinators was estimated at ~£188 M/year.5. Synthesis and applications. We evaluated the full costs of running pollinator monitoring schemes against the economic benefits to research and society they provide. The annual costs of monitoring are

Published
2021

17. The tree that hides the forest: cryptic diversity and phylogenetic relationships in the Palaearctic vector Obsoletus/Scoticus Complex (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) at the European level

Author

Mignotte, Antoine, Garros, Claire, Gardes, Laetitia, Balenghien, Thomas, Duhayon, Maxime, Rakotoarivony, Ignace, Tabourin, Laura, Poujol, Lea, Mathieu, Bruno, Ibanez-Justicia, Adolfo, Deniz, Ahmet, Cvetkovikj, Aleksandar, Purse, Bethan, Ramilo, David W., Stougiou, Despoina, Werner, Doreen, Pudar, Dubravka, Petric, Dusan, Veronesi, Eva, Jacobs, Frans, Kampen, Helge, da Fonseca, Isabel Pereira, Lucientes, Javier, Navarro, Javier, de la Puente, Josue Martinez, Stefanovska, Jovana, Searle, Kate R., Khallaayoune, Khalid, Culverwell, C. Lorna, Larska, Magdalena, Bourquia, Maria, Goffredo, Maria, Bisia, Marina, England, Marion, Robin, Matthew, Quaglia, Michela, Miranda-Chueca, Miguel Angel, Bodker, Rene, Estrada-Pena, Rosa, Carpenter, Simon, Tchakarova, Simona, Boutsini, Sofia, Sviland, Stale, Schafer, Stefanie M., Ozolina, Zanda, Seglina, Zanda, Vatansever, Zati, Huber, Karine, Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes (UMR ASTRE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II - IAV (MOROCCO) (IAV), Dynamique des interactions hôte pathogène (DIHP), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Veterinary Control Central Research Institute, Sts. Cyril and Methodius University, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), CIISA-Centro Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Veterinary Centre of Athens, Leibniz-Zentrum für Agrarlandschaftsforschung = Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), University of Novi Sad, Institute of Parasitology, Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Laboratorio de Producción y Sanidad Animal de Granada, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Edinburgh] (CEH), Unité Parasitologie et Maladies Parasitaires, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II (IAV), University of Helsinki, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise Guiseppe Caporale (IZSAM), Partenaires INRAE, Institute for Animal Health, the Pirbright Institute, Institute of Infection and Global Health [University of Liverpool, UK], University of Liverpool, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), National Diagnostic and Research Veterinary Medical Institute, Norwegian Veterinary Institute [Oslo], Institute of Food safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Kafkas University, his study was partially funded by the EU grant H2020-727393 PALE-Blu and by the VectorNet project (OC/EFSA/AHAW/2013/02-FWC1) funded by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), European Project: 727393,PALE Blu, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II (IAV Hassan II), University of Zaragoza - Universidad de Zaragoza [Zaragoza]-Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje (UKIM), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, The Pirbright Institute, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), European Project: 727393,H2020,H2020-EU.3.2.1.1.,PALE-Blu(2017), HUSLAB, Viral Zoonosis Research Unit, Department of Virology, and Medicum

Subjects
Livestock, PCR ASSAYS, Ceratopogonidae, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, Biting midge, RELATIVE-ABUNDANCE, Species delimitation, Animals, DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic, lcsh:RC109-216, CULICOIDES-SCOTICUS DIPTERA, RATES, Phylogeny, Taxonomy, POTENTIAL VECTORS, Geography, GENE TREES, Research, Genetic Variation, BLUETONGUE VIRUS, Sequence Analysis, DNA, LOCUS SPECIES DELIMITATION, Biting midges, Palaearctic Region, Insect Vectors, Europe, [SDV.BA.ZI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, Biology and Microbiology, DISCRIMINATION, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, Cryptic species, Cyclooxygenase 1, Culicoides spp, Female, 3111 Biomedicine, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract

cet article a fait l’objet d’une correctionDOI : 10.1186/s13071-020-04349-y; International audience; ackgroundCulicoides obsoletus is an abundant and widely distributed Holarctic biting midge species, involved in the transmission of bluetongue virus (BTV) and Schmallenberg virus (SBV) to wild and domestic ruminants. Females of this vector species are often reported jointly with two morphologically very close species, C. scoticus and C. montanus, forming the Obsoletus/Scoticus Complex. Recently, cryptic diversity within C. obsoletus was reported in geographically distant sites. Clear delineation of species and characterization of genetic variability is mandatory to revise their taxonomic status and assess the vector role of each taxonomic entity. Our objectives were to characterize and map the cryptic diversity within the Obsoletus/Scoticus Complex.MethodsPortion of the cox1 mitochondrial gene of 3763 individuals belonging to the Obsoletus/Scoticus Complex was sequenced. Populations from 20 countries along a Palaearctic Mediterranean transect covering Scandinavia to Canary islands (North to South) and Canary islands to Turkey (West to East) were included. Genetic diversity based on cox1 barcoding was supported by 16S rDNA mitochondrial gene sequences and a gene coding for ribosomal 28S rDNA. Species delimitation using a multi-marker methodology was used to revise the current taxonomic scheme of the Obsoletus/Scoticus Complex.ResultsOur analysis showed the existence of three phylogenetic clades (C. obsoletus clade O2, C. obsoletus clade dark and one not yet named and identified) within C. obsoletus. These analyses also revealed two intra-specific clades within C. scoticus and raised questions about the taxonomic status of C. montanus.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, our study provides the first genetic characterization of the Obsoletus/Scoticus Complex on a large geographical scale and allows a revision of the current taxonomic classification for an important group of vector species of livestock viruses in the Palaearctic region.

Published
2020

18. Hedgerows as a habitat for forest plant species in the agricultural landscape of Europe

Author

Kathrin Litza, Audrey Alignier, Déborah Closset-Kopp, Aude Ernoult, Cendrine Mony, Magdalena Osthaus, Joanna Staley, Sanne Van Den Berge, Thomas Vanneste, Martin Diekmann, University of Bremen, Biodiversité agroécologie et aménagement du paysage (UMR BAGAP), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Ecole supérieure d'Agricultures d'Angers (ESA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés - UMR CNRS 7058 (EDYSAN), Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Ecole supérieure d'Agricultures d'Angers (ESA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Rennes Angers, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT)

Subjects
2. Zero hunger, 0106 biological sciences, Ecology, Hedgerow width, Microclimate, 15. Life on land, Forest herbs, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Linear landscape elements, 13. Climate action, Climate change, Animal Science and Zoology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Agronomy and Crop Science, Functional traits, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

International audience; Hedgerows are semi-natural wooded habitats and an important element in agricultural landscapes across Western and North-Western Europe. They reduce erosion, function as carbon sinks and thus provide essential ecosystem services. Moreover, they form a structurally diverse ecosystem for numerous taxa and connect otherwise fragmented forest habitats. This study compiled data from the hedgerow-rich oceanic regions of Europe, covering a gradient from Southern Sweden to Northern France, to analyse the influence of management, landscape context and climate variables on the number of herbaceous forest specialists in hedgerows. The species frequencies in hedgerows were related to their functional traits to identify plant characteristics that are beneficial for species dispersal and persistence in hedgerows. Our results show that numerous forest plant species, but not all, can thrive in hedgerows. Those are likely thermophilic, tolerant against regular disturbance and able to disperse efficiently. Hedgerows in regions that are warm or that are impacted by heat and drought events contain fewer forest species. Intensive adjacent land-use had a negative impact on forest species richness, while the surrounding forest cover was not significantly important. In congruence with previous regional studies, wider hedgerows contain more forest species, which is most likely caused by a more effective buffering of the microclimate. Thus, hedgerow width gains in importance in times of climate change and increasing extreme weather events. It is a key factor for habitat quality also on a European scale that needs to be considered for future management strategies. © 2021 Elsevier B.V.

Published
2022

19. AI Naturalists Might Hold the Key to Unlocking Biodiversity Data in Social Media Imagery

Author

Pierre Bonnet, Oliver L. Pescott, Tom August, Alexis Joly, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Scientific Data Management (ZENITH), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Robotique et de Microélectronique de Montpellier (LIRMM), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée (CRISAM), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée (CRISAM)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Big data, Réseaux sociaux, Biodiversity, Introduced species, 01 natural sciences, computer vision, [INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], big data, informatics, Data and Information, apprentissage machine, Taxonomic rank, Traitement des données, biodiversity, 0303 health sciences, Contextual image classification, plants, [INFO.INFO-MM]Computer Science [cs]/Multimedia [cs.MM], F70 - Taxonomie végétale et phytogéographie, artificial intelligence, fouille de données, Geography, machine learning, lcsh:QA76.75-76.765, C30 - Documentation et information, Imagerie, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, Biodiversité, F40 - Écologie végétale, social media, General Decision Sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, Representativeness heuristic, Article, Ecology and Environment, 03 medical and health sciences, [INFO.INFO-LG]Computer Science [cs]/Machine Learning [cs.LG], Social media, 030304 developmental biology, lcsh:Computer software, Analyse de données, business.industry, deep learning, [INFO.INFO-CV]Computer Science [cs]/Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition [cs.CV], botany, Intelligence artificielle, 15. Life on land, Data science, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, 13. Climate action, U30 - Méthodes de recherche, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, Classifier (UML)
Abstract

Summary The increasing availability of digital images, coupled with sophisticated artificial intelligence (AI) techniques for image classification, presents an exciting opportunity for biodiversity researchers to create new datasets of species observations. We investigated whether an AI plant species classifier could extract previously unexploited biodiversity data from social media photos (Flickr). We found over 60,000 geolocated images tagged with the keyword “flower” across an urban and rural location in the UK and classified these using AI, reviewing these identifications and assessing the representativeness of images. Images were predominantly biodiversity focused, showing single species. Non-native garden plants dominated, particularly in the urban setting. The AI classifier performed best when photos were focused on single native species in wild situations but also performed well at higher taxonomic levels (genus and family), even when images substantially deviated from this. We present a checklist of questions that should be considered when undertaking a similar analysis., Highlights • AI image classifiers can create biodiversity datasets from social media imagery • Flickr hosts many images of plants; some can be accurately classified to species by AI • Images are spatially aggregated around tourist sites and under-represent native species • Images focused on a single, non-horticultural, plant are most reliably identified, The Bigger Picture Recent reports of global biodiversity decline make it more important than ever to monitor biodiversity so that we can detect changes and infer their drivers. Online digital media, such as social media images, may be a new source of biodiversity observations, but they are far too numerous for a human to practically review. In this paper we apply an AI image classifier, designed to identify plants from images, to social media imagery to assess this method as a way to generate new biodiversity observations. We find that this approach is able to generate new data on species occurrence but that there are biases in both the social media data and the AI image classifier that need to be considered in analyses. This approach could be applied outside the biodiversity domain, to any phenomena of interest that may be captured in social media imagery. The checklist we provide at the end of this paper should therefore be of interest to anyone considering this approach to generating new data., We apply newly developed AI image classifiers to large social media image datasets in order to assess whether new datasets of biodiversity observations can be generated in this way. We explore biases in both the dataset of images as well as in the ability of the AI image classifier to make accurate identifications and propose a checklist of questions researchers should ask themselves when considering this approach to data generation.

Published
2020

20. Meta-analysis of multidecadal biodiversity trends in Europe

Author

Inger Kappel Schmidt, Daniel Gómez García, Jenni A. Stockan, Kaisa-Leena Huttunen, Lubos Halada, Marco Pansera, Samuel Vorhauser, Tanja Pipan, Dāvis Ozoliņš, Vincent Bretagnolle, Thomas C. Jensen, Bruno J. Ens, Bruno Petriccione, Anne Thimonier, Don Monteith, Vesela Evtimova, Roberto Canullo, Rita Adrian, Jerzy M. Gutowski, Gunta Spriņģe, Susanne C. Schneider, D. A. Beaumont, Jaana Bäck, S. Schafer, Henrik Kalivoda, Luc Barbaro, Gert Everaert, David S. Boukal, Christopher Andrews, Renate Alber, Peter Haase, Patricia Cardoso, Filipe Martinho, Agnija Skuja, Karline Soetaert, Bachisio Mario Padedda, Marcel E. Visser, Reima Leinonen, Ingolf Kühn, Heidrun Feuchtmayr, Ingrid Kröncke, Radoslav Stanchev, D. Pallett, Herman Hummel, Stefan Stoll, Ricardo García-González, Natalie Beenaerts, Boris P. Nikolov, Julia S. Meyer, Juha Pöyry, Ulf Grandin, Francesca Pilotto, Henning Meesenburg, Elisa Camatti, Liat Hadar, Audrey Alignier, Bogdan Jaroszewicz, Gunther Van Ryckegem, Daniel Oro, Stefano Minerbi, Marcus Schaub, Lisa Sundqvist, Miguel Ângelo Pardal, Gert Van Hoey, Melinda Halassy, Sue Benham, Kuhn, Ingolf/0000-0003-1691-8249, Visser, Marcel E/0000-0002-1456-1939, Schaub, Marcus/0000-0002-0158-8892, Poyry, Juha/0000-0002-5548-1046, Pallett, Denise W/0000-0002-3981-6547, Everaert, Gert/0000-0003-4305-0617, Andrews, Christopher/0000-0003-2428-272X, Pardal, Miguel Angelo/0000-0001-6048-7007, Thimonier, Anne/0000-0002-4685-1957, Pilotto, Francesca/0000-0003-1848-3154, Evtimova, Vesela/0000-0002-6358-8011, Back, Jaana/0000-0002-6107-667X, Schmidt, Inger Kappel/0000-0003-3880-2060, Beenaerts, Natalie/0000-0001-5655-5943, Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), SAD Paysage (SAD Paysage), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung (UFZ), Dynamiques et écologie des paysages agriforestiers (DYNAFOR), École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, Plant Diversity and Ecosystems Management Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy, Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Lake Ecosystem Group, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (CSIC), SAS, Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAS), Netherlands Institute of Ecology, University of Warsaw (UW), Software certification with semantic analysis (CELTIQUE), Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-LANGAGE ET GÉNIE LOGICIEL (IRISA-D4), Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano Servizi Forestali, Lancaster Environment Centre, Soil and Ecosystem Ecology Laboratory, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados (CSIC-UIB) (IMEDEA), National Cave and Karst Research Institute (NCKRI), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Avalanche Research WSL, Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt, D-63571, Gelnhausen, Germany, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), INBO, Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Denise W Pallett, Marcel E Visser, Gert Van Hoey, Boris Nikolov, Lisa Sundqvist, Inger Kappel Schmidt, Bogdan Jaroszewicz, Donald T Monteith, Davis Ozolins, Gunta Springe, Patricia Teixeira, Natalie Beenaerts, Francesca Pilotto, Gunther Van Ryckegem, Melinda Halassy, Suzanne Benham, Henning Meesenburg, Jaana K Bäck, Gert Everaert, Juha Pöyry, Lubos Halada, Marcus Schaub, Anne Thimonier, David Boukal, Daniel Oro, Miguel Ângelo Pardal, Christopher Andrews, Stefan Stoll, Ingolf Kühn, Vesela Evtimova, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Animal Ecology (AnE), Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Department of Forest Sciences, Forest Ecology and Management, Ecosystem processes (INAR Forest Sciences), and Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Zoology and botany: 480 [VDP], DIVERSITY, Biodiversity, General Physics and Astronomy, Oceanografi, hydrologi och vattenresurser, 01 natural sciences, Extinctions, Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources, marine, freshwater and terrestrial taxa, Responses, EXTINCTIONS, Taxonomic rank, Macroecology, lcsh:Science, Diversity, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, SPECIES RICHNESS, Climate-change ecology, Miljövetenskap, biodiversity trends, Europe, Geography, international, 1181 Ecology, evolutionary biology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Plan_S-Compliant_OA, Biologie, HOMOGENIZATION, Science, Climate Change, CONSERVATION, Climate change, long-term biological time series, abundance, richness and diversity, Conservation, 010603 evolutionary biology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Ecology and Environment, Article, Decline, Ecosystem, Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480 [VDP], Consequences, DECLINE, Homogenization, CONSEQUENCES, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Communities, SHIFTS, Global change, General Chemistry, 15. Life on land, Taxon, 13. Climate action, lcsh:Q, Species richness, Species Richness, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, COMMUNITIES, Environmental Sciences, Shifts, RESPONSES
Abstract

