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168 results on '"Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien"'

1. The bacteriome of bat flies (Nycteribiidae) from the Malagasy region: a community shaped by host ecology, bacterial transmission mode, and host-vector specificity

Author: Pablo Tortosa, Yann Gomard, David A. Wilkinson, Patrick Mavingui, Colette Cordonin, Beza Ramasindrazana, Olivier Duron, Steven M. Goodman, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IRD-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Association Vahatra, Association Vahatra [Antananarivo, Madagascar], Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Field Museum of Natural History [Chicago, USA], Evolution of host-microbe communities (MIVEGEC-EVCO), Processus Écologiques et Évolutifs au sein des Communautés (PEEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL), European Commission (EC) under grant RunEmerge, Tortosa, Pablo, Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Génétique et évolution des maladies infectieuses (GEMI), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Génétique et évolution des maladies infectieuses (GEMI), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien ( CRVOI ), Université de la Réunion ( UR ), Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical ( PIMIT ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -IRD-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Université de la Réunion ( UR ), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle ( MIVEGEC ), Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD [France-Sud] ), Ecologie microbienne ( EM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon ( ENVL ) -Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -VetAgro Sup ( VAS ), and Field Museum of Natural History
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Enterobacteriales, Bartonella, animal structures, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 03 medical and health sciences, Chiroptera, [ SDV.EE.IEO ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis, Madagascar, Invertebrate Microbiology, Animals, Hippoboscoidea, [ SDE.BE ] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Bacteria, Ecology, biology, Obligate, Diptera, Microbiota, fungi, Bacteriome, [SDV.EE.IEO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis, biology.organism_classification, Nycteribiidae, [SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 030104 developmental biology, Wolbachia, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Horizontal transmission, Food Science, Biotechnology, [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis
Abstract: The Nycteribiidae are obligate blood-sucking Diptera (Hippoboscoidea) flies that parasitize bats. Depending on species, these wingless flies exhibit either high specialism or generalism toward their hosts, which may in turn have important consequences in terms of their associated microbial community structure. Bats have been hypothesized to be reservoirs of numerous infectious agents, some of which have recently emerged in human populations. Thus, bat flies may be important in the epidemiology and transmission of some of these bat-borne infectious diseases, acting either directly as arthropod vectors or indirectly by shaping pathogen communities among bat populations. In addition, bat flies commonly have associations with heritable bacterial endosymbionts that inhabit insect cells and depend on maternal transmission through egg cytoplasm to ensure their transmission. Some of these heritable bacteria are likely obligate mutualists required to support bat fly development, but others are facultative symbionts with unknown effects. Here, we present bacterial community profiles that were obtained from seven bat fly species, representing five genera, parasitizing bats from the Malagasy region. The observed bacterial diversity includes Rickettsia , Wolbachia , and several Arsenophonus -like organisms, as well as other members of the Enterobacteriales and a widespread association of Bartonella bacteria from bat flies of all five genera. Using the well-described host specificity of these flies and data on community structure from selected bacterial taxa with either vertical or horizontal transmission, we show that host/vector specificity and transmission mode are important drivers of bacterial community structure.
Published: 2016

2. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus in Pigs, Réunion Island

Author: Coralie Foray, Koussay Dellagi, Gaëlle Simon, Xavier de Lamballerie, Paul André, Johny Hoarau, Nicolas Barbier, Vincent Porphyre, Magali Turpin, Thierry Thomas, Stéphane Quéguiner, Matthieu Roger, Aure Saulnier, Eric Cardinale, Séverine Hervé, Sarah Temmam, Stéphane Gorin, Hervé Pascalis, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes (UMR CMAEE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Laboratoire d'études et de recherches avicoles, porcines et piscicoles, AFSSA, Coopérative des Producteurs de Porcs de la Réunion (CPPR), Hôpital Nord [CHU - APHM], Emergence des Pathologies Virales (EPV), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL), Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (AFSSA), Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien ( CRVOI ), Université de la Réunion ( UR ), Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes [Montpellier] ( CMAEE ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement [CIRAD] : UMR15, Ecologie microbienne ( EM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon ( ENVL ) -Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -VetAgro Sup ( VAS ), ANSES, Coopérative des Producteurs de Porcs de la Réunion ( CPPR ), Emergence des Pathologies Virales ( EPV ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille ( APHM ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)
Subjects: Veterinary medicine, pandemic influenza, Epidemiology, Swine, viruses, Réunion Island, lcsh:Medicine, medicine.disease_cause, L73 - Maladies des animaux, Antibodies, Viral, Porcin, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Pandemic, Immunologie, Influenza A virus, Viral, HOMME, humans, Influenzavirus porcin, Swine Diseases, 0303 health sciences, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, H1N1, Dispatch, virus diseases, pigs, ZOONOSE, 3. Good health, Épidémiologie, Infectious Diseases, A(H1N1)pdm09, Human, Microbiology (medical), EPIDEMIOLOGIE, TRANSMISSION, PORCIN, Virulence, VIROSE, Biology, pandemics, Virus, Antibodies, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, Orthomyxoviridae Infections, Influenza, Human, SURVEILLANCE, medicine, Animals, influenza A virus, Surveillance épidémiologique, lcsh:RC109-216, SEROLOGIE, 030304 developmental biology, [SDV.BA.MVSA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health, [ SDV ] Life Sciences [q-bio], 030306 microbiology, pandemic, lcsh:R, Pandemic influenza, Influenza a, PREVENTION SANITAIRE, Virology, Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, Influenza, zoonoses, H1N1 subtype, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Reunion
Abstract: International audience; During 2009, pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus affected humans on Réunion Island. Since then, the virus has sustained circulation among local swine herds, raising concerns about the potential for genetic evolution of the virus and possible retransmission back to humans of variants with increased virulence. Continuous surveillance of A(H1N1)pdm09 infection in pigs is recommended.
Published: 2012

3. An international collaborative study to determine the prevalence of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia by monoclonal antibody-based cELISA

Author: Hafizullah Noori, François Poumarat, Karim Tounkara, Isabel Nkando, François Thiaucourt, Lucia Manso-Silvan, Willy Schauwers, Martha Yami, Deodass Meenowa, Nadia Mukhtar, Ghulam Mohammad Ziay, Hezron Wesonga, Florence Tardy, Karomatullo Hamroev, Armelle Peyraud, Mohibullah Halimi, Mahmad Reshad Jaumally, Charles Bodjo, Stéphane Ostrowski, Mullojon Amirbekov, Shiferaw Jenberie, Ali Madad Rajabi, Eric Cardinale, Tahir Yaqub, Muhammad Zubair Shabbir, Tillo Tilloev, Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes (UMR CMAEE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants - UMR (MYCO), Université de Lyon-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Laboratoire de Lyon [ANSES], Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), European Union [DCI-FOOD/ 2009/226-469], United States Department of State through the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), [S-LMAQM-09-GR-055], Laboratoire de Lyon, Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes [Montpellier] ( CMAEE ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement [CIRAD] : UMR15, Mycoplasmoses des ruminants [Lyon], Université de Lyon-VetAgro Sup ( VAS ), VetAgro Sup ( VAS ), ANSES, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien ( CRVOI ), and Université de la Réunion ( UR )
Subjects: Tajikistan, Veterinary medicine, vaccin, Internationality, Seroprevalence, séroprévalence, L73 - Maladies des animaux, Global Health, Serology, Mycoplasma capricolum, Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, 0403 veterinary science, Contagious, maurice, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Monoclonal, Medicine, Pakistan, 0303 health sciences, Goat Diseases, Pleuropneumonia, biology, Goats, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Vaccine quality control, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Medicine, Complement fixation test, 3. Good health, Competitive ELISA, Bacterial vaccine, Bacterial Vaccines, Mauritius, Research Article, 040301 veterinary sciences, Kenya, Ethiopia, Afghanistan, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Antibodies, 03 medical and health sciences, Animals, Pleuropneumonia, Contagious, 030304 developmental biology, [SDV.BA.MVSA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health, General Veterinary, [ SDV ] Life Sciences [q-bio], business.industry, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, veterinary(all), Virology, ethiopie, business, tadjikistan
Abstract: Background Few serological tests are available for detecting antibodies against Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae, the causal agent of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP). The complement fixation test, the test prescribed for international trade purposes, uses a crude antigen that cross-reacts with all the other mycoplasma species of the “mycoides cluster” frequently infecting goat herds. The lack of a more specific test has been a real obstacle to the evaluation of the prevalence and economic impact of CCPP worldwide. A new competitive ELISA kit for CCPP, based on a previous blocking ELISA, was formatted at CIRAD and used to evaluate the prevalence of CCPP in some regions of Kenya, Ethiopia, Mauritius, Tajikistan and Pakistan in an international collaborative study. Results The strict specificity of the test was confirmed in CCPP-free goat herds exposed to other mycoplasma species of the “mycoides cluster”. Prevalence studies were performed across the enzootic range of the disease in Africa and Asia. Seroprevalence was estimated at 14.6% in the Afar region of Ethiopia, whereas all the herds presented for CCPP vaccination in Kenya tested positive (individual seroprevalence varied from 6 to 90% within each herd). In Mauritius, where CCPP emerged in 2009, nine of 62 herds tested positive. In Central Asia, where the disease was confirmed only recently, no positive animals were detected in the Wakhan District of Afghanistan or across the border in neighboring areas of Tajikistan, whereas seroprevalence varied between 2.7% and 44.2% in the other districts investigated and in northern Pakistan. The test was also used to monitor seroconversion in vaccinated animals. Conclusions This newly formatted CCPP cELISA kit has retained the high specificity of the original kit. It can therefore be used to evaluate the prevalence of CCPP in countries or regions without vaccination programs. It could also be used to monitor the efficacy of vaccination campaigns as high-quality vaccines induce high rates of seroconversion.
Published: 2014

4. Development of real-time RT-PCR for the detection of low concentrations of Rift Valley fever virus

Author: Marianne Maquart, Isabelle Leparc-Goffart, Sarah Temmam, Koussay Dellagi, Eric Cardinale, Jean-Michel Heraud, Catherine Cetre-Sossah, Hervé Pascalis, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes (UMR CMAEE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Unité de Virologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Antenne Marseille] (IRBA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien ( CRVOI ), Université de la Réunion ( UR ), Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes [Montpellier] ( CMAEE ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement [CIRAD] : UMR15, Ecologie microbienne ( EM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon ( ENVL ) -Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -VetAgro Sup ( VAS ), Unité de Virologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar] ( IPM ), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur ( RIIP ) -Institut Pasteur de Madgascar ( IPM ), Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Antenne Marseille] ( IRBA ), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD )
Subjects: Rift Valley fever virus, Veterinary medicine, Rift Valley Fever, L73 - Maladies des animaux, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Comoros, MESH : Virology, MESH: Madagascar, MESH: Comoros, MESH: Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, MESH: Rift Valley Fever, Caprin, MESH: Animals, [ SDV.IB ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Bioengineering, Rift Valley fever, MESH : Polymerase Chain Reaction, Volume concentration, Diagnostic tool, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, MESH: Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift, MESH : Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, [ SDV.SPEE ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Ruminants, Zebu, 3. Good health, MESH : Comoros, Semi-nested RT-PCR, Épidémiologie, Real-time polymerase chain reaction, PCR, MESH: Ruminants, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Enzootic, Petits ruminants, MESH: Rift Valley fever virus, [SDV.IB]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Bioengineering, MESH : Sensitivity and Specificity, Viral load, MESH : Ruminants, Veterinary Medicine, Ovin, MESH : Madagascar, MESH : Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Biology, Virus de la fièvre de la vallée du Rift, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, MESH : Veterinary Medicine, [ SDV.MP.VIR ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Sensitivity and Specificity, Virus, Zébu, Virology, medicine, Madagascar, Animals, Surveillance épidémiologique, Diagnostic, MESH : Rift Valley Fever, Test biologique, MESH: Veterinary Medicine, MESH: Polymerase Chain Reaction, medicine.disease, MESH: Sensitivity and Specificity, MESH : Rift Valley fever virus, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, MESH : Animals, Inter-epidemic period, U30 - Méthodes de recherche, MESH: Virology
Abstract: International audience; In recent years, Madagascar and the Comoros archipelago have been affected by epidemics of Rift Valley fever (RVF), however detection of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) in zebu, sheep and goats during the post epidemic periods was frequently unsuccessful. Thus, a highly sensitive real-time RT-PCR assay was developed for the detection of RVFV at low viral loads. A new RVF SYBR Green RT-PCR targeting the M segment was tested on serum from different RVF seronegative ruminant species collected from May 2010 to August 2011 in Madagascar and the Comoros archipelago and compared with a RVF specific quantitative real time RT-PCR technique, which is considered as the reference technique. The specificity was tested on a wide range of arboviruses or other viruses giving RVF similar clinical signs. A total of 38 out of 2756 serum samples tested positive with the new RT-PCR, whereas the reference technique only detected 5 out of the 2756. The described RT-PCR is an efficient diagnostic tool for the investigation of enzootic circulation of the RVF virus. It allows the detection of low viral RNA loads adapted for the investigations of reservoirs or specific epidemiological situations such as inter-epizootic periods.
Published: 2014

5. Evidence of Habitat Structuring Aedes albopictus Populations in Réunion Island

Author: Céline Toty, Sébastien Boyer, Hélène Delatte, Didier Fontenille, Fanny Bastien, Anthony Bouetard, Peuplements végétaux et bioagresseurs en milieu tropical (UMR PVBMT), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), UMR Peuplements végétaux et bioagresseurs en milieu tropical ( UMR PVBMT - Université de La Réunion ), Université de la Réunion ( UR ), Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Montpellier ( MIVEGEC ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR224-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] ( CHRU Montpellier ) -Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques ( UM2 ) -Université Montpellier 1 ( UM1 ) -Université de Montpellier ( UM ), Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien ( CRVOI ), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle ( MIVEGEC ), Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD [France-Sud] ), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)
Subjects: viruses, RC955-962, habitat, Population genetics, Disease Vectors, L73 - Maladies des animaux, Facteur climatique, Virus de chikungunya, medicine.disease_cause, Gene flow, 0302 clinical medicine, Génétique des populations, Aedes, Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Cluster Analysis, Chikungunya, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Ecology, biology, virus diseases, [ SDV.SPEE ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Facteur du milieu, Aedes albopictus, Virus, Vecteur de maladie, Infectious Diseases, Arboviral Infections, Medicine, L20 - Écologie animale, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, L72 - Organismes nuisibles des animaux, Zone rurale, Research Article, Neglected Tropical Diseases, Zone urbaine, 030231 tropical medicine, Population, Aedes aegypti, Arbovirus, [ SDV.EE.SANT ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, 03 medical and health sciences, Genetics, medicine, Animals, education, Biology, Transmission des maladies, Ecosystem, 030304 developmental biology, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, fungi, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Genetic Variation, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Vector (epidemiology), Écologie animale, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Reunion, Microsatellite Repeats
Abstract: Arbovirus vector dynamics and spread are influenced by climatic, environmental and geographic factors. Major Chikungunya and Dengue fever outbreaks occurring the last 10 years have coincided with the expansion of the mosquito vector Aedes albopictus to nearly all the continents. We characterized the ecological (larval development sites, population dynamics, insemination and daily survival rates) and genetic (diversity, gene flow, population structure) features of two Aedes albopictus populations from distinct environments (rural and urban) on Réunion Island, in the South-West Indian Ocean. Microsatellite analysis suggests population sub-structuring Ae. albopictus populations. Two genetic clusters were identified that were significantly linked to natural versus urban habitats with a mixed population in both areas. Ae. albopictus individuals prefer urban areas for mating and immature development, where hosts and containers that serve as larval development sites are readily available and support high population densities, whereas natural environments appear to serve as reservoirs for the mosquito., Author Summary The objective of our research was to study the movements the mosquito Aedes albopictus. This mosquito transmits more than 20 viruses to humans throughout the world and is the vector of the recent major epidemics of Dengue and Chikungunya on Reunion Island and the Indian Ocean Region and is, therefore, of great interest for human health. We set out to determine whether reservoirs of populations could be found in natural environments and whether or not these populations are capable of re-colonising urban areas. Until now, only limited data has been available on the population dynamics of Aedes albopictus in this part of the world, information critical for guiding vector control strategies and predicting or preventing epidemics. We chose two areas where a serious CHIKV epidemic occurred. We then used genetic markers and ecological data to estimate patterns of gene flow and behaviour. We were able to demonstrate that populations were structured with limited gene flow despite observing migration. We found that Ae. albopictus preferred urban areas for mating and to lay their eggs because of the availability of hosts and permanent containers that favoured higher mosquito densities. We also show, however, that natural environments are reservoirs for re-colonisation of urban areas.
Published: 2013

6. Identification of novel paramyxoviruses in insectivorous bats of the Southwest Indian Ocean

Author: Sarah Temmam, Jean-Michel Heraud, Koussay Dellagi, Beza Ramasindrazana, Hervé Pascalis, Steven M. Goodman, Julia Guillebaud, Julien Chotte, Erwan Lagadec, Camille Lebarbenchon, Xavier de Lamballerie, David A. Wilkinson, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Cyclotron Réunion Océan Indien (CYROI), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion (CHU La Réunion), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes (UMR CMAEE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Association Vahatra, Association Vahatra [Antananarivo, Madagascar], Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Emergence des Pathologies Virales (EPV), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Field Museum of Natural History [Chicago, USA], D.A. Wilkinson and C. Lebarbenchon post-doctoral fellowships were funded by 'RUN-Emerge: European project funded by European Commission under FP7 program'., Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL), Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien ( CRVOI ), Université de la Réunion ( UR ), Cyclotron Réunion Océan Indien ( CYROI ), Université de la Réunion ( UR ) -Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion ( CHU La Réunion ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ), Ecologie microbienne ( EM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon ( ENVL ) -Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -VetAgro Sup ( VAS ), Station de la Bretagne ( CIRAD ), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement ( CIRAD ), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur ( RIIP ), Emergence des Pathologies Virales ( EPV ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille ( APHM ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Field Museum of Natural History, Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)
Subjects: Cancer Research, Lineage (evolution), viruses, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], MESH: Indian Ocean, Bats viruses, Paramyxovirus, Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral, Chiroptera, Chlorocebus aethiops, MESH: Animals, MESH : Viral Proteins, MESH: Phylogeny, Indian Ocean, Phylogeny, MESH : Paramyxovirinae, 0303 health sciences, Paramyxoviridae Infections, Phylogenetic tree, Ecology, MESH: Chiroptera, MESH : Indian Ocean, Infectious Diseases, Paramyxovirinae, Mauritius, MESH: Virion, Identification (biology), MESH : Chiroptera, animal structures, Zoology, MESH: Vero Cells, Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Viral Proteins, MESH: Paramyxovirinae, Phylogenetics, Virology, MESH : Virion, Madagascar, Animals, Union of Comoros, Vero Cells, Viral isolation, 030304 developmental biology, [ SDV ] Life Sciences [q-bio], 030306 microbiology, Virion, MESH : Phylogeny, Insectivore, MESH : Paramyxoviridae Infections, MESH: Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral, MESH: Cercopithecus aethiops, MESH: Viral Proteins, Indian ocean, Paramyxovirus infection, MESH : Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral, MESH: Paramyxoviridae Infections, MESH : Animals, MESH : Cercopithecus aethiops, MESH : Vero Cells
Abstract: International audience; Bats are reservoirs for many emerging zoonotic viruses. In this study, we screened 197 animals from 15 different bat species of the Southwest Indian Ocean for paramyxovirus infection and identified paramyxoviruses in five insectivorous bat-species from the Union of the Comoros (3/66), Mauritius (1/55) and Madagascar (4/76). Viral isolation was possible via cell culture and phylogenetic analysis revealed these viruses clustered in a Morbillivirus-related lineage, with relatively high nucleotide sequence similarity to other recently discovered insectivorous-bat paramyxoviruses but distinct from those known to circulate in frugivorous bats.
Published: 2012

7. Intense co-circulation of non-influenza respiratory viruses during the first wave of pandemic influenza pH1N1/2009: a cohort study in Reunion Island