Este artículo contiene 11 páginas, 2 tablas, 4 figuras., Local biodiversity trends over time are likely to be decoupled from global trends, as local processes may compensate or counteract global change. We analyze 161 long-term biological time series (15–91 years) collected across Europe, using a comprehensive dataset comprising ~6,200 marine, freshwater and terrestrial taxa. We test whether (i) local long-term biodiversity trends are consistent among biogeoregions, realms and taxonomic groups, and (ii) changes in biodiversity correlate with regional climate and local conditions. Our results reveal that local trends of abundance, richness and diversity differ among biogeoregions, realms and taxonomic groups, demonstrating that biodiversity changes at local scale are often complex and cannot be easily generalized. However, we find increases in richness and abundance with increasing temperature and naturalness as well as a clear spatial pattern in changes in community composition (i.e. temporal taxonomic turnover) in most biogeoregions of Northern and Eastern Europe., We are grateful to the ILTER network and the eLTER PLUS project (Grand Agreement No. 871128) for financial support. We acknowledge the E-OBS dataset from the EUFP6 project ENSEMBLES (http://ensembles-eu.metoffice.com) and the data providers in the ECA&D project (http://www.ecad.eu). The evaluation of forest plant diversity was based on data collected by partners of the official UNECE ICP Forests Network (http://icp-forests.net/contributors); part of the data were co-financed by the European Commission, project LIFE 07 ENV/D/000218 “Further Development and Implementation of an EU-level Forest monitoring Systeme (FutMon)”. Data on wintering water birds in Bulgaria were provided by the national Executive Environment Agency with the Ministry of Environment and Waters. Data from the Finnish moth monitoring scheme were supported by the Finnish Ministry of the Environment. Data from the Swedish ICP Integrated Monitoring sites were financed by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. Data collection at Esthwaite Water and a subset of UK ECN sites was supported by Natural Environment Research Council award number NE/ R016429/1 as part of the UK-SCaPE programme delivering National Capability. Sponsorship of other UK ECN sites contributing data was provided by Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, Department of Environment Food and Rural Affairs, Natural Resources Wales, Defense Science Technology Laboratory, Environment Agency, Forestry Commission, Forest Research, the James Hutton Institute (The Rural & Environment Science & Analytical Services Division of the Scottish Government), Natural England, Rothamsted Research, Scottish Government, Scottish Natural Heritage and the Welsh Government. Data from the Mondego estuary (Portugal) were supported by the Centre for Functional Ecology Strategic Project (UID/BIA/04004/2019) within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and COMPETE 2020, and by FEDER through the project ReNATURE (Centro 2020, Centro-01-765-0145-FEDER-000007). We would like to thank Limburgse Koepel voor Natuurstudie (LiKoNa) for the data related to the National Park Hoge Kempen (BE). We would like to acknowledge the support for the long-term monitoring program MONEOS in the Scheldt estuary (BE) by ‘De Vlaamse Waterweg’ and ‘Maritieme Toegang’ (Flemish government). We are grateful to the board of the National Park “De Hoge Veluwe” for the permission to conduct our research on their property. We thank Ian J. Winfield and Terje Bongard for contributing data for the sites: Bassenthwaite Lake, Derwent Water (UK) and Atna River (Norway, freshwater invertebrate time series). Open access funding provided by Umeå University.

Published
2020

21. Interaction of climate change with effects of conspecific and heterospecific density on reproduction

Author

Møller, Anders Pape, Balbontín, Javier, Dhondt, André A., Adriaensen, Frank, Artemyev, Alexandr, Bańbura, Jerzy, Barba, Emilio, Biard, Clotilde, Blondel, Jacques, Bouvier, Jean-Charles, Camprodon, Jordi, Cecere, Francesco, Charter, Motti, Cichoń, Mariusz, Cusimano, Camillo, Dubiec, Anna, Eens, Marcel, Eeva, Tapio, Ferns, Peter N., Forsman, Jukka T., Goldshtein, Aya, Goodenough, Anne E., Gosler, Andrew G., Gustafsson, Lars, Harnist, Iga, Hartley, Ian R., Heeb, Philipp, Hinsley, Shelley A., Jacob, Staffan, Järvinen, Antero, Juškaitis, Rimvydas, Korpimäki, Erkki, Krams, Indrikis, Laaksonen, Toni, Leclercq, Bernard, Lehikoinen, Esa, Loukola, Olli, Mainwaring, Mark C., Mänd, Raivo, Massa, Bruno, Matthysen, Erik, Mazgajski, Tomasz D., Merino, Santiago, Mitrus, Cezary, Mönkkönen, Mikko, Nager, Ruedi G., Nilsson, Jan-Åke, Nilsson, Sven G., Norte, Ana C., von Numers, Mikael, Orell, Markku, Pimentel, Carla S., Pinxten, Rianne, Priedniece, Ilze, Remeš, Vladimir, Richner, Heinz, Robles Díez, Hugo, Rytkönen, Seppo, Senar, Juan Carlos, Seppänen, Janne T., da Silva, Luís P., Slagsvold, Tore, Solonen, Tapio, Sorace, Alberto, Stenning, Martyn J., Török, János, Tryjanowski, Piotr, van Noordwijk, Arie J., Walankiewicz, Wiesław, Lambrechts, Marcel M., Moller, Anders Pape, Balbontin, Javier, Dhondt, Andre A., Banbura, Jerzy, Cichon, Mariusz, Jarvinen, Antero, Juskaitis, Rimvydas, Korpimaki, Erkki, Mand, Raivo, Monkkonen, Mikko, Nilsson, Jan-ake, Remes, Vladimir, Rytkonen, Seppo, Seppanen, Janne T., da Silva, Luis P., Torok, Janos, Walankiewicz, Wieslaw, Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Kilpisjärvi Biological Station, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad de Sevilla / University of Sevilla, Cornell University [New York], University of Antwerp (UA), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), University of Lódź, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles (PSH), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), University of Haifa [Haifa], Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie = Jagiellonian University (UJ), Stazione Ornitologica di Palermo, Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Université de Lyon, University of Turku, School of Biosciences [Cardiff], Cardiff University, University of Oulu, Tel Aviv University (TAU), University of Gloucestershire (Cheltenham, GB), Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Uppsala University, Lancaster University, Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Nature Research Centre, Institute of Ecology, Akademijos str. 2, LT-08412, Vilnius, Lithuania., University of Tartu, University of Montana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Uniwersytet Wroclawski, University of Jyväskylä (JYU), University of Glasgow, Lund University [Lund], Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE UC), Universidade de Coimbra [Coimbra], Åbo Akademi University [Turku], Université de Lisbonne, Latvian Fund for Nature, Palacky University Olomouc, University of Bern, University of A Coruña (UDC), Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, University of Oslo (UiO), Luontotutkimus Solonen Oy, SROPU, University of Sussex, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Poznan University of Life Sciences (Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu) (PULS), Netherlands Institute of Ecology - NIOO-KNAW (NETHERLANDS), IB KRC RAS no. 0218-2019-0080, Academy of Finland (project 265859), Ministry of Economy and Competitivity, Spanish Research Council: research project CGL-2016-79568-C3-3-P, ANR-10-LABX-0041,TULIP,Towards a Unified theory of biotic Interactions: the roLe of environmental(2010), Animal Ecology (AnE), Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, Universidad de Sevilla, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Terrestrial Vertebrates Group, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Tel Aviv University [Tel Aviv], University of Oxford [Oxford], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Helsinki, Universidade do Porto, Russian Academy of Sciences, Academy of Finland, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
BREEDING SUCCESS, 0106 biological sciences, Avian clutch size, clutch size, Q1, 01 natural sciences, DEPENDENCE, Parus major, sinitiainen, POPULATION, QL_671, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, education.field_of_study, GE, biology, Ecology, Blue tit, tiaiset, Cyanistes, blue tit, Plan_S-Compliant_NO, talitiainen, Spatial heterogeneity, Chemistry, great tit, international, 1181 Ecology, evolutionary biology, lämpötila, laying date, CLUTCH-SIZE, intraspecific competition, Population, HABITAT HETEROGENEITY, PARUS-MAJOR, 010603 evolutionary biology, Ecology and Environment, Intraspecific competition, temperature anomaly, muninta, QH301, BLUE, Cyanistes caeruleus, education, Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Interspecioc competition, FICEDULA, Parus, QL, pesintä, lisääntymiskäyttäytyminen, BIRDS, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, interspecific competition, Ficedula, Interspecific competition, ilmastonmuutokset, biology.organism_classification, 13. Climate action, GREAT TITS
Abstract

We studied the relationship between temperature and the coexistence of great tit Parus major and blue tit Cyanistes caeruleus, breeding in 75 study plots across Europe and North Africa. We expected an advance in laying date and a reduction in clutch size during warmer springs as a general response to climate warming and a delay in laying date and a reduction in clutch size during warmer winters due to density-dependent effects. As expected, as spring temperature increases laying date advances and as winter temperature increases clutch size is reduced in both species. Density of great tit affected the relationship between winter temperature and laying date in great and blue tit. Specifically, as density of great tit increased and temperature in winter increased both species started to reproduce later. Density of blue tit affected the relationship between spring temperature and blue and great tit laying date. Thus, both species start to reproduce earlier with increasing spring temperature as density of blue tit increases, which was not an expected outcome, since we expected that increasing spring temperature should advance laying date, while increasing density should delay it cancelling each other out. Climate warming and its interaction with density affects clutch size of great tits but not of blue tits. As predicted, great tit clutch size is reduced more with density of blue tits as temperature in winter increases. The relationship between spring temperature and density on clutch size of great tits depends on whether the increase is in density of great tit or blue tit. Therefore, an increase in temperature negatively affected the coexistence of blue and great tits differently in both species. Thus, blue tit clutch size was unaffected by the interaction effect of density with temperature, while great tit clutch size was affected in multiple ways by these interactions terms., A. Artemyev acknowledges funding by IB KRC RAS no. 0218-2019-0080 and T. Eeva acknowledges funding by the Academy of Finland (project 265859). This study was funded by research project CGL-2016-79568-C3-3-P (to J. C. Senar), from the Ministry of Economy and Competitivity, Spanish Research Council.

Published
2020

22. Summer soil drying exacerbated by earlier spring greening of northern vegetation

Author

Xiangyi Li, Zhenzhong Zeng, Yongqiang Zhang, Xu Lian, Laurent Li, Yilong Wang, Ivan A. Janssens, Alessandro Cescatti, Philippe Ciais, Ranga B. Myneni, Tim R. McVicar, Yuting Yang, Anping Chen, Chris Huntingford, Josep Peñuelas, Wolfgang Buermann, Yue Li, Xuhui Wang, Shilong Piao, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University [Beijing], Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), University of Antwerp (UA), Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-CSIC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Department of Earth and Environment [Boston], Boston University [Boston] (BU), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), China Agricultural University (CAU), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate Change, Environmental Studies, Plant Development, Climate change, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Soil, Greening, Evapotranspiration, Precipitation, Water content, Research Articles, Ecosystem, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, ddc:910, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, SciAdv r-articles, Water, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, Droughts, Agriculture and Soil Science, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Climate model, Seasons, Engineering sciences. Technology, Research Article, Teleconnection
Abstract

Extra water loss from earlier spring greening dries soils locally in summer, but can moisten soils in areas downwind., Earlier vegetation greening under climate change raises evapotranspiration and thus lowers spring soil moisture, yet the extent and magnitude of this water deficit persistence into the following summer remain elusive. We provide observational evidence that increased foliage cover over the Northern Hemisphere, during 1982–2011, triggers an additional soil moisture deficit that is further carried over into summer. Climate model simulations independently support this and attribute the driving process to be larger increases in evapotranspiration than in precipitation. This extra soil drying is projected to amplify the frequency and intensity of summer heatwaves. Most feedbacks operate locally, except for a notable teleconnection where extra moisture transpired over Europe is transported to central Siberia. Model results illustrate that this teleconnection offsets Siberian soil moisture losses from local spring greening. Our results highlight that climate change adaptation planning must account for the extra summer water and heatwave stress inherited from warming-induced earlier greening.

Published
2020

23. Associational resistance to both insect and pathogen damage in mixed forests is modulated by tree neighbour identity and drought

Author

Karsten Schönrogge, Melanie Gibbs, Hervé Jactel, Andy Hector, Elsa Field, Bastien Castagneyrol, Nadia Barsoum, University of Oxford [Oxford], Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Alice Holt Lodge, and Forest Research [Great Britain]

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Plant vigour, Biodiversity, Identity (social science), Plant Science, Insect, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecology and Environment, Quercus robur, Erysiphe alphitoides, Mixed forest, Pathogen, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, media_common, Ecology, biology, Resistance (ecology), fungi, food and beverages, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Oak powdery mildew, Plant apparency, Tree (data structure), Biology and Microbiology, Multi-trophic interactions, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

1. Tree health declines can be caused by interactions between pests and pathogens and many studies have shown a reduction in their damage in mixed species forests compared to monocultures. Yet few authors have considered tree diversity effects on both groups simultaneously. Moreover, it is unclear whether diversity effects on tree pests and pathogens are robust to changes in abiotic conditions, such as drought. 2. We addressed tree diversity effects on foliar insect herbivory, oak powdery mildew and their interaction under contrasting water regimes in a large-scale tree diversity experiment in SW France. Using an irrigation treatment that alleviated drought conditions, we were able to experimentally assess the effects of tree diversity under contrasting abiotic environments. We surveyed plots along a richness gradient from one to four tree species, in which a focal study species of oak (Quercus robur) was mixed with other oak species (Q. pyrenaica and Q. ilex) and a taller, broadleaved species (Betula pendula). 3. Increasing tree species richness lowered leaf miner abundance, leaf chewer damage and oak powdery mildew infection, consistent with a protective effect of resource dilution. However, richness effects on leaf miners were stronger in irrigated compared to non-irrigated blocks, indicating that environmental conditions can modulate diversity effects. Separate from the effect of tree species richness, the presence of birch in a plot increased damage by leaf chewers and powdery mildew, but lowered leaf miner damage, suggesting additional tree neighbour identity effects potentially linked to modulation of microclimate. We found a negative association between leaf miner abundance and oak powdery mildew, consistent with antagonism between oak damage agents. 4. Synthesis . Overall, our study illustrates the importance of considering both tree diversity and composition (neighbour identity) in designing forests more resistant to pest and pathogen damage.

Published
2020

24. Sugar feeding of parasitoids in an agroecosystem: effects of community composition, habitat and vegetation

Author

Kishinevsky, Miriam, Cohen, Nitzan, Chiel, Elad, Wajnberg, Eric, Keasar, Tamar, Schonrogge, Karsten, Brady, Seán, University of Haifa [Haifa], Agricultural Research Organisation (ARO), Volcani Center, Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée (CRISAM), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), HExapode, PHysiologie, AssISTance et Objets de Service (HEPHAISTOS), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Rockefeller University [New York], and Israeli Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Agroecosystem, Honeydew, sugar feeding, Ecology, fungi, Foraging, Encarsia inaron, nectar, Biology, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Parasitoid, 010602 entomology, Aphelinidae, Agronomy, Insect Science, Nectar, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Cold anthrone test, Sugar, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, honeydew
Abstract

International audience; Sugar from nectar or from honeydew can prolong parasitoids’ lifespan, enhance their fecundity and foraging ability, and thereby increase their pest suppression efficiency. Sugar sources within crop monocultures are considered to be limiting for parasitoids. Nevertheless, only few studies have measured the sugar feeding of parasitoid assemblages in agricultural areas or in surrounding non-crop habitats. We used cold anthrone tests to compare the frequency of sugar feeding in parasitoid communities, inside pomegranate orchards and in adjacent natural areas, over two consecutive years. Overall, 40% of the 1610 sampled individuals belonging to 135 species scored positive for sugar. Sugar-feeding frequency was lower within the orchards than in the neighbouring natural areas. The proportion of sugar-fed wasps increased with herbaceous vegetation cover, both within and outside the orchards, suggesting that herbs are a sugar-rich habitat. Parasitoids sampled from trees and from herbs within the orchards had similar frequencies of sugar feeding, despite differences in wasp species composition. Our results probably overestimate sugar-feeding frequencies in the field because sugar-fed individuals have higher longevity and hence are more likely to be sampled. We propose a simple model to approximate this over-sampling bias and apply it to Encarsia inaron (Aphelinidae), one of the most abundant parasitoids in the samples. We conclude that sugar availability potentially limits parasitoid fitness in this agro-ecosystem. This may be due to the low density of plants in natural areas during the Mediterranean summer, and to herbicide applications within the orchards that further suppress non-crop herbs.

Published
2017

25. La sécheresse européenne de 2015 d'un point de vue hydrologique

Author

G. Laaha, T. Gauster, L. M. Tallaksen, J.-P. Vidal, K. Stahl, C. Prudhomme, B. Heudorfer, R. Vlnas, M. Ionita, H. A. J. Van Lanen, M.-J. Adler, L. Caillouet, C. Delus, M. Fendekova, S. Gailliez, J. Hannaford, D. Kingston, A. F. Van Loon, L. Mediero, M. Osuch, R. Romanowicz, E. Sauquet, J. H. Stagge, W. K. Wong, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), University of Oslo (UiO), Hydrologie-Hydraulique (UR HHLY), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), University of Defence [Czech Republic], Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management [Roumanie], Centre d'Etude et de Recherche en Géographie de l'Aménagement des Paysages et de l'Environnement (CERGAPE - LOTERR), Université de Lorraine (UL), Department of Hydrogeology, Comenius University [Bratislava], Service Public de Wallonie, University of Otago [Dunedin, Nouvelle-Zélande], University of Birmingham [Birmingham], Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Institute of Geophysics [Warsaw], Polska Akademia Nauk (PAN), Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), University of Defence in Brno (UoD), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management [Roumanie] (NIHWM), Comenius University in Bratislava, and Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN)

Subjects
River ecosystem, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0208 environmental biotechnology, 0207 environmental engineering, hydrology, drought, 02 engineering and technology, Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Technology, lcsh:TD1-1066, Hydrology (agriculture), Streamflow, Life Science, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, lcsh:Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, Water cycle, 020701 environmental engineering, Temporal scales, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, lcsh:GE1-350, SECHERESSE, WIMEK, lcsh:T, HYDROLOGIE, lcsh:Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, 15. Life on land, Hazard, 6. Clean water, 020801 environmental engineering, Catchment hydrology, Water resources, lcsh:G, 13. Climate action, Climatology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Hydrology, Hydrologie en Kwantitatief Waterbeheer
Abstract

In 2015 large parts of Europe were affected by drought. In this paper, we analyze the hydrological footprint (dynamic development over space and time) of the drought of 2015 in terms of both severity (magnitude) and spatial extent and compare it to the extreme drought of 2003. Analyses are based on a range of low flow and hydrological drought indices derived for about 800 streamflow records across Europe, collected in a community effort based on a common protocol. We compare the hydrological footprints of both events with the meteorological footprints, in order to learn from similarities and differences of both perspectives and to draw conclusions for drought management. The region affected by hydrological drought in 2015 differed somewhat from the drought of 2003, with its center located more towards eastern Europe. In terms of low flow magnitude, a region surrounding the Czech Republic was the most affected, with summer low flows that exhibited return intervals of 100 years and more. In terms of deficit volumes, the geographical center of the event was in southern Germany, where the drought lasted a particularly long time. A detailed spatial and temporal assessment of the 2015 event showed that the particular behavior in these regions was partly a result of diverging wetness preconditions in the studied catchments. Extreme droughts emerged where preconditions were particularly dry. In regions with wet preconditions, low flow events developed later and tended to be less severe. For both the 2003 and 2015 events, the onset of the hydrological drought was well correlated with the lowest flow recorded during the event (low flow magnitude), pointing towards a potential for early warning of the severity of streamflow drought. Time series of monthly drought indices (both streamflow- and climate-based indices) showed that meteorological and hydrological events developed differently in space and time, both in terms of extent and severity (magnitude). These results emphasize that drought is a hazard which leaves different footprints on the various components of the water cycle at different spatial and temporal scales. The difference in the dynamic development of meteorological and hydrological drought also implies that impacts on various water-use sectors and river ecology cannot be informed by climate indices alone. Thus, an assessment of drought impacts on water resources requires hydrological data in addition to drought indices based solely on climate data. The transboundary scale of the event also suggests that additional efforts need to be undertaken to make timely pan-European hydrological assessments more operational in the future.

Published
2017

26. Field-experiment constraints on the enhancement of the terrestrial carbon sink by CO2 fertilization

Author

Yuanyuan Fang, Ning Zeng, Xiaoying Shi, Trevor F. Keenan, Akihiko Ito, Philippe Ciais, Kai Wang, Shilong Piao, M. A. Arain, Qiuan Zhu, Mengtian Huang, Tao Wang, Jian Song, Joshua B. Fisher, Anna M. Michalak, Josep Peñuelas, Changhui Peng, Atul K. Jain, Chris Huntingford, Deborah N. Huntzinger, Yongwen Liu, Jiafu Mao, Yaxing Wei, Thomas Gasser, Hanqin Tian, Ivan A. Janssens, Maoyi Huang, Shiqiang Wan, Christopher R. Schwalm, Hui Yang, Xuhui Wang, Benjamin Poulter, Han Wang, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University [Beijing], International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Henan University, Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (Inalco), The Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP ), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp (UA), Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Department of Chemistry [University of Houston], University of Houston, University of Oxford, Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Urbana], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, Environmental Sciences Division [Oak Ridge], Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC-UT-Battelle, LLC, Carnegie Observatories, Carnegie Institution for Science, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Northwest A and F University, Laboratoire de Chimie - UMR5182 (LC), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Henan University, Kaifeng (HENU), Henan University, Kaifeng, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), University of Oxford [Oxford], Carnegie Institution for Science [Washington], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Life on Land, Field experiment, Physics, Northern Hemisphere, Carbon sink, 15. Life on land, Carbon sequestration, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Arctic, 13. Climate action, Temperate climate, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Terrestrial ecosystem, Ecosystem, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Clarifying how increased atmospheric CO2 concentration (eCO2) contributes to accelerated land carbon sequestration remains important since this process is the largest negative feedback in the coupled carbon–climate system. Here, we constrain the sensitivity of the terrestrial carbon sink to eCO2 over the temperate Northern Hemisphere for the past five decades, using 12 terrestrial ecosystem models and data from seven CO2 enrichment experiments. This constraint uses the heuristic finding that the northern temperate carbon sink sensitivity to eCO2 is linearly related to the site-scale sensitivity across the models. The emerging data-constrained eCO2 sensitivity is 0.64 ± 0.28 PgC yr−1 per hundred ppm of eCO2. Extrapolating worldwide, this northern temperate sensitivity projects the global terrestrial carbon sink to increase by 3.5 ± 1.9 PgC yr−1 for an increase in CO2 of 100 ppm. This value suggests that CO2 fertilization alone explains most of the observed increase in global land carbon sink since the 1960s. More CO2 enrichment experiments, particularly in boreal, arctic and tropical ecosystems, are required to explain further the responsible processes. The northern temperate carbon sink is estimated to increase by 0.64 PgC each year for each increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations by 100 ppm, suggests an analysis of data from field experiments at 7 sites constraints.

Published
2019

27. Genomic dissection of an extended phenotype: Oak galling by a cynipid gall wasp

Author

Elisabeth Huguet, Jean-Michel Drezen, Jack Hearn, Juli Pujade-Villar, Graham N. Stone, Mark Blaxter, Karsten Schönrogge, José Luis Nieves-Aldrey, Joseph D. Shorthouse, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Natural Environment Research Council (UK), Institute of Evolutionary Biology [Edinburgh], School of Biological Sciences [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh-University of Edinburgh, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Institut de recherche sur la biologie de l'insecte UMR7261 (IRBI), Université de Tours (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Tours-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Copenhaver, Gregory P.

Subjects
Cancer Research, Life Cycles, Larves, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Wasps, Gene Expression, Plant Science, QH426-470, Trees, Quercus, 0302 clinical medicine, fluids and secretions, Larvae, Plant Growth Regulators, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Plant Tumors, Invertebrate Genomics, qx_500, Gall, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Genetics (clinical), Genetics, 0303 health sciences, biology, Effector, Plant Anatomy, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, Microbial Genetics, Gall wasp, Eukaryota, Genomics, Plants, Phenotype, Biorhiza pallida, Insects, Larva, Viral Genetics, Buds, Transcriptome Analysis, Metabolic Networks and Pathways, Research Article, Arthropoda, qu_475, digestive system, Microbiology, Host-Parasite Interactions, Quercus robur, 03 medical and health sciences, Oaks, Virology, Animals, Molecular Biology, Gene, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, [SDV.GEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics, Host (biology), qu_500, fungi, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, Computational Biology, biology.organism_classification, Genome Analysis, Expressió gènica, Invertebrates, digestive system diseases, Insectes, Plant Leaves, Biology and Microbiology, Viral Gene Expression, Animal Genomics, Gene expression, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Developmental Biology
Abstract

Galls are plant tissues whose development is induced by another organism for the inducer's benefit. 30,000 arthropod species induce galls, and in most cases the inducing effectors and target plant systems are unknown. Cynipid gall wasps are a speciose monophyletic radiation that induce structurally complex galls on oaks and other plants. We used a model system comprising the gall wasp Biorhiza pallida and the oak Quercus robur to characterise inducer and host plant gene expression at defined stages through the development of galled and ungalled plant tissues, and tested alternative hypotheses for the origin and type of galling effectors and plant metabolic pathways involved. Oak gene expression patterns diverged markedly during development of galled and normal buds. Young galls showed elevated expression of oak genes similar to legume root nodule Nod factor-induced early nodulin (ENOD) genes and developmental parallels with oak buds. In contrast, mature galls showed substantially different patterns of gene expression to mature leaves. While most oak transcripts could be functionally annotated, many gall wasp transcripts of interest were novel. We found no evidence in the gall wasp for involvement of third-party symbionts in gall induction, for effector delivery using virus-like-particles, or for gallwasp expression of genes coding for plant hormones. Many differentially and highly expressed genes in young larvae encoded secretory peptides, which we hypothesise are effector proteins exported to plant tissues. Specifically, we propose that host arabinogalactan proteins and gall wasp chitinases interact in young galls to generate a somatic embryogenesis-like process in oak tissues surrounding the gall wasp larvae. Gall wasp larvae also expressed genes encoding multiple plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs). These have functional orthologues in other gall inducing cynipids but not in figitid parasitoid sister groups, suggesting that they may be evolutionary innovations associated with cynipid gall induction., [Author summary] Plant galls are induced by organisms that manipulate host plant development to produce novel structures. The organisms involved range from mutualistic (such as nitrogen fixing bacteria) to parasitic. In the case of parasites, the gall benefits only the gall-inducing partner. A wide range of organisms can induce galls, but the processes involved are understood only for some bacterial and fungal galls. Cynipid gall wasps induce diverse and structurally complex galls, particularly on oaks (Quercus). We used transcriptome and genome sequencing for one gall wasp and its host oak to identify genes active in gall development. On the plant side, when compared to normally developing bud tissues, young gall tissues showed elevated expression of loci similar to those found in nitrogen-fixing root nodules of leguminous plants. On the wasp side, we found no evidence for involvement of viruses or microorganisms carried by the insects in gall induction or delivery of inducing stimuli. We found that gall wasps express many genes whose products may be secreted to the host, including enzymes that degrade plant cell walls. Genome comparisons between galling and non-galling relatives showed cell wall-degrading enzymes are restricted to gall inducers, and hence potentially key components of a gall inducing lifestyle., This study was supported by a NERC studentship awarded to Jack Hearn, a NERC NBAF grant (NBAF375 2009-2010) awarded to Graham Stone, and NERC grant NE/J010499. Jose-Luis Nieves Aldrey was supported by project CGL2015-66571-P (MINECO, Spain).The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Published
2019

28. Hi-sAFe: A 3D Agroforestry Model for Integrating Dynamic Tree–Crop Interactions

Author

Dupraz, Christian, Wolz, Kevin, Lecomte, Isabelle, Talbot, Grégoire, Vincent, Grégoire, Mulia, Rachmat, Bussière, François, Ozier-Lafontaine, Harry, Andrianarisoa, Sitraka, Jackson, Nick, Lawson, Gerry, Dones, Nicolas, Sinoquet, Hervé, Lusiana, Betha, Harja, Degi, Domenicano, Susy, Reyes, Francesco, Gosme, Marie, Noordwijk, Meine, Fonctionnement et conduite des systèmes de culture tropicaux et méditerranéens (UMR SYSTEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), SE Asia, World Agroforestry Centre, World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Agrosystèmes tropicaux (ASTRO), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Laboratoire de Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l’Arbre en environnement Fluctuant (PIAF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020]), Centre d'Etude de la Forêt (Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique), Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), European Project: 613520,EC:FP7:KBBE,FP7-KBBE-2013-7-single-stage,AGFORWARD(2014), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Laboratoire de Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l’Arbre en environnement Fluctuant - Clermont Auvergne (PIAF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Université Laval, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])

Subjects
alley cropping, windbreak, lcsh:TJ807-830, lcsh:Renewable energy sources, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, Ecology and Environment, facilitation, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, land equivalent ratio, silvoarable, hedgerow, forestry, competition, long‐term simulation, plasticity, long-term simulation, lcsh:Environmental sciences, lcsh:GE1-350, agroforesterie, lcsh:Environmental effects of industries and plants, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, lcsh:TD194-195, Agriculture and Soil Science, Hydrology, modèle dynamique, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract

International audience; Agroforestry, the intentional integration of trees with crops and/or livestock, can lead to multiple economic and ecological benefits compared to trees and crops/livestock grown separately. Field experimentation has been the primary approach to understanding the tree-crop interactions inherent in agroforestry. However, the number of field experiments has been limited by slow tree maturation and difficulty in obtaining consistent funding. Models have the potential to overcome these hurdles and rapidly advance understanding of agroforestry systems. Hi-sAFe is a mechanistic, biophysical model designed to explore the interactions within agroforestry systems that mix trees with crops. The model couples the pre-existing STICS crop model to a new tree model that includes several plasticity mechanisms responsive to tree-tree and tree-crop competition for light, water, and nitrogen. Monoculture crop and tree systems can also be simulated, enabling calculation of the land equivalent ratio. The model's 3D and spatially explicit form is key for accurately representing many competition and facilitation processes. Hi-sAFe is a novel tool for exploring agroforestry designs (e.g., tree spacing, crop type, tree row orientation), management strategies (e.g., thinning, branch pruning, root pruning, fertilization, irrigation), and responses to environmental variation (e.g., latitude, climate change, soil depth, soil structure and fertility, fluctuating water table). By improving our understanding of the complex interactions within agroforestry systems, Hi-sAFe can ultimately facilitate adoption of agroforestry as a sustainable land-use practice.