Author: Magali Turpin, Koussay Dellagi, Fabrice Carrat, Xavier de Lamballerie, Hervé Pascalis, Patrick Gérardin, Sarah Temmam, Olivier Rollot, Antoine Flahault, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien ( CRVOI ), Université de la Réunion ( UR ), Ecologie microbienne ( EM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon ( ENVL ) -Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -VetAgro Sup ( VAS ), CIC régional épidémiologie clinique/essais cliniques - Ile de la Réunion ( CIC-EC ), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion ( CHU La Réunion ), École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] ( EHESP ), Epidémiologie, Systèmes dínformation et modélisation ( ESIM ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Emergence des Pathologies Virales ( EPV ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille ( APHM ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Réanimation médicale néonatale et pédiatrique, CHR la Reunion site Sud, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CIC régional épidémiologie clinique/essais cliniques - Ile de la Réunion (CIC-EC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion (CHU La Réunion), École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP), ESIM - Déterminants Sociaux de la Santé et du Recours aux Soins (DS3), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Emergence des Pathologies Virales (EPV), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Epidémiologie, Systèmes dínformation et modélisation (ESIM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)
Subjects: Immunity, Herd, Viral Diseases, Time Factors, Pulmonology, Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods, Rhinovirus, Epidemiology, Attack rate, Population Dynamics, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/*genetics/immunology, medicine.disease_cause, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Disease Outbreaks, Cohort Studies, 0302 clinical medicine, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype, Respiratory Tract Infections/*virology, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Pandemic, Influenza A virus, Pathology, Influenza A Virus, 030212 general & internal medicine, Prospective Studies, Child, Respiratory Tract Infections, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Molecular Epidemiology, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, Multidisciplinary, Human Bocavirus Infection, 3. Good health, Host-Pathogen Interaction, Infectious Diseases, Coronaviridae/genetics, Rhinovirus/genetics, Child, Preschool, Human mortality from H5N1, Medicine, France, Research Article, Adult, Risk, Clinical Pathology, Infectious Disease Control, Adolescent, Clinical Research Design, Coronaviridae, Science, Population, Rhinovirus Infection, Microbiology, Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Herd immunity, 03 medical and health sciences, Diagnostic Medicine, Virology, medicine, Upper Respiratory Tract Infections, Humans, H1N1 Subtype, Disease Dynamics, Viral shedding, education, Preschool, Biology, Pandemics, 030304 developmental biology, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection, Survey Research, Population Biology, [ SDV ] Life Sciences [q-bio], business.industry, Infant, Newborn, Immunity, Infant, Human Metapneumovirus Infection, Herd, Newborn, Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, Influenza, Viral Disease Diagnosis, Clinical Microbiology, Co-Infections, Immunology, Respiratory Infections, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, Human Parainfluenza Virus Infection, Viral Transmission and Infection
Abstract: International audience; OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to weigh up, at the community level, the respective roles played by pandemic Influenza (pH1N1) virus and co-circulating human Non-Influenza Respiratory Viruses (NIRVs) during the first wave of the 2009 pH1N1 pandemic. METHODS: A population-based prospective cohort study was conducted in Reunion Island during the austral winter 2009 (weeks 30-44) that allowed identification of 125 households with at least one member who developed symptoms of Influenza-like illness (ILI). Three consecutive nasal swabs were collected from each household member (443 individuals) on day 0, 3 and 8 post-ILI report and tested for pH1N1 and 15 NIRVs by RT-PCR. RESULTS: Two successive waves of viral infections were identified: a first wave (W33-37) when pH1N1 was dominant and co-circulated with NIRVs, sharply interrupted by a second wave (W38-44), almost exclusively composed of NIRVs, mainly human Rhinoviruses (hRV) and Coronaviruses (hCoV). Data suggest that some interference may occur between NIRVs and pH1N1 when they co-circulate within the same household, where NIRVs were more likely to infect pH1N1 negative individuals than pH1N1 positive peers (relative risk: 3.13, 95% CI: 1.80-5.46, P\textless0.001). Viral shedding was significantly shorter (P = 0.035) in patients who were co-infected by pH1N1 and NIRV or by two different NIRVs compared to those who were infected with only one virus, whatever this virus was (pH1N1 or NIRVs). Although intense co-circulation of NIRVs (especially hRV) likely brought pH1N1 under the detection threshold, it did not prevent spread of the pandemic Influenza virus within the susceptible population nor induction of an extensive herd immunity to it. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that NIRV co-infections during Influenza epidemics may act as cofactors that contribute to shape an outbreak and modulate the attack rate. They further warrant broad spectrum studies to fully understand viral epidemics.
Published: 2012

8. Molecular evolutionary analysis of pH1N1 2009 influenza virus in Reunion Island, South West Indian Ocean region: a cohort study

Author: Hervé Pascalis, Sarah Temmam, Koussay Dellagi, Xavier de Lamballerie, Najla Dsouli, David A. Wilkinson, Magali Turpin, Cyclotron Réunion Océan Indien (CYROI), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion (CHU La Réunion), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Emergence des Pathologies Virales (EPV), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Cyclotron Réunion Océan Indien ( CYROI ), Université de la Réunion ( UR ) -Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion ( CHU La Réunion ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ), Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien ( CRVOI ), Université de la Réunion ( UR ), Ecologie microbienne ( EM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon ( ENVL ) -Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -VetAgro Sup ( VAS ), Emergence des Pathologies Virales ( EPV ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille ( APHM ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)
Subjects: Evolutionary Genetics, Male, Viral Diseases, Epidemiology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], medicine.disease_cause, Cohort Studies, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype, Emerging Viral Diseases, Influenza A virus, Influenza A Virus, Viral, Clade, Child, Genome Evolution, Indian Ocean, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, Genome, Phylogenetic tree, Genomics, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Child, Preschool, Viral evolution, Medicine, Female, Research Article, Human, Adult, Adolescent, Evolution, Science, Population, Genome, Viral, Viral quasispecies, Biology, Microbiology, Viral Evolution, Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Evolution, Molecular, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Virology, Influenza, Human, medicine, Humans, H1N1 Subtype, education, Preschool, Pandemics, 030304 developmental biology, Evolutionary Biology, Population Biology, Molecular epidemiology, [ SDV ] Life Sciences [q-bio], 030306 microbiology, Molecular, Genetic Variation, Influenza, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Viral phylodynamics, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract: Background/objectivesMolecular epidemiology is a powerful tool to decipher the dynamics of viral transmission, quasispecies temporal evolution and origins. Little is known about the pH1N1 molecular dynamics in general population. A prospective study (CoPanFlu-RUN) was carried out in Reunion Island to characterize pH1N1 genetic variability and molecular evolution occurring in population during the pH1N1 Influenza pandemic in 2009.MethodologyWe directly amplified pH1N1 genomes from 28 different nasal swabs (26 individuals from 21 households). Fifteen strains were fully sequenced and 13 partially. This includes pairs of sequences from different members of 5 separate households; and two pairs from individuals, collected at different times. We assessed the molecular evolution of pH1N1 by genetic variability and phylogenetic analyses.Principal findingsWe found that i) Reunion pH1N1 sequences stemmed from global "clade 7" but shaped two phylogenetic sub-clades; ii) D239E mutation was identified in the hemagglutinin protein of all Reunion sequences, a mutation which has been associated elsewhere with mild-, upper-respiratory tract pH1N1 infecting strains; iii) Date estimates from molecular phylogenies predicted clade emergence some time before the first detection of pH1N1 by the epidemiological surveillance system; iv) Phylogenetic relatedness was observed between Reunion pH1N1 viruses and those from other countries in South-western Indian Ocean area; v) Quasispecies populations were observed within households and individuals of the cohort-study.ConclusionsSurveillance and/or prevention systems presently based on Influenza virus sequence variation should take into account that the majority of studies of pH1N1 Influenza generate genetic data for the HA/NA viral segments obtained from hospitalized-patients, which is potentially non-representative of the overall viral diversity within whole populations. Our observations highlight the importance of collecting unbiased data at the community level and conducting whole genome analysis to accurately understand viral dynamics.
Published: 2012

9. Pathogenic Leptospira spp. in Bats, Madagascar and Union of the Comoros

Author: Yann Gomard, Hervé Pascalis, Pablo Tortosa, Beza Ramasindrazana, Muriel Dietrich, Steven M. Goodman, Koussay Dellagi, Vanina Guernier, Sarah Temmam, Erwan Lagadec, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien ( CRVOI ), Université de la Réunion ( UR ), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ), Cyclotron Réunion Océan Indien ( CYROI ), Université de la Réunion ( UR ) -Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion ( CHU La Réunion ), Ecologie microbienne ( EM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon ( ENVL ) -Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -VetAgro Sup ( VAS ), Association Vahatra, Université d'Antananarivo, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Cyclotron Réunion Océan Indien (CYROI), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion (CHU La Réunion), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Association Vahatra [Antananarivo, Madagascar], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), Mormopterus (subgenus), Letter, Epidemiology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030231 tropical medicine, bats, lcsh:Medicine, Zoology, Comoros, Mormopterus jugularis, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Species Specificity, Leptospira, Chiroptera, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Madagascar, Animals, southwestern Indian Ocean islands, lcsh:RC109-216, 14. Life underwater, Letters to the Editor, bacteria, Otomops madagascariensis, Phylogeny, 0303 health sciences, biology, [ SDV ] Life Sciences [q-bio], 030306 microbiology, lcsh:R, Genetic Variation, Sequence Analysis, DNA, biology.organism_classification, zoonoses, Infectious Diseases, Miniopterus gleni, endemic, Hypsugo anchietae, Rousettus, Miniopterus griveaudi, geographic locations, Union of the Comoros
Abstract: To the Editor: Leptospirosis is a zoonosis of global distribution; incidence rates are particularly high in tropical areas (1). Leptospirosis is a major public health problem on islands in the southwestern Indian Ocean, particularly La Reunion, Mayotte, and the Seychelles (where incidence rates are among the highest in the world) (1). In contrast, no human case has been reported on the nearby islands of Madagascar and Union of the Comoros. However, the recent demonstration of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in small mammals introduced to Madagascar suggests possible transmission from free-living animals to humans (2). In addition to the fact that incidence rates vary among humans, clinical bacterial isolates from different islands belong to different serogroups and serovars and show diverse molecular features (3,4). This diversity might be correlated with that of the reservoir hosts; the islands in the southwestern Indian Ocean are a hot spot of biodiversity with extraordinary levels of vertebrate endemism. Most studies investigating wild-animal reservoirs of Leptospira spp. on the islands in the southwestern Indian Ocean have focused on small mammals that had been introduced to the islands (2,5), although bats infected with pathogenic Leptospira spp. have been identified in other regions (6). Whether bats are a reservoir of Leptospira spp. on these islands remains unknown. Therefore, we looked for this bacterium in bats from Madagascar and Union of the Comoros and characterized associated genetic diversity. As part of an ongoing program aimed at identifying viral and bacterial infectious agents in island wild fauna, 129 insectivorous and frugivorous bats were tested for Leptospira spp. The bats belonged to 12 species: 9 from Madagascar (Mormopterus jugularis, Otomops madagascariensis, Triaenops furculus, T. menamena, Miniopterus gleni, Miniopterus griffithsi, Miniopterus mahafaliensis, Myotis goudoti, Hypsugo anchietae) and 3 from Union of the Comoros (Rousettus obliviosus, Chaerephon pusillus, Miniopterus griveaudi). Bats were captured in mist nets or harp traps at 8 sites in Madagascar and 6 sites in Union of the Comoros. Organs were collected in the field and immediately stored in liquid nitrogen. Total nucleic acids were extracted from a pool of kidney, spleen, and lung tissue by using the Biorobot EZ1 and EZI Virus Mini Kit version 2.0 (QIAGEN, Les Ulis, France). Reverse transcription was then performed with GoScript reverse transcriptase (Promega, Charbonnieres-les-Bains, France) to obtain cDNA. We screened pathogenic Leptospira spp. with a probe-specific real-time PCR (7). The 25 positive samples were subsequently subjected to a PCR procedure that amplified fragments from 682 to 1,293 bp of the 16S rRNA gene (depending on the amplification success) by using published primers (8–10). Resulting PCR products from 7 samples were sequenced and compared with available sequences in GenBank by using phylogenetic construction with PhyML 3.0. Of the 12 bat species tested, 11 were positive for Leptospira spp. (the only H. anchietae bat tested was negative). Among 52 bats from Madagascar, 18 (34.6%) were infected; detection rates were often high, e.g., 8 (80%) of 10 T. menamena bats. In contrast, among 77 bats from Union of the Comoros, only 9 (11.7%) were infected. Leptospira spp. seem to be ubiquitous in the study areas; infected bats were found at 7 of 8 sites in Madagascar and 3 of 6 sites in the Union of the Comoros. Of the 7 Leptospira spp. sequences obtained from bats in this study, 3 were closely related to L. borgpetersenii, 1 grouped with L. interrogans, and 3 were not associated with any described species (Figure). L. interrogans and L. borgpetersenii were identified from R. obliviosus bats from the same cave in the Union of the Comoros, and the L. borgpetersenii sequence was closely related to that identified from the O. madagascariensis bats, which are endemic to Madagascar. Potentially pathogenic Leptospira spp. were found in bats of a wide variety of species in Madagascar and Union of the Comoros, at most study sites, and at levels notably higher than those reported from similar studies in other regions (6). Some of the bats that were Leptospira spp.–positive by PCR, particularly the genera Mormopterus and Chaerephon, often occupy synanthropic day roost sites. For example, we sampled 1 positive colony of C. pusillus bats in a school attic (Pomoni, Anjouan, Union of the Comoros), and bat scats were visible on the floor within the classroom. Figure Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree of Leptospira spp.16s rDNA in bats from Madagascar and the Union of the Comoros. The dendrogram was constructed with a fragment of 641 bp, with the TIMef+I+G substitution model, and with 1,000 replications. Only bootstrap ... Bats from Madagascar and Union of the Comoros harbor a notable diversity of Leptospira spp.; this finding is in accordance with the diversity found in a comparable investigation of bats in the Amazon region (6). Although leptospirosis in humans is suspected only on the islands associated with this study (10), incidence among humans in Mayotte, part of the Union of the Comoros archipelago, has been shown to be high and mainly associated with L. borgpetersenii (3). The use of more polymorphic markers combined with the sequencing of clinical isolates should provide better characterization of Leptospira spp. diversity and the potential role of bats in human leptospirosis.
Published: 2012