Published
2019

29. Twenty-three unsolved problems in hydrology (UPH) – a community perspective

Author

Alena Gonzalez Bevacqua, Murugesu Sivapalan, Rui Tong, Ruud van der Ent, Holger Lange, Krzysztof Kochanek, Kate Heal, Moussa Sidibe, Ida Westerberg, Scott T. Allen, Pablo Borges de Amorim, Eric Lindquist, Georgia Destouni, Maria-Helena Ramos, Bruce Misstear, Andrew J. Wade, Keith Beven, Luca Brocca, Mike Kirkby, Sina Khatami, David K. Kreamer, Pieter R. van Oel, Zahra Kalantari, Shreedhar Maskey, Sergiy Vorogushyn, Shamshagul Mashtayeva, James W. Kirchner, Andis Kalvans, Hubert H. G. Savenije, Sebastian H. Mernild, Gerrit H. de Rooij, Santosh K. Aryal, Ennio Ferrari, Julien Malard, Alberto Montanari, Ladislav Holko, Sonu Khanal, Silvia Kohnová, Camyla Innocente, Mel Sandells, Josie Geris, Tom Gleeson, Felipe P. J. de Barros, Ben Jarihani, Anne Van Loon, Stefan Krause, Maria Mavrova-Guirguinova, Marlies Barendrecht, María José Polo, Flavia Tauro, Zongxue Xu, B. I. Gartsman, Elena Ridolfi, Charles Perrin, Miriam Glendell, Yuanfang Chen, Ilja van Meerveld, Theresa Blume, Harald Kunstmann, Gemma Carr, Alireza Nabizadeh, Ebru Eris, Christopher J. White, Heidi Kreibich, Hannes Müller-Thomy, Ashish Sharma, Laura Foglia, Josep Mas-Pla, Subhabrata Panda, Shervan Gharari, Renzo Rosso, J. E. Reynolds, Stefano Ferraris, Saket Pande, Markus Hrachowitz, Laurent Pfister, David E. Robertson, Thomas Skaugen, Roy C. Sidle, Rafael Pimentel, Ross Woods, Alena Bartosova, Erkan Istanbulluoglu, Grant Ferguson, Anam Amin, Chris Hopkinson, Korbinian Breinl, David A. Post, Mathew Herrnegger, Aldo Fiori, Ingelin Steinsland, Dawei Han, Lina Stein, Alberto Viglione, Akhilendra Bhushan Gupta, Bakhram Nurtaev, Maurizio Mazzoleni, Charles H. Luce, Martine van der Ploeg, Ronald van Nooijen, Jean-Philippe Vidal, Tirthankar Roy, Borbála Széles, Jens Kiesel, Cristina Prieto Sierra, Junguo Liu, Hafzullah Aksoy, Andreas Schumann, Pierluigi Claps, Berit Arheimer, Georgia Papacharalampous, Wouter Buytaert, Keirnan Fowler, Ulrich Strasser, David C. Finger, Elena Volpi, Matthew R. Hipsey, Paula Cunha David, Margarida L. R. Liberato, Alexander Gelfan, Barry Croke, V.O. Odongo, David M. Hannah, Günter Blöschl, Hristos Tyralis, Olga Makarieva, Nataliia Nesterova, Bettina Schaefli, Kamshat Tussupova, Guillaume Thirel, Kay Helfricht, Timothy E. Link, Earl Bardsley, Wouter J. M. Knoben, Vazken Andréassian, Ján Szolgay, Mojtaba Shafiei, Jose Luis Salinas, Jan Seibert, Benjamin Fersch, Doris Duethmann, Azhar Inam, Yongqiang Zhang, Giuliano Di Baldassarre, Simon Gascoin, Hugh Smith, Martyn P. Clark, Xiaohong Chen, Maik Renner, Tissa H. Illangasekare, Remko Uijlenhoet, Victor R. Baker, Ravindra Dwivedi, Eric Servat, Christophe Cudennec, Jeffrey J. McDonnell, Sabine M. Spiessl, Yangbo Chen, Thom Bogaard, Wouter R. Berghuijs, María P. González-Dugo, Gilles Boulet, Fernando Nardi, Eric Gaume, Jana von Freyberg, Gil Mahé, Peter Chifflard, Mitja Brilly, William H. Farmer, Monica Riva, James Feiccabrino, Claire Lupton, Anna Scolobig, João H.M. Sá, Przemysław Wachniew, Daniel P. Loucks, Jessica M. Driscoll, Bob Su, Elena Toth, Okke Batelaan, Eric F. Wood, Annette Dathe, David G. Tarboton, Attilio Castellarin, Alla Kolechkina, Björn Guse, Christopher M. U. Neale, Salvatore Grimaldi, Zhonghe Pang, Fuqiang Tian, Marc F. P. Bierkens, Christine Stumpp, Philip J. Ward, Stefan Haun, António Chambel, Riccardo Rigon, Andrea Castelletti, Michael E. Böttcher, Rens van Beek, Gianfausto Salvadori, Adrian A. Harpold, Adrian L. Collins, Hana Hlaváčiková, Clara Hohmann, Koray K. Yilmaz, Technical University of Vienna [Vienna] (TU WIEN), Utrecht University [Utrecht], University of Évora [Portugal], Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Stockholm University, Roma Tre University, Institut Fédéral de Recherches sur la Forêt, la Neige et le Paysage (WSL), Institut Fédéral de Recherches [Suisse], University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S), Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering [Urbana], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, Department of Civil Chemical Environmental and Materials Engineering [Bologna] (DICAM), University of Bologna, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Politecnico di Torino [Torino] (Polito), Istanbul Technical University, Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TeSAF), Universita degli Studi di Padova, Hydrosystèmes continentaux anthropisés : ressources, risques, restauration (UR HYCAR), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), Water Resources Section, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Imperial College London, Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Hohai University, Research Applications Laboratory [Boulder] (RAL), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Department of Earth Sciences [ Uppsala], Uppsala University, University of Reykjavik [Islande], Structure et fonctionnement des systèmes hydriques continentaux (SISYPHE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Géotechnique, Eau et Risques (IFSTTAR/GER), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM), Water Problems Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), The James Hutton Institute, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences [Birmingham], University of Birmingham [Birmingham], Center for Experimental Study of Subsurface Environmental Processes (CESEP), Colorado School of Mines, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Hydrology Section, German Research Centre for Geosciences - Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam (GFZ), South University of Science and Technology of China, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU)-Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Hydrosciences Montpellier (HSM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Water Science and Engineering, Institute for Water Education (UNESCO–IHE), Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Andalusian Institute of Earth Sciences (IACT), Spanish National Research Council [Madrid] (CSIC), University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia], Dipartimento di Ingegneria Idraulica, Ambientale, Infrastrutture Viarie, Rilevamento, ICT Institute of Politecnico di Milano, University of Edinburgh, Boise State University, Coventry University, University of the Sunshine Coast (USC), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State University (USU), Department of Hydraulic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University [Beijing], Wagenigen University, Utrecht Centre for Geosciences, Météo-France [Paris], Météo France, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Durham University, Princeton University, Ege Üniversitesi, Water and Climate Risk, Bloschl G., Bierkens M.F.P., Chambel A., Cudennec C., Destouni G., Fiori A., Kirchner J.W., McDonnell J.J., Savenije H.H.G., Sivapalan M., Stumpp C., Toth E., Volpi E., Carr G., Lupton C., Salinas J., Szeles B., Viglione A., Aksoy H., Allen S.T., Amin A., Andreassian V., Arheimer B., Aryal S.K., Baker V., Bardsley E., Barendrecht M.H., Bartosova A., Batelaan O., Berghuijs W.R., Beven K., Blume T., Bogaard T., Borges de Amorim P., Bottcher M.E., Boulet G., Breinl K., Brilly M., Brocca L., Buytaert W., Castellarin A., Castelletti A., Chen X., Chen Y., Chifflard P., Claps P., Clark M.P., Collins A.L., Croke B., Dathe A., David P.C., de Barros F.P.J., de Rooij G., Di Baldassarre G., Driscoll J.M., Duethmann D., Dwivedi R., Eris E., Farmer W.H., Feiccabrino J., Ferguson G., Ferrari E., Ferraris S., Fersch B., Finger D., Foglia L., Fowler K., Gartsman B., Gascoin S., Gaume E., Gelfan A., Geris J., Gharari S., Gleeson T., Glendell M., Gonzalez Bevacqua A., Gonzalez-Dugo M.P., Grimaldi S., Gupta A.B., Guse B., Han D., Hannah D., Harpold A., Haun S., Heal K., Helfricht K., Herrnegger M., Hipsey M., Hlavacikova H., Hohmann C., Holko L., Hopkinson C., Hrachowitz M., Illangasekare T.H., Inam A., Innocente C., Istanbulluoglu E., Jarihani B., Kalantari Z., Kalvans A., Khanal S., Khatami S., Kiesel J., Kirkby M., Knoben W., Kochanek K., Kohnova S., Kolechkina A., Krause S., Kreamer D., Kreibich H., Kunstmann H., Lange H., Liberato M.L.R., Lindquist E., Link T., Liu J., Loucks D.P., Luce C., Mahe G., Makarieva O., Malard J., Mashtayeva S., Maskey S., Mas-Pla J., Mavrova-Guirguinova M., Mazzoleni M., Mernild S., Misstear B.D., Montanari A., Muller-Thomy H., Nabizadeh A., Nardi F., Neale C., Nesterova N., Nurtaev B., Odongo V.O., Panda S., Pande S., Pang Z., Papacharalampous G., Perrin C., Pfister L., Pimentel R., Polo M.J., Post D., Prieto Sierra C., Ramos M.-H., Renner M., Reynolds J.E., Ridolfi E., Rigon R., Riva M., Robertson D.E., Rosso R., Roy T., Sa J.H.M., Salvadori G., Sandells M., Schaefli B., Schumann A., Scolobig A., Seibert J., Servat E., Shafiei M., Sharma A., Sidibe M., Sidle R.C., Skaugen T., Smith H., Spiessl S.M., Stein L., Steinsland I., Strasser U., Su B., Szolgay J., Tarboton D., Tauro F., Thirel G., Tian F., Tong R., Tussupova K., Tyralis H., Uijlenhoet R., van Beek R., van der Ent R.J., van der Ploeg M., Van Loon A.F., van Meerveld I., van Nooijen R., van Oel P.R., Vidal J.-P., von Freyberg J., Vorogushyn S., Wachniew P., Wade A.J., Ward P., Westerberg I.K., White C., Wood E.F., Woods R., Xu Z., Yilmaz K.K., Zhang Y., Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Politecnico di Torino = Polytechnic of Turin (Polito), Istanbul Technical University (ITÜ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Southern University of Science and Technology of China (SUSTech), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Tsinghua University [Beijing] (THU), Austrian Science Fund (FWF) : DK W1219-N28, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi Roma Tre = Roma Tre University (ROMA TRE), University of Bologna/Università di Bologna, Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua (Unipd), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris), Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), University of Pennsylvania, Météo-France, Castellarin, A, Tækni- og verkfræðideild (HR), School of Science and Engineering (RU), Háskólinn í Reykjavík, Reykjavik University, Department of Water Resources, UT-I-ITC-WCC, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Bloschl, G., Bierkens, M. F. P., Chambel, A., Cudennec, C., Destouni, G., Fiori, A., Kirchner, J. W., Mcdonnell, J. J., Savenije, H. H. G., Sivapalan, M., Stumpp, C., Toth, E., Volpi, E., Carr, G., Lupton, C., Salinas, J., Szeles, B., Viglione, A., Aksoy, H., Allen, S. T., Amin, A., Andreassian, V., Arheimer, B., Aryal, S. K., Baker, V., Bardsley, E., Barendrecht, M. H., Bartosova, A., Batelaan, O., Berghuijs, W. R., Beven, K., Blume, T., Bogaard, T., Borges de Amorim, P., Bottcher, M. E., Boulet, G., Breinl, K., Brilly, M., Brocca, L., Buytaert, W., Castellarin, A., Castelletti, A., Chen, X., Chen, Y., Chifflard, P., Claps, P., Clark, M. P., Collins, A. L., Croke, B., Dathe, A., David, P. C., de Barros, F. P. J., de Rooij, G., Di Baldassarre, G., Driscoll, J. M., Duethmann, D., Dwivedi, R., Eris, E., Farmer, W. H., Feiccabrino, J., Ferguson, G., Ferrari, E., Ferraris, S., Fersch, B., Finger, D., Foglia, L., Fowler, K., Gartsman, B., Gascoin, S., Gaume, E., Gelfan, A., Geris, J., Gharari, S., Gleeson, T., Glendell, M., Gonzalez Bevacqua, A., Gonzalez-Dugo, M. P., Grimaldi, S., Gupta, A. B., Guse, B., Han, D., Hannah, D., Harpold, A., Haun, S., Heal, K., Helfricht, K., Herrnegger, M., Hipsey, M., Hlavacikova, H., Hohmann, C., Holko, L., Hopkinson, C., Hrachowitz, M., Illangasekare, T. H., Inam, A., Innocente, C., Istanbulluoglu, E., Jarihani, B., Kalantari, Z., Kalvans, A., Khanal, S., Khatami, S., Kiesel, J., Kirkby, M., Knoben, W., Kochanek, K., Kohnova, S., Kolechkina, A., Krause, S., Kreamer, D., Kreibich, H., Kunstmann, H., Lange, H., Liberato, M. L. R., Lindquist, E., Link, T., Liu, J., Loucks, D. P., Luce, C., Mahe, G., Makarieva, O., Malard, J., Mashtayeva, S., Maskey, S., Mas-Pla, J., Mavrova-Guirguinova, M., Mazzoleni, M., Mernild, S., Misstear, B. D., Montanari, A., Muller-Thomy, H., Nabizadeh, A., Nardi, F., Neale, C., Nesterova, N., Nurtaev, B., Odongo, V. O., Panda, S., Pande, S., Pang, Z., Papacharalampous, G., Perrin, C., Pfister, L., Pimentel, R., Polo, M. J., Post, D., Prieto Sierra, C., Ramos, M. -H., Renner, M., Reynolds, J. E., Ridolfi, E., Rigon, R., Riva, M., Robertson, D. E., Rosso, R., Roy, T., Sa, J. H. M., Salvadori, G., Sandells, M., Schaefli, B., Schumann, A., Scolobig, A., Seibert, J., Servat, E., Shafiei, M., Sharma, A., Sidibe, M., Sidle, R. C., Skaugen, T., Smith, H., Spiessl, S. M., Stein, L., Steinsland, I., Strasser, U., Su, B., Szolgay, J., Tarboton, D., Tauro, F., Thirel, G., Tian, F., Tong, R., Tussupova, K., Tyralis, H., Uijlenhoet, R., van Beek, R., van der Ent, R. J., van der Ploeg, M., Van Loon, A. F., van Meerveld, I., van Nooijen, R., van Oel, P. R., Vidal, J. -P., von Freyberg, J., Vorogushyn, S., Wachniew, P., Wade, A. J., Ward, P., Westerberg, I. K., White, C., Wood, E. F., Woods, R., Xu, Z., Yilmaz, K. K., Zhang, Y., Hydrologie, and Landscape functioning, Geocomputation and Hydrology

Subjects
hydrology, science questions, research agenda, interdisciplinary, knowledge gaps, 0208 environmental biotechnology, UT-Hybrid-D, WASS, hydrology, 02 engineering and technology, Oceanografi, hydrologi och vattenresurser, Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management, Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources, QE, Þekking, 910 Geography & travel, VDP::Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Geofag: 450::Hydrologi: 454, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, media_common, Water Science and Technology, knowledge gap, [SHS.SOCIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology, VDP::Landbruks- og Fiskerifag: 900, Hydroglogy, 6. Clean water, Justice and Strong Institutions, TA, Spite, science questions, Discipline, Hydrologie en Kwantitatief Waterbeheer, research agenda, knowledge gaps, interdisciplinary, SDG 16 - Peace, Process (engineering), media_common.quotation_subject, Hidrologia, Vatnafræði, Context (language use), Digital media, ITC-HYBRID, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, Hydrology, WIMEK, business.industry, SDG 16 - Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions, Public consultation, Rannsóknir, 500 Science, Bodemfysica en Landbeheer, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Water Resources Management, 020801 environmental engineering, Soil Physics and Land Management, Socio-hydrology, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, Aðferðafræði, business, Diversity (politics)
Abstract

Publisher's version (útgefin grein), This paper is the outcome of a community initiative to identify major unsolved scientific problems in hydrology motivated by a need for stronger harmonisation of research efforts. The procedure involved a public consultation through online media, followed by two workshops through which a large number of potential science questions were collated, prioritised, and synthesised. In spite of the diversity of the participants (230 scientists in total), the process revealed much about community priorities and the state of our science: a preference for continuity in research questions rather than radical departures or redirections from past and current work. Questions remain focused on the process-based understanding of hydrological variability and causality at all space and time scales. Increased attention to environmental change drives a new emphasis on understanding how change propagates across interfaces within the hydrological system and across disciplinary boundaries. In particular, the expansion of the human footprint raises a new set of questions related to human interactions with nature and water cycle feedbacks in the context of complex water management problems. We hope that this reflection and synthesis of the 23 unsolved problems in hydrology will help guide research efforts for some years to come., We would like to thank the members of the IAHS, EGU, AGU and IAH for supporting this initiative. The LinkedIn group and overall secretariat was hosted by the IAHS, the Splinter meeting by EGU and the Vienna Catchment Science Symposium by the Vienna Doctoral Programme on Water Resource Systems (DK W1219-N28) funded by the Austrian Science Funds (FWF)., "Peer Reviewed"

Published
2019

30. Hydrology needed to manage droughts: the 2015 European case

Author

Silvia Chelcea, Jamie Hannaford, Marzena Osuch, James H. Stagge, Christel Prudhomme, Sébastien Gailliez, Luis Mediero, Jean-Philippe Vidal, Lukas Gudmundsson, Renata J. Romanowicz, Anne Van Loon, Lena M. Tallaksen, Eric Sauquet, Maria Kireeva, Kerstin Stahl, Radek Vlnas, Wai Kwok Wong, Klaus Haslinger, Henny A. J. Van Lanen, Veit Blauhut, Mary Jeanne Adler, Daniel G. Kingston, Natalia Frolova, Ekaterina Rets, Laurie Caillouet, Martin Hanel, Claire Delus, Gregor Laaha, Tobias Gauster, Monica Ionita, Miriam Fendekova, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), University of Otago [Dunedin, Nouvelle-Zélande], Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Hydrologie-Hydraulique (UR HHLY), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (CZU), University of Oslo (UiO), University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Centre d'Etude et de Recherche en Géographie de l'Aménagement des Paysages et de l'Environnement (CERGAPE - LOTERR), Université de Lorraine (UL), Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Institute of Geophysics [Warsaw], Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Service Public de Wallonie, Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management [Roumanie] (NIHWM), Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Masaryk University [Brno] (MUNI), Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics [Vienna] (ZAMG), University of Birmingham [Birmingham], Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Comenius University [Bratislava], Institute of Geophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), and Masaryk University

Subjects
TheoryofComputation_MISCELLANEOUS, Czech, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, GeneralLiterature_INTRODUCTORYANDSURVEY, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 0208 environmental biotechnology, ComputingMilieux_LEGALASPECTSOFCOMPUTING, 02 engineering and technology, Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management, 01 natural sciences, Water deficit, HYDROLOGY, Hydrology (agriculture), Natural hazard, Life Science, Economic impact analysis, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, DROUGHT, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Hydrology, SECHERESSE, WIMEK, ComputingMilieux_THECOMPUTINGPROFESSION, HYDROLOGIE, 6. Clean water, language.human_language, 020801 environmental engineering, Geography, 13. Climate action, language, Hydrologie en Kwantitatief Waterbeheer
Abstract

International audience; It is generally accepted that drought is one of the most costly weather-related natural hazards. In 2015, a long-lasting drought hit Europe, particularly affecting central and eastern Europe. In some regions it was the driest (North Slovakia) and in others (Czech Republic and Poland) it was the second driest summer of the last 50 years (following 2003). Key questions are: (i) how extreme are these events, not only in terms of hydro-meteorological characteristics but also impacts? and (ii) how are these impacts managed?

Published
2016

31. Site-city interaction: theoretical, numerical and experimental crossed-analysis

Author

Logan Schwan, Matt S Dietz, Pierre-Yves Bard, Claude Boutin, Colin Anthony Taylor, Luis A. Padrón, Qualité des eaux et prévention des pollutions (UR QELY), Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF), Laboratoire de Géophysique Interne et Tectonophysique (LGIT), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), and Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])

Subjects
Earthquake engineering, Seismic anisotropy, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Wave propagation, Site effects, Boundary (topology), Rigidity (psychology), 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Homogenization (chemistry), Physics::Geophysics, Earthquake dynamics, Geochemistry and Petrology, 11. Sustainability, Earthquake ground motions, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Parametric statistics, business.industry, Structural engineering, Body waves, Geophysics, Earthquake shaking table, business, Geology, Seismology
Abstract

The collective excitation of city structures by a seismic wavefield and the subsequent multiple Structure-Soil-Structure Interactions (SSSIs) between the buildings are usually disregarded in conventional seismology and earthquake engineering practice. The objective here is to qualify and quantify these complex multiple SSSIs through the design of an elementary study case, which serves as a benchmark for theoretical, numerical and experimental crossed-analysis. The experimental specimen consists of an idealized site-city setup with up to 37 anisotropic resonant structures arranged at the top surface of an elastic layer and in co-resonance with it. The experimental data from shaking table measurements is compared with the theoretical and numerical results provided respectively by an equivalent city-impedance model derived analytically from homogenization in the long-wavelength approximation and a model based on boundary elements. The signatures of the site-city interactions are identified in the frequency, time and space domain, and in particular consist of a frequency-dependent free/rigid switch in the surface condition at the city resonance, beatings in the records and the depolarization of the wavefield. A parametric study on the city density shows that multiple SSSIs among the city structures (five are sufficient) can have significant effects on both the seismic response of its implantation site and that of the buildings. Key parameters are provided to assess site-city interactions in the low seismic frequency range: They involve the mass and rigidity of the city compared to those of the soil and the damping of the building.

Published
2016

32. Networking Our Way to Better Ecosystem Service Provision

Author

Bohan, D. A., Landuyt, D., Ma, A., Macfadyen, S., Martinet, V., Massol, F., McInerny, G., Montoya, J. M., Mulder, C., Pascual, U., Pocock, M. J. O., White, P., Blanchemanche, S., Bonkowski, M., Bretagnolle, V., Bronmark, C., Dicks, L., Dumbrell, A., Eisenhauer, N., Friberg, N., Gessner, M. O., Gill, R. J., Gray, C., Haughton, A., Ibanez, S., Jensen, J., Jeppesen, E., Jokela, J., Lacroix, G., Lannou, C., Lavorel, S., Le Galliard, J. F., Lescourret, F., Liu, S., Loeuille, N., McLaughlin, O., Muggleton, S., Penuelas, J., Petanidou, T., Petit, S., Pomati, F., Raffaelli, D., Rasmussen, J., Raybould, A., Reboud, X., Richard, G., Scherber, C., Scheu, S., Sutherland, W. J., Tamaddoni-Nezhad, A., ter Braak, C., Termansen, M., Thompson, M. S., Tscharntke, T., Vacher, C., van der Geest, H., Voigt, W., Vonk, J. A., Zhou, X., Woodward, G., Quintessence Consortium, Agroécologie [Dijon], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), CSIRO Agriculture and Food (CSIRO), Economie Publique (ECO-PUB), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), EconomiX, Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Génétique et Evolution des Populations Végétales, Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Computer Science [Oxford], University of Oxford [Oxford], Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] (RIVM), Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Environment Department [York], University of York [York, UK], Cologne Biocenter, Institute of Developmental Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology, Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre d'études biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Zoology [Cambridge], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), School of Biological Sciences [Colchester], University of Essex, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Imperial College London, Rothamsted Research, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IBED Other Research (FNWI), Faculty of Science, Aquatic Environmental Ecology (IBED, FNWI), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), University of Oxford, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)

Subjects
ECOLOGICAL NETWORKS, 0106 biological sciences, Value (ethics), 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, WORLD, Models, Natural (music), PERSPECTIVE, Environmental Restoration and Remediation, Genetics & Heredity, PREDATION, Ecology, SCIENCE, Biological Sciences, PE&RC, Conservation of Natural Resources / economics, 010601 ecology, Biometris, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, BEHAVIOR, Ecology (disciplines), Ecological and Environmental Phenomena, Environmental Sciences & Ecology, Context (language use), 010603 evolutionary biology, SYSTEMS, FOOD-WEB STRUCTURE, Natural science, Life Science, Animals, Humans, Ecosystem, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Evolutionary Biology, Science & Technology, Scale (chemistry), 15. Life on land, Biological, Data science, Ecological network, SIZE, Socioeconomic Factors, 13. Climate action, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Conservation of Natural Resources / methods, Environmental science, BIODIVERSITY, Environmental Sciences
Abstract

International audience; The ecosystem services (EcoS) concept is being used increasingly to attach values to natural systems and the multiple benefits they provide to human societies. Ecosystem processes or functions only become EcoS if they are shown to have social and/or economic value. This should assure an explicit connection between the natural and social sciences, but EcoS approaches have been criticized for retaining little natural science. Preserving the natural, ecological science context within EcoS research is challenging because the multiple disciplines involved have very different traditions and vocabularies (common-language challenge) and span many organizational levels and temporal and spatial scales (scale challenge) that define the relevant interacting entities (interaction challenge). We propose a network-based approach to transcend these discipline challenges and place the natural science context at the heart of EcoS research.

Published
2016

33. Effects of interspecific coexistence on laying date and clutch size in two closely related species of hole-nesting birds

Author

Vladimír Remeš, Toni Laaksonen, Frank Adriaensen, Marcel M. Lambrechts, Rianne Pinxten, Tomasz D. Mazgajski, Mariusz Cichoń, Tapio Solonen, Anders Pape Møller, Rimvydas Juškaitis, Blandine Doligez, Anne E. Goodenough, Philipp Heeb, Bernard Leclercq, Marcel Eens, Jordi Camprodon, Shelley A. Hinsley, Alberto Sorace, Sven G. Nilsson, Staffan Jacob, Lars Gustafsson, Ruedi G. Nager, Clotilde Biard, Ana Cláudia Norte, Jan-Åke Nilsson, Andrew G. Gosler, Anna Dubiec, Bruno Massa, Javier Balbontín, Tapio Eeva, Arie J. van Noordwijk, André A. Dhondt, Hugo Robles, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad de Sevilla / University of Sevilla, Cornell University [New York], Laboratory of Ornithology, Palacky University Olomouc, Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp (UA), Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Biodiversity Department, Centre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), Institute of Environmental Sciences, Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie = Jagiellonian University (UJ), Evolution, adaptation et comportement, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Department of Biology (Ethology), Section of Ecology, University of Turku, University of Gloucestershire [Gloucester], Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, University of Oxford, Division of Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Ecology of Nature Research Centre, Stazione Inanellamento c/o Dipartimento SEN-FIMIZO, Università degli studi di Palermo - University of Palermo, Station Biologique de la Tour du Valat, Animal Ecology, Lund University [Lund], Evolutionary Ecology Group (GIBE), University of A Coruña (UDC), Luontotutkimus Solonen Oy, SROPU, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), DAAA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Meudon], ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay, Universidad de Sevilla, Cornell University, Collège doctoral [Sorbonne universités], Sorbonne Université, Centre Tecnològico Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), Jagiellonian University [Krakow] (UJ), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Faculté des sciences et technologies (UCBL FST), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Campus Drie Eiken, University of Gloucestershire (Cheltenham, GB), Institute of Human Sciences, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Météo France-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Glasgow, University of Coimbra [Portugal] (UC), Faculty of Design Sciences [University of Antwerp], ISPRA ROME ITA, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Seville, Palacky University, Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Forest Technology Center of Catalonia, Polska Akademia Nauk (PAN), University of Oxford [Oxford], University Basel, Inst Anat, Pestalozzistr, University of Basel (Unibas), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), (Adresse privée), Università di Palermo, Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), University of Sevilla, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Møller A.P., Balbontín J., Dhondt A.A., Remeš V., Adriaensen F., Biard C., Camprodon J., Cichoń M., Doligez B., Dubiec A., Eens M., Eeva T., Goodenough A.E., Gosler A.G., Gustafsson L., Heeb P., Hinsley S.A., Jacob S., Juškaitis R., Laaksonen T., Leclercq B., Massa B., Mazgajski T.D., Nager R.G., Nilsson J.Å., Nilsson S.G., Norte A.C., Pinxten R., Robles H., Solonen T., Sorace A., van Noordwijk A.J., Lambrechts M.M., and Animal Ecology (AnE)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Avian clutch size, clutch size, nest boxes, Range (biology), media_common.quotation_subject, intraspecific competition, Zoology, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecology and Environment, Intraspecific competition, Competition (biology), QH301, Nest, Africa, Northern, Animals, clutch size, density, interspecific competition, intraspecific competition, nest boxes, reaction norm, spatiotemporal variation, Passeriformes, Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, media_common, QL_671, Parus, density, biology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Reproduction, interspecific competition, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], Cyanistes, Interspecific competition, biology.organism_classification, spatiotemporal variation, Europe, Chemistry, Settore AGR/11 - Entomologia Generale E Applicata, reaction norm, international, Animal Science and Zoology, Female, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract

Co-existence between great tits Parus major and blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus, \ud but also other hole nesting taxa, constitutes a classic example of species\ud co-occurrence resulting in potential interference and exploitation competition\ud for food and for breeding and roosting sites. However, the spatial and temporal\ud variation in co-existence and its consequences for competition remain poorly\ud understood. 2.We used an extensive database on reproduction in nest boxes by\ud great and blue tits based on 87 study plots across Europe and Northern Africa\ud during 1957-2012 for a total of 19,075 great tit and 16,729 blue tit clutches to \ud assess correlative evidence for a relationship between laying date and clutch\ud size, respectively, and density consistent with effects of intraspecific and\ud interspecific competition. 3.In an initial set of analyses, we statistically\ud controlled for a suite of site specific variables. We found evidence for an\ud effect of intraspecific competition on blue tit laying date (later laying at\ud higher density) and clutch size (smaller clutch size at higher density), but no\ud evidence of significant effects of intraspecific competition in great tits, nor\ud effects of interspecific competition for either species. 4.To further control for\ud site-specific variation caused by a range of potentially confounding variables,\ud we compared means and variances in laying date and clutch size of great and blue \ud tits among three categories of difference in density between the two species. We \ud exploited the fact that means and variances are generally positively correlated. \ud If interspecific competition occurs, we predicted a reduction in mean and an\ud increase in variance in clutch size in great tit and blue tit when density of\ud heterospecifics is higher than the density of conspecifics and for intraspecific \ud competition this reduction would occur when density of conspecifics is higher\ud than the density of heterospecifics. Such comparisons of temporal patterns of\ud means and variances revealed evidence, for both species, consistent with\ud intraspecific competition and to a smaller extent with interspecific competition.\ud 5.These findings suggest that competition associated with reproductive behaviour \ud between blue and great tits is widespread, but also varies across large spatial\ud and temporal scales. This article is protected by copyright.

Published
2018

34. Defining environmental river flow requirements – a review

Author

Mike Acreman, Michael J. Dunbar, EGU, Publication, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), and Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)

Subjects
Ecological health, Computer science, 0207 environmental engineering, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Wetland, Legislation, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Streamflow, 14. Life underwater, Scenario analysis, 020701 environmental engineering, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, business.industry, Impact assessment, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Environmental resource management, 6. Clean water, [SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Flow (mathematics), Habitat, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, business
Abstract

International audience; Around the world, there is an increasing desire, supported by national and regional policies and legislation, to conserve or restore the ecological health and functioning of rivers and their associated wetlands for human use and biodiversity. To achieve this, many organisations have developed methods for defining "environmental flows?, i.e. the flow regime required in a river to achieve desired ecological objectives. This paper reviews the various methods available and suggests a simple categorisation of the methods into four types: look-up tables, desk-top analysis; functional analysis and hydraulic habitat modelling. No method is necessarily better than another; each may be suitable for different applications. Whilst look-up methods are easy and cheap to apply, they can be expensive to develop, are less accurate and more suitable for scoping studies; in contrast, although hydraulic habitat modelling is more expensive to apply, it is suitable for impact assessment at specific sites. Each method would need to be used within a wider decision-support framework. These are generally either objective-based to define a target flow regime for a specific desired river status, or scenario-based to indicate the relative merits of various flow regime options for the river environment. Keywords: environmental flow, instream flow, river habitat modelling, building block method, flow scenario analysis, objective setting.

Published
2018

35. Partitioning global land evapotranspiration using CMIP5 models constrained by observations

Author

Shilong Piao, Tim R. McVicar, Catherine Ottlé, Xu Lian, Philippe Ciais, Chris Huntingford, Yue Li, Hui Yang, Yongqiang Zhang, Zhenzhong Zeng, Shushi Peng, Yuting Yang, Xuhui Wang, Tao Wang, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University [Beijing], Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Institute of Tibetan Plateau, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW)-Australian Research Council [Canberra] (ARC), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Tsinghua University [Beijing] (THU), Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research - Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering & Department of Hydraulic Engineering, and CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0208 environmental biotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, 020801 environmental engineering, Constraint (information theory), 13. Climate action, Evapotranspiration, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Leaf area index, Water cycle, Interception, Scale (map), Social Sciences (miscellaneous), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Transpiration
Abstract

International audience; The ratio of plant transpiration to total terrestrial evapotranspiration (T/ET) captures the role of vegetation in surface–atmosphere interactions. However, its magnitude remains highly uncertain at the global scale. Here we apply an emergent constraint approach that integrates CMIP5 Earth system models (ESMs) with 33 field T/ET measurements to re-estimate the global T/ET value. Our observational constraint strongly increases the original ESM estimates (0.41 ± 0.11) and greatly alleviates intermodel discrepancy, which leads to a new global T/ET estimate of 0.62 ± 0.06. For all the ESMs, the leaf area index is identified as the primary driver of spatial variations of T/ET, but to correct its bias generates a larger T/ET underestimation than the original ESM output. We present evidence that the ESM underestimation of T/ET is, instead, attributable to inaccurate representation of canopy light use, interception loss and root water uptake processes in the ESMs. These processes should be prioritized to reduce model uncertainties in the global hydrological cycle.

Published
2018

36. Les défis de la définition, de la quantification et de la communication sur les sécheresses hydrologiques : une perspective interdisciplinaire

Author

Gregor Laaha, Lena M. Tallaksen, Tobias Gauster, Jamie Hannaford, Kerstin Stahl, Jean-Philippe Vidal, Erik Tijdeman, Irstea Publications, Migration, University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Riverly (Riverly), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY DEU, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Department of Geosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), INSTITUTE OF HYDROLOGY FREIBURG DEU, RiverLy (UR Riverly), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Bangor] (CEH), and University of Oslo (UiO)

Subjects
[SDE] Environmental Sciences, Index (economics), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0207 environmental engineering, HYDROLOGICAL DROUGHT, 02 engineering and technology, COMMUNICATION, 01 natural sciences, Streamflow, DÉFINITION, 020701 environmental engineering, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, lcsh:GE1-350, business.industry, Anomaly (natural sciences), Environmental resource management, Perspective (graphical), lcsh:QE1-996.5, General Medicine, QUANTIFICATION, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, 6. Clean water, lcsh:Geology, Variable (computer science), Identification (information), Geography, DEFINITION, 13. Climate action, Paradigm shift, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, SÉCHERESSE HYDROLOGIQUE, business
Abstract

Numerous indices exist for the description of hydrological drought. The EURO FRIEND-Water Low flow and Drought Group has repeatedly discussed changing paradigms in the perception and use of existing and emerging new indices for hydrological drought identification and characterization. Group members have also tested the communication of different indices to stakeholders in several national and international transdisciplinary research projects. This contribution presents the experience gained with regard to the purpose and applicability of different classes of drought indices. A recent paradigm shift is the use of anomalies, traditionally from climatology, in hydrology. For instance, anomaly-based indices, such as the Standardized Streamflow Index (SSI) and the variable threshold level method to define streamflow deficiencies, are used increasingly for real-time monitoring. How these indices relate to low flows and their impacts may have become less clear as a result. Assessments of the severity of a particular drought may also differ depending on whether return periods based on traditional low flow or drought frequency analyses or whether SSI time series index values are used. These experiences call for a systematic comparison, classification and evaluation of different low flow and drought indices and their usages.

Published
2018

37. Land-use emissions play a critical role in land-based mitigation for Paris climate targets

Author

Stephen Sitch, Philippe Ciais, Andreas Krause, Peter M. Cox, Eddy Robertson, Atul K. Jain, William J. Collins, Garry Hayman, Lena Boysen, Christopher P. Webber, Timothy M. Lenton, Eleanor J. Burke, N. Devaraju, Jonathan C. Doelman, Edward Comyn-Platt, Sarah Chadburn, Anna B. Harper, Detlef P. van Vuuren, Vassilis Daioglou, Chris Huntingford, Ben Poulter, Ana Bastos, Joanna Isobel House, Andy Wiltshire, Tom Powell, Shijie Shu, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, School of Geographical Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], University of Leeds, Department of Meteorology [Reading], University of Reading (UOR), PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Department of Geography [München], Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Urbana], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, Institute of Nanotechnology [Karlsruhe] (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), European Project: 641816,H2020,H2020-SC5-2014-two-stage,CRESCENDO(2015), European Project: 603542,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2013-two-stage,LUC4C(2013), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Life on Land, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, Climate change, 010501 environmental sciences, Carbon sequestration, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, Meteorology and Climatology, Affordable and Clean Energy, Environmental protection, Deforestation, 11. Sustainability, Carbon capture and storage, ddc:550, lcsh:Science, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Multidisciplinary, Global warming, Reforestation, Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage, General Chemistry, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, Climate Action, Earth sciences, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, lcsh:Q
Abstract

Scenarios that limit global warming to below 2 °C by 2100 assume significant land-use change to support large-scale carbon dioxide (CO2) removal from the atmosphere by afforestation/reforestation, avoided deforestation, and Biomass Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS). The more ambitious mitigation scenarios require even greater land area for mitigation and/or earlier adoption of CO2 removal strategies. Here we show that additional land-use change to meet a 1.5 °C climate change target could result in net losses of carbon from the land. The effectiveness of BECCS strongly depends on several assumptions related to the choice of biomass, the fate of initial above ground biomass, and the fossil-fuel emissions offset in the energy system. Depending on these factors, carbon removed from the atmosphere through BECCS could easily be offset by losses due to land-use change. If BECCS involves replacing high-carbon content ecosystems with crops, then forest-based mitigation could be more efficient for atmospheric CO2 removal than BECCS., Land-based mitigation for meeting the Paris climate target must consider the carbon cycle impacts of land-use change. Here the authors show that when bioenergy crops replace high carbon content ecosystems, forest-based mitigation could be more effective for CO2 removal than bioenergy crops with carbon capture and storage.

Published
2018

38. Novel Multi-isotope Tracer Approach to Test ZnO Nanoparticle and Soluble Zn Bioavailability in Joint Soil Exposures

Author

Laycock, Adam, Romero-Freire, Ana, Najorka, Jens, Svendsen, Claus, van Gestel, Cornelis A.M., Rehkämper, Mark, Animal Ecology, Department of Earth Science and Engineering [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Universität Wien, Universidad de Granada (UGR), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Terre et Environnement de Lorraine (OTELo), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The Natural History Museum [London] (NHM), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Department of Ecological Science [Amsterdam], and Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)

Subjects
Soil, Zinc, Agriculture and Soil Science, Animals, Biological Availability, Nanoparticles, Soil Pollutants, Zinc Isotopes, Oligochaeta, Zinc Oxide, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Ecology and Environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

Here we use two enriched stable isotopes, 68Znen and 64Znen (>99%), to prepare 68ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) and soluble 64ZnCl2. The standard LUFA 2.2 test soil was dosed with 68ZnO NPs and soluble 64ZnCl2 to 5 mg kg-1 each, plus between 0 and 95 mg kg-1 of soluble ZnCl2 with a natural isotope composition. After 0, 1, 3, 6, and 12 months of soil incubation, earthworms (Eisenia andrei) were introduced for 72 h exposures. Analyses of soils, pore waters, and earthworm tissues using multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry allowed the simultaneous measurement of the diagnostic 68Zn/66Zn, 64Zn/66Zn, and 68Zn/64Zn ratios, from which the three different isotopic forms of Zn were quantified. Eisenia andrei was able to regulate Zn body concentrations with no difference observed between the different total dosing concentrations. The accumulation of labeled Zn by the earthworms showed a direct relationship with the proportion of labeled to total Zn in the pore water, which increased with longer soil incubation times and decreasing soil pH. The 68Znen/64Znen ratios determined for earthworms (1.09 ± 0.04), soils (1.09 ± 0.02), and pore waters (1.08 ± 0.02) indicate indistinguishable environmental distribution and uptake of the Zn forms, most likely due to rapid dissolution of the ZnO NPs.

Published
2017

39. Synchrony in population counts predicts butterfly movement frequencies

Author

OLIVER, TOM, POWNEY, GARY, Baguette, Michel, Schtickzelle, Nicolas, University of Reading (UOR), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), and Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL)

Subjects
functional connectivity, Boloria eunomia, long‐term monitoring data, habitat fragmentation, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, landscape permeability, mark release recapture
Abstract

International audience; 1. Measuring functional connectivity, the ability of species to move between resource patches, is essential for conservation in fragmented landscapes. However, current methods are highly time consuming and expensive.2. Population synchrony‐ the correlation in time series of counts between two long‐term population monitoring sites, has been suggested as a possible proxy measure of functional connectivity. To date, population synchrony has been shown to correlate with proxies for movement frequency such as the coverage of suitable habitat types in intervening landscapes, and also least cost distances around hostile land cover types.3. This provides tentative evidence that synchrony is directly driven by movements of the focal species, but an alternative explanation is that these land cover types affect the movement of interacting species (e.g. natural enemies of the focal species) which can also drive synchronous population dynamics. Therefore, what is needed is a test directly relating population synchrony to movement frequencies of a focal species.4. Here we use data from a 21 year mark‐release‐recapture study and show that population synchrony does indeed predict movements of a focal butterfly species Boloria eunomia (Esper).5. There is growing evidence that population synchrony can be a useful conservation tool to measure functional connectivity.

Published
2017

40. Observational evidence for cloud cover enhancement over western European forests

Author

Robert Vautard, Christopher M. Taylor, Adriaan J. Teuling, Annemiek Stegehuis, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Diego G. Miralles, Chiel C. van Heerwaarden, Jan Fokke Meirink, Gert-Jan Nabuurs, Lieke A. Melsen, Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management Group, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), NERC National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Department of Earth Sciences [Amsterdam], Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra), European Project: 633814,H2020,H2020-ISIB-2014-2,PEGASUS(2015), VU University Amsterdam, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Vrije universiteit = Free university of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Earth and Climate, and Amsterdam Global Change Institute

Subjects
Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, IMPACT, Cloud cover, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, 0208 environmental biotechnology, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, Atmospheric sciences, Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management, 01 natural sciences, Forest and Landscape Ecology, RAINFALL, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Multidisciplinary, Temperate forest, SEVIRI, PE&RC, Climatology, Cyclone, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Temperate rainforest, Hydrologie en Kwantitatief Waterbeheer, Meteorology and Air Quality, Science, Windthrow, SOIL-MOISTURE, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, Meteorology and Climatology, Life Science, Precipitation, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Vegetatie, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Vegetation, WIMEK, LAND-USE, Land use, Moisture recycling, General Chemistry, 15. Life on land, ATMOSPHERE, 020801 environmental engineering, CLIMATE, 13. Climate action, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, GRASSLAND ENERGY-EXCHANGE, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Hydrology, HIGH-RESOLUTION, BOUNDARY-LAYER CLOUDS
Abstract

Forests impact regional hydrology and climate directly by regulating water and heat fluxes. Indirect effects through cloud formation and precipitation can be important in facilitating continental-scale moisture recycling but are poorly understood at regional scales. In particular, the impact of temperate forest on clouds is largely unknown. Here we provide observational evidence for a strong increase in cloud cover over large forest regions in western Europe based on analysis of 10 years of 15 min resolution data from geostationary satellites. In addition, we show that widespread windthrow by cyclone Klaus in the Landes forest led to a significant decrease in local cloud cover in subsequent years. Strong cloud development along the downwind edges of larger forest areas are consistent with a forest-breeze mesoscale circulation. Our results highlight the need to include impacts on cloud formation when evaluating the water and climate services of temperate forests, in particular around densely populated areas., Forests impact continental-scale moisture recycling, but their impact on regional-scale cloud cover is little known. Here, using satellite observations, Teuling et al. illustrate enhanced cloud cover over regional forested areas in western Europe due to the establishment of a forest-breeze circulation.