10. Pandemic influenza due to pH1N1/2009 virus: estimation of infection burden in Reunion Island through a prospective serosurvey, austral winter 2009

Author: Pablo Tortosa, Laurent Filleul, N. Naty, Hervé Pascalis, Nathanael Lapidus, Olivier Rollot, Fabrice Carrat, Nicolas Salez, Koussay Dellagi, Vanina Guernier, François Favier, Marie-Christine Jaffar-Banjee, Antoine Flahault, Karim Boussaïd, Patrick Gérardin, Sarah Temmam, Adrian Fianu, Xavier de Lamballerie, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), CIC régional épidémiologie clinique/essais cliniques - Ile de la Réunion (CIC-EC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Emergence des Pathologies Virales (EPV), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Epidémiologie des maladies infectieuses et modélisation (ESIM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Departement de Microbiologie, Centre Hospitalier Regional, Cellule Interrégionale d'Epidémiologie (CIRE), Cellule Interregionale d'Epidemiologie (CIRE), École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP), Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien ( CRVOI ), Université de la Réunion ( UR ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) Marseille ( IRD Marseille ), Centre d'Investigation Clinique Regional Epidemiologie Clinique/essais Cliniques - Ile de la Reunion, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Ecologie microbienne ( EM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon ( ENVL ) -Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -VetAgro Sup ( VAS ), Emergence des Pathologies Virales ( EPV ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille ( APHM ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Epidémiologie des maladies infectieuses et modélisation ( ESIM ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] ( EHESP ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)
Subjects: Male, Seasons, Viral Diseases, Epidemiology, Attack rate, France/epidemiology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Serology, Cohort Studies, 0302 clinical medicine, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Medicine, Cumulative incidence, Clinical Epidemiology, 030212 general & internal medicine, Prospective Studies, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, Multidisciplinary, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Population study, Pandemics, Female, France, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics/immunology/*pathogenicity, Cohort study, Research Article, Adult, Clinical Research Design, Science, Population, Infectious Disease Epidemiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Influenza, Human, Seroprevalence, Humans, Clinical Trials, Serologic Tests, Seroconversion, education, 030304 developmental biology, [ SDE.BE ] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Survey Research, business.industry, Influenza, Human/blood/*epidemiology/*immunology/virology, Influenza, Immunology, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, Demography
Abstract: International audience; BACKGROUND: To date, there is little information that reflects the true extent of spread of the pH1N1/2009v influenza pandemic at the community level as infection often results in mild or no clinical symptoms. This study aimed at assessing through a prospective study, the attack rate of pH1N1/2009 virus in Reunion Island and risk factors of infection, during the 2009 season. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A serosurvey was conducted during the 2009 austral winter, in the frame of a prospective population study. Pairs of sera were collected from 1687 individuals belonging to 772 households, during and after passage of the pandemic wave. Antibodies to pH1N1/2009v were titered using the hemagglutination inhibition assay (HIA) with titers ≥ 1/40 being considered positive. Seroprevalence during the first two weeks of detection of pH1N1/2009v in Reunion Island was 29.8% in people under 20 years of age, 35.6% in adults (20-59 years) and 73.3% in the elderly (≥ 60 years) (P
Published: 2011

11. Laboratory selection for an accelerated mosquito sexual development rate

Author: Clelia F. Oliva, Guy Lempérière, Jeremie R. L. Gilles, Mark Q. Benedict, Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Insect Pest Control Laboratory (IPC laboratory), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [Rome, Italie] (FAO)-International Atomic Energy Agency [Vienna] (IAEA), Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Montpellier ( MIVEGEC ), Université Montpellier 1 ( UM1 ) -Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques ( UM2 ) -Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] ( CHRU Montpellier ) -Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR224-Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency [Vienna] ( IAEA ), Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien ( CRVOI ), and Université de la Réunion ( UR )
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Male, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, [ SDV.BDLR.RS ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Reproductive Biology/Sexual reproduction, lcsh:RC955-962, [ SDV.BA.ZI ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, Sterility, 030231 tropical medicine, Zoology, Biology, Insemination, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, [SDV.BDLR.RS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Reproductive Biology/Sexual reproduction, Sudan, 03 medical and health sciences, Sterile insect technique, 0302 clinical medicine, Spermatheca, Genetic, CULICIDAE, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Anopheles arabiensis, Sexual maturity, Animals, lcsh:RC109-216, Adult stage, Genitalia, Selection, Genetic, Selection, Clinical Laboratory Techniques, Research, Sexual Development, Anatomy, Pupa, [SDV.BA.ZI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, [ SDV.MHEP.MI ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, 010602 entomology, Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Female, Entomology
Abstract: Background Separating males and females at the early adult stage did not ensure the virginity of females of Anopheles arabiensis (Dongola laboratory strain), whereas two years earlier this method had been successful. In most mosquito species, newly emerged males and females are not able to mate successfully. For anopheline species, a period of 24 h post-emergence is generally required for the completion of sexual maturation, which in males includes a 180° rotation of the genitalia. In this study, the possibility of an unusually shortened sexual maturity period in the laboratory-reared colony was investigated. Methods The effect of two different sex-separation methods on the virginity of females was tested: females separated as pupae or less than 16 h post-emergence were mated with males subjected to various doses of radiation. T-tests were performed to compare the two sex-separation methods. The rate of genitalia rotation was compared for laboratory-reared and wild males collected as pupae in Dongola, Sudan, and analysed by Z-tests. Spermatheca dissections were performed on females mated with laboratory-reared males to determine their insemination status. Results When the sex-separation was performed when adults were less than 16 h post-emergence, expected sterility was never reached for females mated with radio-sterilized males. Expected sterility was accomplished only when sexes were separated at the pupal stage. Observation of genitalia rotation showed that some males from the laboratory strain Dongola were able to successfully mate only 11 h after emergence and 42% of the males had already completed rotation. A small proportion of the same age females were inseminated. Wild males showed a much slower genitalia rotation rate. At 17 h post-emergence, 96% of the laboratory-reared males had completed genitalia rotation whereas none of the wild males had. Conclusion This colony has been cultured in the laboratory for over one hundred generations, and now has accelerated sexual maturation when compared with the wild strain. This outcome demonstrates the kinds of selection that can be expected during insect colonization and maintenance, particularly when generations are non-overlapping and similar-age males must compete for mates.
Published: 2011

12. An Observational Study of Human Leptospirosis in Seychelles

Author: Biscornet, Leon, de Comarmond, Jeanine, Bibi, Jastin, Mavingui, Patrick, Dellagi, Koussay, Tortosa, Pablo, Pagès, Frédéric, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IRD-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Ministry of Health, Public Health Department, Victoria, Seychelles, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Santé publique France - French National Public Health Agency [Saint-Maurice, France], Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Tortosa, Pablo
Subjects: Adult, Male, Adolescent, Seychelles, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Risk Factors, Agglutination Tests, Surveys and Questionnaires, [SDV.BID.EVO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], [SDV.EE.ECO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, [SDV.EE.SANT] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, Animals, Humans, Leptospirosis, Prospective Studies, Aged, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, Leptospira, Farmers, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], Incidence, Articles, Middle Aged, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, Antibodies, Bacterial, Survival Analysis, Immunoglobulin M, Cats, Cattle, Female, [SDV.MP.BAC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology
Abstract: International audience; A 1-year population-based prospective study was launched in Seychelles, a country with one of the highest human incidence of leptospirosis worldwide, to describe the characteristic features of the epidemiology of the disease and highlight the most prominent risk factors. Diagnosis was based on the IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, microscopic agglutination test, and real-time PCR. A standardized questionnaire was administered to 219 patients aged ³ 13 years consulting for acute febrile illness. The high incidence of leptospirosis in Seychelles was confirmed. The disease was particularly severe, as the case fatality rate was 11.8%. Leptospirosis was positively associated in univariate analysis with socio-professional and clinical variables including gardening/farming, oliguria, jaundice, conjunctivitis, history of hepatitis C virus infection, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and/or biological renal failure. Epidemiological analyses of the questionnaires highlighted a link of the disease with living in houses (versus apartment), the presence of animals around and in houses, gardening, and misuse of personal protective equipment. Multivariate analyses indicated that being a farmer/landscaper and having cattle and cats around the home are the most significant drivers of leptospirosis. Biological features most associated with leptospirosis were thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, high values for renal function tests, and elevated total bilirubin. We report changes in behavior and exposure compared with data collected on leptospirosis 25 years ago, with indication that healthcare development has lowered case fatality. Continuous health education campaigns are recommended as well as further studies to clarify the epidemiology of human leptospirosis, especially the role of domestic animals.
Published: 2020