Published
2017

41. The European 2015 drought from a hydrological perspective

Author

Laaha, G., Gauster, T., Tallaksen, L., Vidal, J.P., Stahl, K., Prudhomme, C., Heudorfer, B., Vlnas, R., Ionita, M., Van Lanen, H. A. J., Adler, M.J., Caillouet, L., Delus, C., Fendekova, M., Gailliez, S., Hannaford, J., Kingston, D., Van Loon, A., Mediero, L., Osuch, M., Romanowicz, R., Sauquet, E., Stagge, J. H., Wong, W.K., University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), University of Oslo (UiO), Hydrologie-Hydraulique (UR HHLY), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), University of Defence in Brno (UoD), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management [Roumanie] (NIHWM), Centre d'Etude et de Recherche en Géographie de l'Aménagement des Paysages et de l'Environnement (CERGAPE - LOTERR), Université de Lorraine (UL), Department of Hydrogeology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Service Public de Wallonie, University of Otago [Dunedin, Nouvelle-Zélande], University of Birmingham [Birmingham], Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Institute of Geophysics [Warsaw], Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), University of Defence [Czech Republic], Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management [Roumanie], Comenius University [Bratislava], and Polska Akademia Nauk (PAN)

Subjects
SECHERESSE, HYDROLOGIE, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, hydrology, drought, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology
Abstract

International audience; In 2015 large parts of Europe were affected by drought. In this paper, we analyze the hydrological footprint (dynamic development over space and time) of the drought of 2015 in terms of both severity (magnitude) and spatial extent and compare it to the extreme drought of 2003. Analyses are based on a range of low flow and hydrological drought indices derived for about 800 streamflow records across Europe, collected in a community effort based on a common protocol. We compare the hydrological footprints of both events with the meteorological footprints, in order to learn from similarities and differences of both perspectives and to draw conclusions for drought management. The region affected by hydrological drought in 2015 differed somewhat from the drought of 2003, with its center located more towards eastern Europe. In terms of low flow magnitude, a region surrounding the Czech Republic was the most affected, with summer low flows that exhibited return intervals of 100 years and more. In terms of deficit volumes, the geographical center of the event was in southern Germany, where the drought lasted a particularly long time. A detailed spatial and temporal assessment of the 2015 event showed that the particular behavior in these regions was partly a result of diverging wetness preconditions in the studied catchments. Extreme droughts emerged where preconditions were particularly dry. In regions with wet preconditions, low flow events developed later and tended to be less severe. For both the 2003 and 2015 events, the onset of the hydrological drought was well correlated with the lowest flow recorded during the event (low flow magnitude), pointing towards a potential for early warning of the severity of streamflow drought. Time series of monthly drought indices (both streamflow- and climate-based indices) showed that meteorological and hydrological events developed differently in space and time, both in terms of extent and severity (magnitude). These results emphasize that drought is a hazard which leaves different footprints on the various components of the water cycle at different spatial and temporal scales. The difference in the dynamic development of meteorological and hydrological drought also implies that impacts on various water-use sectors and river ecology cannot be informed by climate indices alone. Thus, an assessment of drought impacts on water resources requires hydrological data in addition to drought indices based solely on climate data. The transboundary scale of the event also suggests that additional efforts need to be undertaken to make timely pan-European hydrological assessments more operational in the future.

Published
2017

42. Quantifying uncertainties of permafrost carbon-climate feedbacks

Author

Altug Ekici, Sarah Chadburn, Pierre Friedlingstein, Ye Huang, Eleanor J. Burke, Chris Huntingford, Shushi Peng, Gerhard Krinner, Philippe Ciais, Met Office Hadley Centre (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Stockholm University, Ningbo University of Technology (NBUT), Zhejiang University, Exeter Climate Systems, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X), Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University [Beijing], Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), University of Exeter, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of Leeds, ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])

Subjects
Runaway climate change, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, Atmospheric carbon cycle, lcsh:Life, Climate change, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Permafrost, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Atmospheric Sciences, Meteorology and Climatology, lcsh:QH540-549.5, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Coupled model intercomparison project, Global warming, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Soil carbon, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, Climate model, lcsh:Ecology
Abstract

The land surface models JULES (Joint UK Land Environment Simulator, two versions) and ORCHIDEE-MICT (Organizing Carbon and Hydrology in Dynamic Ecosystems), each with a revised representation of permafrost carbon, were coupled to the Integrated Model Of Global Effects of climatic aNomalies (IMOGEN) intermediate-complexity climate and ocean carbon uptake model. IMOGEN calculates atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and local monthly surface climate for a given emission scenario with the land–atmosphere CO2 flux exchange from either JULES or ORCHIDEE-MICT. These simulations include feedbacks associated with permafrost carbon changes in a warming world. Both IMOGEN–JULES and IMOGEN–ORCHIDEE-MICT were forced by historical and three alternative future-CO2-emission scenarios. Those simulations were performed for different climate sensitivities and regional climate change patterns based on 22 different Earth system models (ESMs) used for CMIP3 (phase 3 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project), allowing us to explore climate uncertainties in the context of permafrost carbon–climate feedbacks. Three future emission scenarios consistent with three representative concentration pathways were used: RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. Paired simulations with and without frozen carbon processes were required to quantify the impact of the permafrost carbon feedback on climate change. The additional warming from the permafrost carbon feedback is between 0.2 and 12 % of the change in the global mean temperature (ΔT) by the year 2100 and 0.5 and 17 % of ΔT by 2300, with these ranges reflecting differences in land surface models, climate models and emissions pathway. As a percentage of ΔT, the permafrost carbon feedback has a greater impact on the low-emissions scenario (RCP2.6) than on the higher-emissions scenarios, suggesting that permafrost carbon should be taken into account when evaluating scenarios of heavy mitigation and stabilization. Structural differences between the land surface models (particularly the representation of the soil carbon decomposition) are found to be a larger source of uncertainties than differences in the climate response. Inertia in the permafrost carbon system means that the permafrost carbon response depends on the temporal trajectory of warming as well as the absolute amount of warming. We propose a new policy-relevant metric – the frozen carbon residence time (FCRt) in years – that can be derived from these complex land surface models and used to quantify the permafrost carbon response given any pathway of global temperature change.

Published
2017
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43. The global carbon budget 1959-2011

Author

Philippe Ciais, Robert J. Andres, Glen P. Peters, Sönke Zaehle, Pierre Friedlingstein, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Scott C. Doney, Chris Huntingford, Benjamin Poulter, Mark R. Lomas, Joanna Isobel House, Michael R. Raupach, Anders Ahlström, Etsushi Kato, Jörg Schwinger, Gregg Marland, Tom Boden, Laurent Bopp, G. R. van der Werf, Atul K. Jain, Thomas J. Conway, Peter Levy, Clare Enright, Robbie M. Andrew, Nicolas Viovy, C. Le Quéré, C. Jourdain, Josep G. Canadell, Ralph F. Keeling, Ning Zeng, Stephen Sitch, Samuel Levis, Benjamin D. Stocker, Richard A. Houghton, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center [Oak Ridge] (CDIAC), U.S. Department of Energy [Washington] (DOE), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Cabot Institute, University of Bristol [Bristol], Appalachian State University, University of North Carolina System (UNC), Center for International Climate and Environmental Research [Oslo] (CICERO), University of Oslo (UiO), Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences [Amsterdam] (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science [Lund], Lund University [Lund], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Global Carbon Project (GCP), CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research (CSIRO-MAR), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO)-Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry (WHOI), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), University of Illinois [Chicago] (UIC), University of Illinois System, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), The Scripps Research Institute [La Jolla, San Diego], PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Utrecht University [Utrecht], National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Centre for Terrestrial Carbon Dynamics: National Centre for Earth Observation (CTCD), University of Sheffield [Sheffield], University of Bergen (UiB), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science [College Park] (AOSC), University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, European Project: 283080,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2011,GEOCARBON(2011), European Project: 226520,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2008-1,COMBINE(2009), European Project: 264879,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2010,CARBOCHANGE(2011), Tectonics, Earth and Climate, Theoretical Chemistry, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), The Scripps Research Institute [La Jolla], University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, and Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern]

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, chemistry.chemical_compound, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Data and Information, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Land use, land-use change and forestry, Geosciences, Multidisciplinary, DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, lcsh:Environmental sciences, lcsh:GE1-350, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Biosphere, Geology, LAND-USE CHANGE, COVER CHANGE, Climatology, Carbon dioxide, Physical Sciences, FIRE EMISSIONS, VEGETATION DYNAMICS, 530 Physics, Mathematics and natural scienses: 400::Geosciences: 450::Meteorology: 453 [VDP], Climate change, Land cover, INTERNATIONAL-TRADE, Ecology and Environment, Atmospheric Sciences, Carbon cycle, Matematikk og naturvitenskap: 400::Geofag: 450::Meteorologi: 453 [VDP], Meteorology and Climatology, Deforestation, ATMOSPHERIC CO2, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Science & Technology, business.industry, Fossil fuel, 15. Life on land, Marine Sciences, MODEL, CLIMATE, lcsh:Geology, chemistry, 13. Climate action, CO2 EMISSIONS, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, business
Abstract

Accurate assessments of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the climate policy process, and project future climate change. Present-day analysis requires the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. Here we describe datasets and a methodology developed by the global carbon cycle science community to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates, consistency within and among components, and methodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production (EFF) are based on energy statistics, while emissions from Land-Use Change (ELUC), including deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land cover change data, fire activity in regions undergoing deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the concentration. The mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. Finally, the global residual terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated by the difference of the other terms. For the last decade available (2002–2011), EFF was 8.3 ± 0.4 PgC yr−1, ELUC 1.0 ± 0.5 PgC yr−1, GATM 4.3 ± 0.1PgC yr−1, SOCEAN 2.5 ± 0.5 PgC yr−1, and SLAND 2.6 ± 0.8 PgC yr−1. For year 2011 alone, EFF was 9.5 ± 0.5 PgC yr−1, 3.0 percent above 2010, reflecting a continued trend in these emissions; ELUC was 0.9 ± 0.5 PgC yr−1, approximately constant throughout the decade; GATM was 3.6 ± 0.2 PgC yr−1, SOCEAN was 2.7 ± 0.5 PgC yr−1, and SLAND was 4.1 ± 0.9 PgC yr−1. GATM was low in 2011 compared to the 2002–2011 average because of a high uptake by the land probably in response to natural climate variability associated to La Niña conditions in the Pacific Ocean. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 391.31 ± 0.13 ppm at the end of year 2011. We estimate that EFF will have increased by 2.6% (1.9–3.5%) in 2012 based on projections of gross world product and recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy. All uncertainties are reported as ±1 sigma (68% confidence assuming Gaussian error distributions that the real value lies within the given interval), reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. This paper is intended to provide a baseline to keep track of annual carbon budgets in the future. All data presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (doi:10.3334/CDIAC/GCP_V2013).

Published
2013

44. Invasive Spartina: lessons and challenges

Author

Malika L. Aïnouche, A. J. Gray, Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Fourth International Conference on Invasive Spartina 'ICI Spartina' 2014 in Rennes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), and Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Spartina, Ecology, Phenology, Ecology (disciplines), Population genetics, Biology, Weed control, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Invasive species, Plant ecology, Botany, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

International audience; [No abstract available]

Published
2016

45. The harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis: global perspectives on invasion history and ecology

Author

Alexandra Magro, Artur Gil, A.J.M. Loomans, Cang Hui, Katie M. Murray, Sandra Viglášová, Paul S. van Wielink, Axel Vandereycken, Arnaud Estoup, Susana Clusella-Trullas, Benoit Facon, Annette Herz, May-Guri Saethre, Zdenka Martinkova, Richard Comont, Isabel Borges, Dirk Maes, Sergey K. Ryndevich, Thomas Guillemaud, Helen E. Roy, António O. Soares, Marina J. Orlova-Bienkowskaja, Mary M. Gardiner, Alexander Ok Lukashuk, Tim Adriaens, William D. Hutchison, Ingrid A. Minnaar, Patrick De Clercq, John J. Sloggett, Peter M. J. Brown, Alois Honek, Marc Kenis, Audrey A. Grez, Hans Peter Ravn, Tania Zaviezo, Nick Berkvens, Wolfgang Rabitsch, Danny Haelewaters, Riaan Stals, Zihua Zhao, Ján Kulfan, John E. Losey, Peter Zach, Andy G. Howe, Eric Lombaert, I. A. Zakharov, Lori Lawson Handley, Oldrich Nedved, Robert L. Koch, Steph L. Rorke, Matthew C. Tinsley, Gabriele Rondoni, René Eschen, Naoya Osawa, Edward W. Evans, Gilles San Martin, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Anglia Ruskin University (ARU), Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Research Institute for Agricultural, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), University of the Azores, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Açores, Stellenbosch University, Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Bumblebee Conservation Trust, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Department of Crop Protection, Centre for Agricultural and Biosciences International Europe - Switzerland (CABI Europe - Switzerland), Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Utah State University (USU), Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Universidad de Chile = University of Chile [Santiago] (UCHILE), Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology [Cambridge] (OEB), Harvard University [Cambridge], Julius Kühn-Institut - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Crop Res Inst, Div Crop Genet & Breeding, Prague, Czech Republic, Partenaires INRAE, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management [Copenhagen] (IGN), Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, University of Minnesota System, Institute of Forest Ecology - SAS, University of Hull [United Kingdom], National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO), Cornell University [New York], Berezinskiy Biosphere Reserve, Belarus, Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, University of Stirling, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Department of Botany and Zoology, Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, University of South Bohemia, Institute of Entomology [České Budějovice] (BIOLOGY CENTRE CAS), Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences (BIOLOGY CENTRE CAS), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS)-Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Kyoto University [Kyoto], Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Environment Agency Austria, Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia (DSA3), Università degli Studi di Perugia (UNIPG), The paper had its origin at a workshop on 'Drivers, impacts, mechanisms and adaptation in insect invasions' hosted by the DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology in Stellenbosch, South Africa, in November 2014. Additional financial support was provided by HortGro, the National Research Foundation of South Africa, Stellenbosch University, and SubTrop. We thank all our collaborators, and particularly the volunteer community, who have contributed to research around the world on H. axyridis. The number of references included reflects the range of inspiring studies on H. axyridis from so many people-we look forward to new and continued collaborations in the future. We are grateful to the editors of this special issue for inviting this review and providing an opportunity to explore ideas through the 'Invasive Insects Workshop funding (NRF South Africa, CIB)'. We also thank the anonymous reviewers for all their useful comments and reflections. The UK Ladybird Survey and associated coauthors are supported by the Biological Records Centre (part of the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology), which receives support from both the Natural Environment Research Council and the Joint Nature Conservation Committee. The IOBC WPRS and Global Working Groups 'Benefits and Risks of Exotic Biological Control Agents' and the COST Action TD1209 'Alien Challenge' have facilitated discussions and collaborations on H. axyridis. This study was supported by the French Agropolis Fondation (Labex Agro-Montpellier, BIOFIS Project Number 1001-001) and by a grant from the ERA-Net BiodivERsA, with the national funders ANR (France), DFG (Germany) and BELSPO (Belgium), as part of the 2012-2013 BiodivERsA call for research proposals. Support has been also received from FONDECYT 1140662 (Chile). The study of M.J. Orlova-Bienkowskaja and I. A. Zakharov was supported by Russian Science Foundation, Project No. 16-16-00079. Gabriele Rondoni acknowledges financial support from Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Perugia. Riaan Stals acknowledges funding from the Department of Science and Technology, South Africa. The research of Peter Zach and colleagues was funded by the project VEGA 2/0035/13 and VEGA 2/0052/15. A. Honek and Z. Martinkova were supported by grants GACR 14-26561S and COST CZ LD14084. Research in Switzerland is funded by the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment. Hans Peter Ravn was supported by the Villum Foundation. Danny Haelewaters acknowledges funding from the David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies at Harvard University and from the Mycological Society of America., Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech [Sophia Antipolis] (ISA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), CABI Europe Switzerland, Universität der Bundeswehr München [Neubiberg], Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Grad Sch Agr, Lab Forest Ecol, Department of Biodiversity and Nature Conservation, NEMOD Biotherapeutics GmbH & Co. KG, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (UC), RS: FSE MSP, and Maastricht Science Programme