13. Predicting the Presence of Leptospires in Rodents from Environmental Indicators Opens Up Opportunities for Environmental Monitoring of Human Leptospirosis

Author: Yann Gomard, Pablo Tortosa, Erwan Lagadec, Gildas Le Minter, Gérard Rocamora, Julien Mélade, Leon Biscornet, Vanina Guernier-Cambert, Sylvaine Jégo, Vincent Herbreteau, Koussay Dellagi, Christophe Révillion, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IRD-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Ministry of Health, Public Health Department, Victoria, Seychelles, UMR 228 Espace-Dev, Espace pour le développement, Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM), University of Seychelles, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA), Univ, Réunion, and Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: spatial analysis, Fauna, 030231 tropical medicine, satellite, Land cover, landscape metrics, Rattus rattus, 03 medical and health sciences, remote sensing, 0302 clinical medicine, Leptospira, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Environmental monitoring, leptospirosis, lcsh:Science, 030304 developmental biology, Rattus norvegicus, 0303 health sciences, Land use, biology, business.industry, Ecology, Pest control, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Geography, Habitat, Infectious disease (medical specialty), rodents, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, lcsh:Q, ecology, business
Abstract: Leptospirosis, an environmental infectious disease of bacterial origin, is the infectious disease with the highest associated mortality in Seychelles. In small island territories, the occurrence of the disease is spatially heterogeneous and a better understanding of the environmental factors that contribute to the presence of the bacteria would help implement targeted control. The present study aimed at identifying the main environmental parameters correlated with animal reservoirs distribution and Leptospira infection in order to delineate habitats with highest prevalence. We used a previously published dataset produced from a large collection of rodents trapped during the dry and wet seasons in most habitats of Mah&eacute, the main island of Seychelles. A land use/land cover analysis was realized in order to describe the various environments using SPOT-5 images by remote sensing (object-based image analysis). At each sampling site, landscape indices were calculated and combined with other geographical parameters together with rainfall records to be used in a multivariate statistical analysis. Several environmental factors were found to be associated with the carriage of leptospires in Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus, namely low elevations, fragmented landscapes, the proximity of urbanized areas, an increased distance from forests and, above all, increased precipitation in the three months preceding trapping. The analysis indicated that Leptospira renal carriage could be predicted using the species identification and a description of landscape fragmentation and rainfall, with infection prevalence being positively correlated with these two environmental variables. This model may help decision makers in implementing policies affecting urban landscapes and/or in balancing conservation efforts when designing pest control strategies that should also aim at reducing human contact with Leptospira-laden rats while limiting their impact on the autochthonous fauna.
Published: 2021

14. Pathogenic Leptospira and their animal reservoirs: testing host specificity through experimental infection

Author: Cordonin, Colette, Turpin, Magali, Bringart, Matthieu, Bascands, Jean-Loup, Flores, Olivier, Dellagi, Koussay, Mavingui, Patrick, Roche, Marjolaine, Tortosa, Pablo, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IRD-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Peuplements végétaux et bioagresseurs en milieu tropical (UMR PVBMT), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Tortosa, Pablo, and Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: DNA, Bacterial, animal diseases, lcsh:Medicine, Evolutionary biology, Kidney, Microbiology, Article, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Species Specificity, [SDV.BID.EVO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], [SDV.EE.ECO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Animals, [SDV.EE.SANT] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, Leptospirosis, Rats, Wistar, lcsh:Science, Leptospira, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], lcsh:R, Biodiversity, bacterial infections and mycoses, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, Rats, bacteria, Female, lcsh:Q, [SDV.MP.BAC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology
Abstract: Leptospirosis is caused by pathogenic Leptospira transmitted through contact with contaminated environments. Most mammalian species are infectable by Leptospira but only few act as efficient reservoir being capable of establishing long term kidney colonization and shedding Leptospira in urine. In Madagascar, a large diversity of pathogenic Leptospira display a tight specificity towards their endemic volant or terrestrial mammalian hosts. The basis of this specificity is unknown: it may indicate some genetically determined compatibility between host cells and bacteria or only reflect ecological constraints preventing contacts between specific hosts. In this study, Rattus norvegicus was experimentally infected with either Leptospira interrogans, Leptospira borgpetersenii or Leptospira mayottensis isolated from rats, bats or tenrecs, respectively. Leptospira borgpetersenii and L. mayottensis do not support renal colonization as featured by no shedding of live bacteria in urine and low level and sporadic detection of Leptospira DNA in kidneys. In contrast 2 out of the 7 R. norvegicus challenged with L. interrogans developed renal colonization and intense Leptospira shedding in urine throughout the 3 months of experimental infection. These data suggest that host-Leptospira specificity in this biodiversity hotspot is driven at least in part by genetic determinants likely resulting from long-term co-diversification processes.
Published: 2020

15. Development and characterization of a multiplex panel of microsatellite markers for the Reunion free-tailed bat Mormopterus francoismoutoui

Author: Dietrich, Muriel, Le Minter, Gildas, Turpin, Magali, Tortosa, Pablo, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Réunion]), Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Tortosa, Pablo, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IRD-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de La Réunion (UR)
Subjects: [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], lcsh:R, lcsh:Medicine, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, Reunion Island, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Illumina, Bats, [SDV.BID.EVO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], [SDV.EE.ECO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, [SDV.EE.SANT] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, [SDV.MP.BAC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, Mormopterus francoismoutoui, Microsatellites, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: The ecology and conservation status of many island-restricted bats remain largely unexplored. The free-tailed bat Mormopterus francoismoutoui is a small insectivorous tropical bat, endemic to Reunion Island (Indian Ocean). Despite being widely distributed on the island, the fine-scale genetic structure and evolutionary ecology of M. francoismoutoui remain under-investigated, and therefore its ecology is poorly known. Here, we used Illumina paired-end sequencing to develop microsatellite markers for M. francoismoutoui, based on the genotyping of 31 individuals from distinct locations all over the island. We selected and described 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci with high levels of heterozygosity, which provide novel molecular markers for future genetic population-level studies of M. francoismoutoui.
Published: 2019

16. Three Leptospira Strains From Western Indian Ocean Wildlife Show Highly Distinct Virulence Phenotypes Through Hamster Experimental Infection

Author: Cordonin, Colette, Turpin, Magali, Bascands, Jean-Loup, Dellagi, Koussay, Mavingui, Patrick, Tortosa, Pablo, Roche, Marjolaine, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Institut de médecine moléculaire de Rangueil (I2MR), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)- Institut Fédératif de Recherche Bio-médicale Institution (IFR150)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Tortosa, Pablo, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées- Institut Fédératif de Recherche Bio-médicale Institution (IFR150)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IRD-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de La Réunion (UR), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-IFR150-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)
Subjects: Leptospira, kidney, lcsh:QR1-502, bats, Microbiology, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, lcsh:Microbiology, virulence, tenrecs, hamster model, leptospirosis, Western Indian Ocean, [SDV.MP.BAC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, Original Research
Abstract: International audience; Leptospirosis is one of the most widespread zoonoses worldwide, with highest incidence reported on tropical islands. Recent investigations carried out in a One-Health framework have revealed a wide diversity of pathogenic Leptospira lineages on the different islands of Western Indian Ocean carried out by a large diversity of mammal reservoirs, including domestic and wild fauna. Using golden Syrian hamsters as a model of acute infection, we studied the virulence of Leptospira interrogans, L. mayottensis, and L. borgpetersenii isolates obtained from rats, tenrecs, and bats, respectively. Hamsters were inoculated with 2.10 8 bacterial cells and monitored for 1 month. The L. interrogans isolate proved to be the most pathogenic while L. mayottensis and L. borgpetersenii isolates induced no clinical symptoms in the infected hamsters. High leptospiral DNA amounts were also detected in the urine and organs of hamsters infected with the L. interrogans isolate while L. mayottensis and L. borgpetersenii isolates mostly failed to disseminate into the organism. In addition, histological damage was more pronounced in the kidneys and lungs of hamsters infected with the L. interrogans isolate. Altogether, these data support that Leptospira strains shed by mammals endemic to this insular ecosystem (L. mayottensis and L. borgpetersenii isolates) are less pathogenic than the L. interrogans rat-borne isolate. These results may provide a relevant framework for understanding the contrasting epidemiology of human leptospirosis observed among Western Indian Ocean islands.
Published: 2019

17. Evidence of multiple colonizations as a driver of black fly diversification in an oceanic island

Author: Pablo Tortosa, Josselin Cornuault, Yann Gomard, Boutaïna Belqat, Erwan Lagadec, Séverine Licciardi, Patrick Mavingui, Najla Dsouli, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IRD-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Université Abdelmalek Essaâdi (UAE), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL), This work was supported by FEDER Reunion, Programme Opérationnel de Coopération Territoriale (2007-2013) Pathogènes associés à la Faune Sauvage Océan Indien #31189, Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Tortosa, Pablo, Gomard, Yann, and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Topography, Life Cycles, Heredity, Speciation, Biodiversity, lcsh:Medicine, Biochemistry, 01 natural sciences, Monophyly, Larvae, [SDV.EE.ECO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Simuliidae, lcsh:Science, Phylogeny, Energy-Producing Organelles, Data Management, Islands, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, Geography, Ecology, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], Phylogenetic Analysis, Mitochondria, Phylogenetics, Genetic Mapping, Genes, Mitochondrial, Archipelago, Cellular Structures and Organelles, Research Article, Computer and Information Sciences, Evolutionary Processes, Oceans and Seas, Introgression, Bioenergetics, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 03 medical and health sciences, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Species Colonization, DNA, Ribosomal Spacer, Genetics, [SDV.BID.EVO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], Animals, [SDV.EE.SANT] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, Evolutionary Systematics, 14. Life underwater, Simulium, Endemism, Taxonomy, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, Landforms, Evolutionary Biology, geography, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, lcsh:R, fungi, Biology and Life Sciences, Species diversity, Geomorphology, Cell Biology, biology.organism_classification, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, 030104 developmental biology, Haplotypes, Earth Sciences, lcsh:Q, [SDV.MP.BAC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, Black fly, Developmental Biology
Abstract: International audience; True oceanic islands typically host reduced species diversity together with high levels of endemism, which make these environmental set-ups ideal for the exploration of species diversification drivers. In the present study, we used black fly species (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Reunion Island as a model to highlight the main drivers of insect species diversification in this young and remote volcanic island located in the Southwestern Indian Ocean. Using local and regional (Comoros and Seychelles archipelagos) samples as well as specimens from continental Africa, we tested the likelihood of two distinct scenarios, i.e. multiple colonizations vs. in-situ diversification. For this, posterior odds were used to test whether species from Reunion did form a monophyletic group and we estimated divergence times between species. Three out of the four previously described Reunion black fly species could be sampled, namely Simulium ruficorne, Simulium borbonense and Simulium triplex. The phylogenies based on nuclear and mitochondrial markers showed that S. ruficorne and S. borbonense are the most closely related species. Interestingly, we report a probable mitochondrial introgression between these two species although they diverged almost six million years ago. Finally, we showed that the three Reunion species did not form a monophyletic group, and, combined with the molecular datation, the results indicated that Reunion black fly diversity resulted from multiple colonization events. Thus, multiple colonizations, rather than in-situ diversification, are likely responsible for an important part of black fly diversity found on this young Darwinian island.
Published: 2018