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Range (biology), Ecology (disciplines), ADALIA-BIPUNCTATA, Population, Biodiversity, INTRAGUILD PREDATION, Generalist and specialist species, NATURAL ENEMIES, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecology and Environment, 1ST RECORD, Competitive interactions, MYZUS-PERSICAE HOMOPTERA, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Apex predator, education.field_of_study, APHIS-GLYCINES, Ecology, biology, PALLAS COLEOPTERA-COCCINELLIDAE, Biocontrol, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Harmonia axyridis, 010602 entomology, MULTICOLORED ASIAN LADYBIRD, Coccinellidae, Invasion history, Species traits, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, BEETLE COLEOPTERA, BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL, Intraguild predation
Abstract

International audience; The harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), is native to Asia but has been intentionally introduced to many countries as a biological control agent of pest insects. In numerous countries, however, it has been introduced unintentionally. The dramatic spread of H. axyridis within many countries has been met with considerable trepidation. It is a generalist top predator, able to thrive in many habitats and across wide climatic conditions. It poses a threat to biodiversity, particularly aphidophagous insects, through competition and predation, and in many countries adverse effects have been reported on other species, particularly coccinellids. However, the patterns are not consistent around the world and seem to be affected by many factors including landscape and climate. Research on H. axyridis has provided detailed insights into invasion biology from broad patterns and processes to approaches in surveillance and monitoring. An impressive number of studies on this alien species have provided mechanistic evidence alongside models explaining large-scale patterns and processes. The involvement of citizens in monitoring this species in a number of countries around the world is inspiring and has provided data on scales that would be otherwise unachievable. Harmonia axyridis has successfully been used as a model invasive alien species and has been the inspiration for global collaborations at various scales. There is considerable scope to expand the research and associated collaborations, particularly to increase the breadth of parallel studies conducted in the native and invaded regions. Indeed a qualitative comparison of biological traits across the native and invaded range suggests that there are differences which ultimately could influence the population dynamics of this invader. Here we provide an overview of the invasion history and ecology of H. axyridis globally with consideration of future research perspectives. We reflect broadly on the contributions of such research to our understanding of invasion biology while also informing policy and people.

Published
2016

46. LS3MIP (v1.0) contribution to CMIP6: the Land Surface, Snow and Soil moisture Model Intercomparison Project - aims, setup and expected outcome

Author

Binghao Jia, Yoshihide Wada, Bart van den Hurk, Jeanne Colin, Herv� Douville, Rachel M. Law, Mark Flanner, Hyungjun Kim, Graham P. Weedon, Matteo Zampieri, Chris Derksen, Dave Lawrence, Weiping Li, Gerhard Krinner, Andrea Alessandri, N. Viovy, Michael J. Puma, Justin Sheffield, Stefano Materia, Frédérique Cheruy, Stefan Hagemann, Jiafu Mao, Agn�s Ducharne, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Richard J. Ellis, Taikan Oki, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Institute of Industrial Science (IIS), The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Climate Research Division [Toronto], Environment and Climate Change Canada, Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Milieux Environnementaux, Transferts et Interactions dans les hydrosystèmes et les Sols (METIS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Center for Climate Systems Research [New York] (CCSR), Columbia University [New York], International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), Laboratory for Climate Studies [Beijing] (LCS), Beijing Climate Centre (BCC), China Meteorological Administration (CMA)-China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics [Beijing] (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS)-Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Agenzia Nazionale per le nuove Tecnologie, l’energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile (ENEA), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Joint Centre for Hydro-Meteorological Research, Met Office Hadley Centre (JCHMR), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Environmental Sciences Division [Oak Ridge], Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC-UT-Battelle, LLC, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Centro Euro-Mediterraneo per i Cambiamenti Climatici [Bologna] (CMCC), Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC), Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship (CSIRO), CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton University, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Agenzia Nazionale per le nuove Tecnologie, l’energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile = Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), The University of Tokyo, Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Beijing Climate Center (BCC), Met Office Hadley Centre, Joint Centre for Hydrometeorological Research, Wallingford, United Kingdom, Water and Climate Risk, and Amsterdam Global Change Institute

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Climate change, 02 engineering and technology, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Atmospheric Sciences, Carbon cycle, Meteorology and Climatology, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Cryosphere, Precipitation, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Water content, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, lcsh:QE1-996.5, 15. Life on land, Atmospheric temperature, Snow, 6. Clean water, 020801 environmental engineering, lcsh:Geology, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Soil water, Environmental science
Abstract

The Land Surface, Snow and Soil Moisture Model Intercomparison Project (LS3MIP) is designed to provide a comprehensive assessment of land surface, snow and soil moisture feedbacks on climate variability and climate change, and to diagnose systematic biases in the land modules of current Earth system models (ESMs). The solid and liquid water stored at the land surface has a large influence on the regional climate, its variability and predictability, including effects on the energy, water and carbon cycles. Notably, snow and soil moisture affect surface radiation and flux partitioning properties, moisture storage and land surface memory. They both strongly affect atmospheric conditions, in particular surface air temperature and precipitation, but also large-scale circulation patterns. However, models show divergent responses and representations of these feedbacks as well as systematic biases in the underlying processes. LS3MIP will provide the means to quantify the associated uncertainties and better constrain climate change projections, which is of particular interest for highly vulnerable regions (densely populated areas, agricultural regions, the Arctic, semi-arid and other sensitive terrestrial ecosystems). The experiments are subdivided in two components, the first addressing systematic land biases in offline mode (“LMIP”, building upon the 3rd phase of Global Soil Wetness Project; GSWP3) and the second addressing land feedbacks attributed to soil moisture and snow in an integrated framework (“LFMIP”, building upon the GLACE-CMIP blueprint).

Published
2016

47. Hydrology needed to manage droughts: the 2015 European case

Author

Van Lanen, H.A.J., Laaha, G., Kingston, D.G., Gauster, T., Ionita, M., Vidal, Jean-Philippe, Vlnas, R., Tallaksen, L.M., Stahl, K., Hannaford, J., Delus, C., Fendekova, M., Mediero, L., Prudhomme, C., Rets, E., Romanowicz, R.J., Gailliez, S., Wong, W.K., Adler, M.J., Blauhut, V., Caillouet, L., Chelcea, S., Frolova, N., Gudmundsson, L., Hanel, M., Haslinger, K., Kireeva, M., Osuch, M., Sauquet, Eric, Stagge, J.H., Van Loon, A.F., Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), University of Otago [Dunedin, Nouvelle-Zélande], Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Hydrologie-Hydraulique (UR HHLY), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, University of Oslo (UiO), University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Centre d'Etude et de Recherche en Géographie de l'Aménagement des Paysages et de l'Environnement (CERGAPE - LOTERR), Université de Lorraine (UL), Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University [Bratislava], Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Institute of Geophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Service Public de Wallonie, Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management, Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Masaryk University, Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics [Vienna] (ZAMG), University of Birmingham [Birmingham], Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (CZU), Comenius University in Bratislava, Institute of Geophysics [Warsaw], Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management [Roumanie] (NIHWM), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), and Masaryk University [Brno] (MUNI)

Subjects
HYDROLOGY, SECHERESSE, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, HYDROLOGIE, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, DROUGHT
Abstract

International audience; It is generally accepted that drought is one of the most costly weather-related natural hazards. In 2015, a long-lasting drought hit Europe, particularly affecting central and eastern Europe. In some regions it was the driest (North Slovakia) and in others (Czech Republic and Poland) it was the second driest summer of the last 50 years (following 2003). Key questions are: (i) how extreme are these events, not only in terms of hydro-meteorological characteristics but also impacts? and (ii) how are these impacts managed?

Published
2016

48. Comparing Large-Scale Hydrological Model Simulations to Observed Runoff Percentiles in Europe

Author

Frank Voss, Kerstin Stahl, Naota Hanasaki, Lena M. Tallaksen, Lukas Gudmundsson, Sujan Koirala, Jens Heinke, Egon Dumont, Nathalie Bertrand, Dieter Gerten, Stefan Hagemann, Douglas B. Clark, Department of Geosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Institute of Hydrology, University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Center for Environmental Systems Research, University of Kassel, Department of Mechanical and Environmental Informatics, Tokyo Institute of Technology [Tokyo] (TITECH), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Hydrological modelling, 0207 environmental engineering, Global change, 02 engineering and technology, Forcing (mathematics), 01 natural sciences, Standard deviation, Water balance, 13. Climate action, Climatology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, media_common.cataloged_instance, Environmental science, Hydrology, European union, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 020701 environmental engineering, Surface runoff, Scale (map), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common
Abstract

Large-scale hydrological models describing the terrestrial water balance at continental and global scales are increasingly being used in earth system modeling and climate impact assessments. However, because of incomplete process understanding and limits of the forcing data, model simulations remain uncertain. To quantify this uncertainty a multimodel ensemble of nine large-scale hydrological models was compared to observed runoff from 426 small catchments in Europe. The ensemble was built within the framework of the European Union Water and Global Change (WATCH) project. The models were driven with the same atmospheric forcing data. Models were evaluated with respect to their ability to capture the interannual variability of spatially aggregated annual time series of five runoff percentiles—derived from daily time series—including annual low and high flows. Overall, the models capture the interannual variability of low, mean, and high flows well. However, errors in the mean and standard deviation, as well as differences in performance between the models, became increasingly pronounced for low runoff percentiles, reflecting the uncertainty associated with the representation of hydrological processes, such as the depletion of soil moisture stores. The large spread in model performance implies that any single model should be applied with caution as there is a great risk of biased conclusions. However, this large spread is contrasted by the good overall performance of the ensemble mean. It is concluded that the ensemble mean is a pragmatic and reliable estimator of spatially aggregated time series of annual low, mean, and high flows across Europe.

Published
2012

49. How plants connect pollination and herbivory networks and their contribution to community stability

Author

Colin Fontaine, Michael J. O. Pocock, Elisa Thébault, Alix M. C. Sauve, Department of Computer Science [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], School of Biological Sciences [Bristol], Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la COnservation (CESCO), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Empirical data, Insecta, Food Chain, Pollination, mutualism, Network structure, community stability, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Models, Biological, Ecology and Environment, 03 medical and health sciences, Species Specificity, network structure, Pollinator, pollination network, Animals, Interaction type, Herbivory, multiple interaction types, Symbiosis, Plant Physiological Phenomena, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, Mutualism (biology), Population Density, 0303 health sciences, Herbivore, Ecology, 15. Life on land, Plants, antagonism, Ecological network, herbivory network, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract

International audience; Pollination and herbivory networks have mainly been studied separately, highlighting their distinct structural characteristics and the related processes and dynamics. However, most plants interact with both pollinators and herbivores, and there is evidence that both types of interaction affect each other. Here we investigated the way plants connect these mutualistic and antagonistic networks together, and the consequences for community stability. Using an empirical data set, we show that the way plants connect pollination and herbivory networks is not random and promotes community stability. Analyses of the structure of binary and quantitative networks show different results: the plants' generalism with regard to pollinators is positively correlated to their generalism with regard to herbivores when considering binary interactions, but not when considering quantitative interactions. We also show that plants that share the same pollinators do not share the same herbivores. However, the way plants connect pollination and herbivory networks promotes stability for both binary and quantitative networks. Our results highlight the relevance of considering the diversity of interaction types in ecological communities, and stress the need to better quantify the costs and benefits of interactions, as well as to develop new metrics characterizing the way different interaction types are combined within ecological networks.

Published
2015

50. Catalogue of abrupt shifts in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change climate models

Author

Marten Scheffer, Chris Huntingford, Victor Brovkin, Martin Claussen, Sebastian Bathiany, Didier Swingedouw, Sybren Drijfhout, Giovanni Sgubin, Claudie Beaulieu, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique (CERFACS), CERFACS, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Runaway climate change, Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, WIMEK, Multidisciplinary, Global temperature, Global warming, Climate change, Aquatische Ecologie en Waterkwaliteitsbeheer, Radiative forcing, Geography, PNAS Plus, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Greenhouse gas, Abrupt climate change, Life Science, Climate model, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

Abrupt transitions of regional climate in response to the gradual rise in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations are notoriously difficult to foresee. However, such events could be particularly challenging in view of the capacity required for society and ecosystems to adapt to them. We present, to our knowledge, the first systematic screening of the massive climate model ensemble informing the recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report, and reveal evidence of 37 forced regional abrupt changes in the ocean, sea ice, snow cover, permafrost, and terrestrial biosphere that arise after a certain global temperature increase. Eighteen out of 37 events occur for global warming levels of less than 2°, a threshold sometimes presented as a safe limit. Although most models predict one or more such events, any specific occurrence typically appears in only a few models. We find no compelling evidence for a general relation between the overall number of abrupt shifts and the level of global warming. However, we do note that abrupt changes in ocean circulation occur more often for moderate warming (less than 2°), whereas over land they occur more often for warming larger than 2°. Using a basic proportion test, however, we find that the number of abrupt shifts identified in Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenarios is significantly larger than in other scenarios of lower radiative forcing. This suggests the potential for a gradual trend of destabilization of the climate with respect to such shifts, due to increasing global mean temperature change.

Published
2015

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