18. Laboratory evaluation of the effects of sterilizing doses of γ-rays from Caesium-137 source on the daily flight activity and flight performance of Aedes albopictus males

Author: Gilbert Le Goff, Louis Clément Gouagna, Kevin Soupapoule, David Damiens, Cyrille Lebon, David A. Wilkinson, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), La Rochelle Université (ULR), Medical Research Council, Diversity, ecology, evolution & Adaptation of arthropod vectors (MIVEGEC-DEEVA), Evolution des Systèmes Vectoriels (ESV), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), and Université de La Rochelle (ULR)
Subjects: Male, 0301 basic medicine, Life Cycles, Mosquito Control, Physiology, lcsh:Medicine, Disease Vectors, Mosquitoes, 0302 clinical medicine, Aedes, Medicine and Health Sciences, Phase relation, lcsh:Science, Morning, Multidisciplinary, Pupa, Eukaryota, Video tracking system, Circadian Rhythm, Insects, Circadian Rhythms, Infectious Diseases, Cesium Radioisotopes, Flight (Biology), Research Article, Aedes albopictus, Arthropoda, Infectious Disease Control, 030231 tropical medicine, Mosquito Vectors, Biology, Insect flight, 03 medical and health sciences, Animal science, Animals, Humans, Circadian rhythm, Nutrition, Biological Locomotion, lcsh:R, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation, Pupae, biology.organism_classification, Invertebrates, Insect Vectors, [SDV.BA.ZI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, Species Interactions, Fertility, 030104 developmental biology, Gamma Rays, Flight, Animal, Late afternoon, lcsh:Q, Insect Flight, Chronobiology, Developmental Biology, Fitness cost
Abstract: International audience; The control of Aedes albopictus through Sterile Male Releases requires that the most competitive males be mass-reared and sterilized usually with gamma-or X-ray radiation prior to release. Developing an understanding of the impact of irradiation treatment on flight performance in sterile males is very important because any fitness cost may reduce the efficacy of SIT intervention in the field. Here, we examined the role of irradiation exposure and sugar-feeding on daily flight activity and performance of Ae. albopictus males sterilized during pupal stage with gamma-radiation at 35Gray from a Caesium 137 source. We used a previously developed automated video tracking system to monitor the flight activity of different groups of sterile and control non-sterile males over 24 hours in a flight arena. This monitoring took place under controlled laboratory conditions and we wished to quantify the daily flight activity and to highlight any changes due to radiation treatment and nutritional conditions (starved versus sugar fed). Our experimental evidence demonstrated a characteristic diurnal flight activity with a bimodal pattern regardless of the treatment. Precisely, both irradiated and non-irradiated males exhibited two distinct peaks in flight activity in the morning (6-8 a.m.) and late afternoon (4-6 p.m.). Under changing physiological conditions, irradiated males were generally more active over time and flew longer overall distances than control male populations. These results suggest some internal circadian control of the phase relation to the light-dark cycle, with evidence for modification of flight performance by nutritional status. The fact that daily activity patterns are alike in irradiated and control Ae. albo-pictus males, and that sterile males could display higher flight performance, is in contrast with the hypothesis that irradiation treatment appears to reduce the fitness of male mosquitoes. We discuss the implications of the present study in sterile-male release programs against Ae. albopictus.
Published: 2018

19. Geolocation Reveals Year-Round at-Sea Distribution and Activity of a Superabundant Tropical Seabird, the Sooty Tern Onychoprion fuscatus

Author: Jaeger, Audrey, Feare, Chris, Summers, Ron, Lebarbenchon, Camille, Larose, Christine, Le Corre, Matthieu, Ecologie marine tropicale dans les Océans Pacifique et Indien (ENTROPIE [Réunion]), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), WildWings Bird Management, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Cyclotron Réunion Océan Indien (CYROI), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion (CHU La Réunion), Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IRD-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de La Réunion (UR), European Project: 263958,EC:FP7:REGPOT,FP7-REGPOT-2010-1,RUN-EMERGE(2011), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: sooty tern, at-sea activity, GLS, pre-laying, seabird, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], at-sea distribution, Indian Ocean, non-breeding
Abstract: International audience; Migration is a fundamental aspect of the ecology and evolutionary history of many animals, driven by seasonal changes in resource availability and habitat structure. Seabird migration has been investigated extensively in highly seasonal temperate and polar environments. By contrast, the relationships between migration and seasonal environmental changes have rarely been studied in tropical marine habitats. The sooty tern Onychoprion fuscatus is the most abundant tropical seabirds, and has been ranked as the most important tropical species in terms of its annual estimated consumption of marine resources. We used global location sensing (GLS loggers) to describe for the first time the year-round at-sea distribution and activity patterns of sooty terns from a large breeding colony in the western Indian Ocean (Bird Island, Seychelles). While breeding, they foraged within 1,074 ± 274 km of the colony. After breeding, birds undertook an extensive post-breeding migration throughout the Indian Ocean; average distances traveled exceeded 50,000 km per individual. Sooty terns used mainly four distinct core oceanic areas during the non-breeding period; in the Bay of Bengal (A), northeast to an area straddling the Chagos-Laccadive plateau (B), southeast to an area on each side of the 90 East Ridge (C) and southwest to an area around Comoros (D). Individuals exhibited a high degree of fidelity to these core areas in successive years. We also established that they performed an unusual behavior for a non-Procellariiformes seabird; most individuals undertook a 1-month pre-laying exodus, during which they foraged in a specific area c. 2,000 km to the southeast of the colony. Year-round at-sea activity of sooty terns revealed that they spent only 3.72% of their time in contact with seawater, so indicating that they must sleep in flight. Activity parameters exhibited seasonal (breeding vs. non-breeding periods) and daily variations; they notably never land on the water at night. In the Seychelles, breeding sooty terns are threatened by commercial egg harvesting. Our discovery of extremely wide non-breeding at-sea distribution highlights the risk of other threats during their non-breeding period, such as over-fishing, marine pollution and climate change.
Published: 2017

20. Straightforward multi-object video tracking for quantification of mosquito flight activity

Author: Trevor Wood, Cyrille Lebon, David A. Wilkinson, Gabriel Rosser, Louis Clément Gouagna, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Mathematical Institute [Oxford] (MI), University of Oxford [Oxford], University College of London [London] (UCL), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), and Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])
Subjects: Male, 0106 biological sciences, Physiology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Real-time computing, Population, Computer programming, Video Recording, Biology, Tracking (particle physics), 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Aedes, Calibration, Animals, Computer Simulation, education, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Mosquito tracking, Ecology, business.industry, computer.file_format, Aedes albopictus, Object (computer science), Circadian Rhythm, 3. Good health, 010602 entomology, Flight, Animal, Insect Science, Video tracking, Trajectory, Mosquito activity, Mosquito flight, Executable, business, computer
Abstract: International audience; Mosquito flight activity has been studied using a variety of different methodologies, and largely concentrates on female mosquito activity as vectors of disease. Video recording using standard commercially available hardware has limited accuracy for the measurement of flight activity due to the lack of depth-perception in two-dimensional images, but multi-camera observation for three dimensional trajectory reconstructions remain challenging and inaccessible to the majority of researchers. Here, in silico simulations were used to quantify the limitations of two-dimensional flight observation. We observed that, under the simulated conditions, two dimensional observation of flight was more than 90% accurate for the determination of population flight speeds and thus that two dimensional imaging can be used to provide accurate estimates of mosquito population flight speeds, and to measure flight activity over long periods of time. We optimized single camera video imaging to study male Aedes albopictus mosquitoes over a 30 h time period, and tested two different multi-object tracking algorithms for their efficiency in flight tracking. A. Albopictus males were observed to be most active at the start of the day period (06h00-08h00) with the longest period of activity in the evening (15h00-18h00) and that a single mosquito will fly more than 600 m over the course of 24 h. No activity was observed during the night period (18h00-06h00). Simplistic tracking methodologies, executable on standard computational hardware, are sufficient to produce reliable data when video imaging is optimized under laboratory conditions. As this methodology does not require overly-expensive equipment, complex calibration of equipment or extensive knowledge of computer programming, the technology should be accessible to the majority of computer-literate researchers.
Published: 2014

21. Hidden diversity of Nycteribiidae (Diptera) bat flies from the Malagasy region and insights on host-parasite interactions

Author: Carl W. Dick, Pablo Tortosa, Beza Ramasindrazana, Steven M. Goodman, Yann Gomard, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Field Museum of Natural History [Chicago, USA], Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IRD-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Tortosa, Pablo
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Short Report, Zoology, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Comoros, Host Specificity, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, Pteropodidae, Host-Parasite Interactions, 03 medical and health sciences, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Genus, Chiroptera, Bat flies, [SDV.BID.EVO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], [SDV.EE.ECO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Madagascar, [SDV.EE.SANT] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, Animals, lcsh:RC109-216, Pipistrellus, Cyclopodia, Nycteribiidae, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, Archipelago, Miniopterus, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], Diptera, Eidolon dupreanum, Biodiversity, biology.organism_classification, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, cox1, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, Rousettus madagascariensis, Parasitology, [SDV.MP.BAC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, Scotophilus, Basilia
Abstract: Background: We present information on Nycteribiidae flies parasitizing the bat families Pteropodidae, Miniopteridae and Vespertilionidae from the Malagasy Region, contributing insight into their diversity and host preference.Results: Our phylogenetic analysis identified nine clusters of nycteribiid bat flies on Madagascar and the neighbouring Comoros Archipelago. Bat flies sampled from frugivorous bats of the family Pteropodidae are monoxenous: Eucampsipoda madagascariensis, E. theodori and Cyclopodia dubia appear wholly restricted to Rousettus madagascariensis, R. obliviosus and Eidolon dupreanum, respectively. Two different host preference patterns occurred in nycteribiids infecting insectivorous bats. Flies parasitizing bats of the genera Miniopterus (Miniopteridae) and Myotis (Vespertilionidae), namely Penicillidia leptothrinax, Penicillidia sp. and Nycteribia stylidiopsis, are polyxenous and showed little host preference, while those parasitizing the genera Pipistrellus and Scotophilus (both Vespertilionidae) and referable to Basilia spp., are monoxenous. Lastly, the inferred Bayesian phylogeny revealed that the genus Basilia, as currently configured, is paraphyletic.Conclusion: This study provides new information on the differentiation of nycteribiid taxa, including undescribed species. Host preference is either strict as exemplified by flies parasitizing fruit bats, or more relaxed as found on some insectivorous bat species, possibly because of roost site sharing. Detailed taxonomic work is needed to address three undescribed nycteribiid taxa found on Pipistrellus and Scotophilus, tentatively allocated to the genus Basilia, but possibly warranting different generic allocation.
Published: 2017

22. Deciphering the Routes of invasion of Drosophila suzukii by Means of ABC Random Forest

Author: Fraimout, Antoine, Debat, Vincent, Fellous, Simon, Hufbauer, Ruth A, Foucaud, Julien, Pudlo, Pierre, Marin, Jean-Michel, Price, Donald K, Cattel, Julien, Chen, Xiao, Deprá, Marindia, Duyck, Pierre-François, Guedot, Christelle, Kenis, Marc, Kimura, Masahito T, Loeb, Gregory, Loiseau, Anne, Martinez-Sañudo, Isabel, Pascual, Marta, Polihronakis Richmond, Maxi, Shearer, Peter, Singh, Nadia, Tamura, Koichiro, Xuéreb, Anne, Zhang, Jinping, Estoup, Arnaud, Biologie Intégrative des Populations, École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), Réseau des universités pour l'éducation à la santé (Réseau UNIRéS), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP), Institut national de prévention et d'éducation pour la santé (INPES), Institut national de prévention et d'éducation pour la santé, Institut de Mathématiques de Marseille (I2M), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Montpelliérain Alexander Grothendieck (IMAG), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Yunnan Agricultural University, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul [Porto Alegre] (UFRGS), UMR Peuplement Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical (UMR PVBMT - INRA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Centre for Agricultural and Biosciences International Europe - Switzerland (CABI Europe - Switzerland), Hokkaido University, Cornell University, Universita degli Studi di Padova, Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain., Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona [Barcelona] (UAB), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California, Oregon State University (OSU), North Carolina State University [Raleigh] (NC State), University of North Carolina System (UNC), Tokyo Metropolitan University [Tokyo], Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Peuplements végétaux et bioagresseurs en milieu tropical (UMR PVBMT), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan], Cornell University [New York], Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Tokyo Metropolitan University [Tokyo] (TMU), Agence Nationale de la Recherche, through the LabEx ANR-10-LABX-0003- BCDiv, of the program 'Investissements d’avenir' (ANR-11- IDEX-0004-02)., European Project: 613678,EC:FP7:KBBE,FP7-KBBE-2013-7-single-stage,DROPSA(2014), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua (Unipd), University of California (UC), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)
Subjects: Génétique des populations, Japan, Models, [MATH.MATH-ST]Mathematics [math]/Statistics [math.ST], Dynamique des populations, Ravageur des plantes, U10 - Informatique, mathématiques et statistiques, Phylogeography, 62-xx, Drosophila, L20 - Écologie animale, invasion routes, China, Genotype, Distribution géographique, Life on Land, Population, Hawaii, approximate Bayesian computation, Genetic, Drosophila suzukii, Genetics, Animals, Computer Simulation, Discoveries, Evolutionary Biology, Méthode statistique, Models, Genetic, Genetic Variation, population genetics, Modèle de simulation, Bayes Theorem, H10 - Ravageurs des plantes, Genetics, Population, North America, Écologie animale, Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Introduced Species, random forest, Microsatellite Repeats
Abstract: International audience; Deciphering invasion routes from molecular data is crucial to understanding biological invasions, including identifying bottlenecks in population size and admixture among distinct populations. Here, we unravel the invasion routes of the invasive pest Drosophila suzukii using a multi-locus microsatellite dataset (25 loci on 23 worldwide sampling locations). To do this, we use approximate Bayesian computation (ABC), which has improved the reconstruction of invasion routes, but can be computationally expensive. We use our study to illustrate the use of a new, more efficient, ABC method, ABC random forest (ABC-RF) and compare it to a standard ABC method (ABC-LDA). We find that Japan emerges as the most probable source of the earliest recorded invasion into Hawaii. Southeast China and Hawaii together are the most probable sources of populations in western North America, which then in turn served as sources for those in eastern North America. European populations are genetically more homogeneous than North American populations, and their most probable source is northeast China, with evidence of limited gene flow from the eastern US as well. All introduced populations passed through bottlenecks, and analyses reveal five distinct admixture events. These findings can inform hypotheses concerning how this species evolved between different and independent source and invasive populations. Methodological comparisons indicate that ABC-RF and ABC-LDA show concordant results if ABC-LDA is based on a large number of simulated datasets but that ABC-RF out-performs ABC-LDA when using a comparable and more manageable number of simulated datasets, especially when analyzing complex introduction scenarios.
Published: 2017

23. Drivers of Rift Valley fever epidemics in Madagascar

Author: Lancelot, Renaud, Béral, Marina, Rakotoharinome, Vincent Michel, Andriamandimby, Soa-Fy, Heraud, Jean-Michel, Coste, Caroline, Apolloni, Andrea, Squarzoni-Diaw, Cécile, De La Rocque, Stéphane, Formenty, Pierre B H, Bouyer, Jérémy, Wint, G R William, Cardinale, Eric, Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes (UMR ASTRE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Centre National de la Recherche Appliquée au Développement Rural (FOFIFA), DSV [Antananarivo], Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Ministère de l’Elevage, Unité d'Epidémiologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Animal Production and Health Division [Rome], Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Organization for Animal Health, International Health Regulations Monitoring Procedure and Information Team, Global Capacity and Response Department, Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO)-Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Emerging and Epidemic Zoonotic Diseases, Pandemic and Epidemic Disease Department, Department of Zoology, Environmental Research Group Oxford, Cyclotron Réunion Océan Indien (CYROI), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion (CHU La Réunion), European Project: 613996,EC:FP7:KBBE,FP7-KBBE-2013-7-single-stage,VMERGE(2013), Department of Zoology [Oxford], University of Oxford [Oxford], World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations through the Central Emergency Response Fund of the United Nations, European Union [FP7-613996], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), and University of Oxford
Subjects: Rift Valley Fever, L73 - Maladies des animaux, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Analyse du risque, Facteur de risque, vector-borne infection, zoonosis, El Nino, cattle trade, One Health, Contrôle de maladies, 000 - Autres thèmes, Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift, Commerce, Facteur du milieu, Biological Sciences, Épidémiologie, Vecteur de maladie, Sérum sanguin, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Commercialisation, L72 - Organismes nuisibles des animaux, Abattoirs, Genre humain, zoonose, Bétail, Ruminant, Cattle Diseases, Virus de la fièvre de la vallée du Rift, Madagascar, Animals, Humans, Surveillance épidémiologique, El Niño, Epidemics, Weather, Transmission des maladies, Bovin, Rift Valley fever virus, Immunoglobulin M, Enquête pathologique, Immunoglobulin G, Cattle
Abstract: International audience; Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a vector-borne viral disease widespread in Africa. The primary cycle involves mosquitoes and wild and domestic ruminant hosts. Humans are usually contaminated after contact with infected ruminants. As many environmental, agricultural, epidemiological, and anthropogenic factors are implicated in RVF spread, the multidisciplinary One Health approach was needed to identify the drivers of RVF epidemics in Madagascar. We examined the environmental patterns associated with these epidemics, comparing human and ruminant serological data with environmental and cattle-trade data. In contrast to East Africa, environmental drivers did not trigger the epidemics: They only modulated local Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) transmission in ruminants. Instead, RVFV was introduced through ruminant trade and subsequent movement of cattle between trade hubs caused its long-distance spread within the country. Contact with cattle brought in from infected districts was associated with higher infection risk in slaughterhouse workers. The finding that anthropogenic rather than environmental factors are the main drivers of RVF infection in humans can be used to design better prevention and early detection in the case of RVF resurgence in the region.
Published: 2017

24. Human leptospirosis in Seychelles: A prospective study confirms the heavy burden of the disease but suggests that rats are not the main reservoir

Author: Koussay Dellagi, Jimmy Mélanie, Leon Biscornet, Yann Gomard, Vanina Guernier, Maria Tirant, Gildas Le Minter, Jeanine de Comarmond, Graham Govinden, Julien Mélade, Julien Jaubert, Patrick Mavingui, Pablo Tortosa, Jastin Bibi, Erwan Lagadec, Gérard Rocamora, Frédéric Pagès, Seychelles Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health [Mozambique], Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IRD-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Cyclotron Réunion Océan Indien (CYROI), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion (CHU La Réunion), Regional Office of the French Institute for Public Health Surveillance, Institut de Veille Sanitaire (INVS), Ministry of health of Seychelles, Ministry of agriculture and fisheries, Université des Seychelles, Groupe Hospitalier Sud Réunion (GHSR), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Univ, Réunion
Subjects: Male, Bacterial Diseases, 0301 basic medicine, Veterinary medicine, Disease reservoir, Epidemiology, Artificial Gene Amplification and Extension, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geographical Locations, 0302 clinical medicine, Cost of Illness, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Zoonoses, Medicine and Health Sciences, Prospective Studies, Mammals, Leptospira, Islands, biology, Incidence, Incidence (epidemiology), lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Middle Aged, Leptospirosis, 3. Good health, Polymerase chain reaction, Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology, Vertebrates, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Female, Pathogens, Leptospira interrogans, Research Article, Neglected Tropical Diseases, Infectious disease epidemiology, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Adolescent, lcsh:RC955-962, 030106 microbiology, 030231 tropical medicine, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Research and Analysis Methods, Seychelles, Microbiology, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Dogs, Disease Transmission, Infectious, medicine, Animals, Humans, Molecular Biology Techniques, Microbial Pathogens, Molecular Biology, Disease burden, Disease Reservoirs, Bacteria, Organisms, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Biology and Life Sciences, lcsh:RA1-1270, Tropical Diseases, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Rats, Parasitology, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, People and Places, Africa, Amniotes, Bacterial pathogens, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie
Abstract: Background Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonosis caused by pathogenic Leptospira for which rats are considered as the main reservoir. Disease incidence is higher in tropical countries, especially in insular ecosystems. Our objectives were to determine the current burden of leptospirosis in Seychelles, a country ranking first worldwide according to historical data, to establish epidemiological links between animal reservoirs and human disease, and to identify drivers of transmission. Methods A total of 223 patients with acute febrile symptoms of unknown origin were enrolled in a 12-months prospective study and tested for leptospirosis through real-time PCR, IgM ELISA and MAT. In addition, 739 rats trapped throughout the main island were investigated for Leptospira renal carriage. All molecularly confirmed positive samples were further genotyped. Results A total of 51 patients fulfilled the biological criteria of acute leptospirosis, corresponding to an annual incidence of 54.6 (95% CI 40.7–71.8) per 100,000 inhabitants. Leptospira carriage in Rattus spp. was overall low (7.7%) but dramatically higher in Rattus norvegicus (52.9%) than in Rattus rattus (4.4%). Leptospira interrogans was the only detected species in both humans and rats, and was represented by three distinct Sequence Types (STs). Two were novel STs identified in two thirds of acute human cases while noteworthily absent from rats. Conclusions This study shows that human leptospirosis still represents a heavy disease burden in Seychelles. Genotype data suggests that rats are actually not the main reservoir for human disease. We highlight a rather limited efficacy of preventive measures so far implemented in Seychelles. This could result from ineffective control measures of excreting animal populations, possibly due to a misidentification of the main contaminating reservoir(s). Altogether, presented data stimulate the exploration of alternative reservoir animal hosts., Author summary Leptospirosis is an emerging environmental infectious disease caused by corkscrew shaped bacteria called Leptospira. Humans usually get infected during recreational or work-related outdoor activities through contact with urine excreted by animal reservoirs. As a zoonotic disease, leptospirosis is a good example of the One Health concept for it links humans, animals and ecosystems in a web of pathogen maintenance and transmission. This zoonosis is highly prevalent in the tropics and especially in tropical islands. Seychelles archipelago has been reported as the country with highest human incidence worldwide, although figures are based on dated studies and/or poorly specific tests. The presented investigation aimed at providing an updated information on human leptospirosis burden in Seychelles and exploring the transmission chains in their environmental aspects. Presented data confirms that the disease still heavily impacts the country. Genotyping of pathogenic Leptospira in human acute cases reveals that three distinct Sequence Types (STs) are involved in the disease. However, rats typically considered as the main reservoir in Seychelles, harbor only one of these STs, found only in a minority of human cases. Hence, it appears that rats are likely not the main reservoir of leptospirosis in Seychelles, which has important consequences in terms of preventive measures to be implemented for a better control of human leptospirosis.
Published: 2017

25. Phylogeographic Reconstructions of a Rift Valley Fever Virus Strain Reveals Transboundary Animal Movements from Eastern Continental Africa to the Union of the Comoros

Author: Hervé Pascalis, Marianne Maquart, M. Roger, F. Abdourahime, Catherine Cetre-Sossah, S. Abdouroihamane, Eric Cardinale, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Cyclotron Réunion Océan Indien (CYROI), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion (CHU La Réunion), Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes (UMR CMAEE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Institut de recherche pour le développement - IRD (La Réunion), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), FEDER POCT (European Union), FEDER POCT (Regional Council of Reunion), and FEDER POCT (French government)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Phylogénie, Identification, Provenance, Rift Valley Fever, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], phylogeny, L73 - Maladies des animaux, Comoros, Disease Outbreaks, Caprin, Longitudinal Studies, Animal Husbandry, Rift Valley fever, Phylogeny, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift, Ruminants, General Medicine, Zebu, 3. Good health, Épidémiologie, Phylogeography, Geography, Archipelago, Livestock, geographic locations, Distribution géographique, Virus de la fièvre de la vallée du Rift, Sérologie, 03 medical and health sciences, Zébu, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, Surveillance épidémiologique, Union of Comoros, Population animale, Transmission des maladies, Génie génétique, Bovin, General Veterinary, General Immunology and Microbiology, business.industry, Migration animale, Outbreak, Rift Valley fever virus, medicine.disease, livestock, 030104 developmental biology, Enquête pathologique, Africa, Period (geology), business, trade
Abstract: International audience; Major explosive outbreaks of Rift Valley fever (RVF), an arthropod borne zoonotic disease, occur in humans and animals with significant mortality and economic impact across continental Africa and the Indian Ocean region (Madagascar, the Comoros archipelago). Recently, sporadic human cases have been reported in Mayotte and Grande Comore, two islands belonging to the Comoros archipelago. To identify the hypothetical source of virus introduction in an inter-epidemic or a post-epidemic period, a longitudinal survey of livestock was set up in Comorian ruminant populations, known to be susceptible hosts. The phylogeographic genomic analysis has shown that RVF virus (RVFV) detected in a zebu collected in Anjouan in August 2011 seems to be related to the last known epidemic of RVF which occurred in East Africa and Madagascar (2007–2009). This result highlights the fact that RVFV is maintained within local livestock populations and transboundary animal movements from eastern continental Africa to Indian Ocean islands likely result in RVFV crossover.
Published: 2014

26. Tracing the colonization and diversification of the worldwide seabird ectoparasiteIxodes uriae

Author: Karen D. McCoy, Muriel Dietrich, Florent Kempf, Thierry Boulinier, GIP Cyclotron Réunion Océan Indien, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), UR Infectiologie animale et Santé publique (UR IASP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), ANR-06-JCJC-0095-01, ANR-13-BSV7-0018-01, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Programme MIE-2008) French Polar Institue (IPEV) programme no. 333, Infectiologie et Santé Publique (UMR ISP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Tours (UT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Tours
Subjects: [SDV.OT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Other [q-bio.OT], Molecular Sequence Data, Tick, DNA, Mitochondrial, microsatellites, Birds, Evolution, Molecular, Race (biology), Genetics, Animals, Cluster Analysis, cytochrome c oxidase subunit III (COIII), Colonization, dispersal, Phylogeny, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Cell Nucleus, Genetic diversity, Ixodes, vectorborne infectious agents, biology, Ecology, Bayes Theorem, hard ticks, colonization, biology.organism_classification, Ixodes uriae, Phylogeography, Genetics, Population, Biological dispersal, Animal Distribution, Microsatellite Repeats
Abstract: Historical patterns of dispersal and population isolation are key components shaping contemporary genetic diversity across landscapes and require explicit consideration when examining the relative role of different factors in driving the evolution of host specificity in parasitic organisms. In this study, we investigate the worldwide colonization history of a common ectoparasite of seabirds, the tick Ixodes uriae. This tick has a circumpolar distribution across both hemispheres but has repeatedly formed host-specific races within different regions. By combining mitochondrial and nuclear data, we infer how this species spread to its present-day distribution and how the colonization process may have affected the geographic and host-associated structure of this tick within regions. We demonstrate that I. uriae is highly structured at a global scale and isolates into four genetic groups that correspond to well-defined geographical regions. Molecular dating suggests that the diversification of I. uriae began in the early Miocene (22 Myr) and that this tick colonized most of the southern hemisphere before moving into northern latitudes via two independent routes. However, no relationship between the degree of host race divergence and colonization history was evident, supporting previous hypotheses that host specialization evolves relatively rapidly in this parasite, but does not typically lead to speciation. We discuss the possible historical and contemporary mechanisms of large-scale dispersal for this ectoparasite and how its biological characteristics may condition current patterns of genetic diversity. More generally, our results illustrate how combining broad-scale sampling and modern molecular tools can help disentangle complex patterns of diversification in widespread parasites.
Published: 2014

27. Rickettsiaspp. in Seabird Ticks from Western Indian Ocean Islands, 2011–2012

Author: Audrey Jaeger, Céline Le Rouzic, Matthieu Bastien, Muriel Dietrich, Pablo Tortosa, Camille Lebarbenchon, Karen D. McCoy, Hervé Pascalis, Matthieu Le Corre, Erwan Lagadec, Koussay Dellagi, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Institut de recherche pour le développement - IRD (La Réunion), Evolution of host-microbe communities (MIVEGEC-EVCO), Processus Écologiques et Évolutifs au sein des Communautés (PEEC), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Marine (ECOMAR), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)
Subjects: Disease reservoir, Epidemiology, Rickettsia bellii, lcsh:Medicine, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, Ticks, Rickettsia africae, Tropical climate, host specificity, Rickettsia, bacteria, seabird ticks, Phylogeny, Geography, biology, Ecology, Dispatch, genetic diversity, Amblyomma loculosum ticks, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, host, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Seabird, Microbiology (medical), geographic range, parasites, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, Birds, Indian Ocean Islands, Phylogenetics, biology.animal, terrestrial hosts, parasitic diseases, Animals, lcsh:RC109-216, Rickettsia spp, western Indian Ocean, Disease Reservoirs, Tropical Climate, Genetic diversity, Host (biology), lcsh:R, fungi, Carios capensis ticks, Rickettsia hoogstraalii, Rickettsia Infections, Sequence Analysis, DNA, bacterial infections and mycoses, biology.organism_classification, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, Genes, Bacterial, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie
Abstract: International audience; We found a diversity of Rickettsia spp. in seabird ticks from 6 tropical islands. The bacteria showed strong host specificity and sequence similarity with strains in other regions. Seabird ticks may be key reservoirs for pathogenic Rickettsia spp., and bird hosts may have a role in dispersing ticks and tick-associated infectious agents over large distances.
Published: 2014

28. Diel Activity Patterns of MaleAedes albopictusin the Laboratory

Author: Dave D. Chadee, Louis Clément Gouagna, Sébastien Boyer, Guy Lempérière, L Maillot, Didier Fontenille, Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), and Université de La Réunion (UR)
Subjects: Activity Cycles, Male, 0106 biological sciences, Aedes albopictus, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030231 tropical medicine, Motor Activity, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Animal science, Aedes, Animals, Motor activity, Diel vertical migration, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, biology, Ecology, activity, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Flight speed, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, Observer, 3. Good health, flight, 010602 entomology, Flight, Animal, Insect Science, Ethovision
Abstract: International audience; This study was conducted to investigate the flight and dispersal behavior of male Aedes albopictus under laboratory conditions. Two different methods, the Observer and Ethovision software devices, were used to determine the total duration, the mean and maximum flight speed, and the distance covered by these mosquitoes. During 24 h, mosquitoes were more active from 0800 to 1200 h and from 1700 to 2100 h than during the rest of the day. Male Ae. albopictus displayed different activities at different times. The flight activity was 47 min and 57 sec over 24 h. During this period, sugar-fed males flew an average distance of 236.20 m at an average speed of 8.5 cm/sec. The unfed males flew significantly faster than recently fed males, with maximum flight speeds of 44.9 cm/sec and 33.6 cm/sec, respectively. The time used for resting (22 h 2 min ± 13 min) was significantly higher (P \textless 0.0001) than walking and flying times (68 min ± 10 sec and 49 min ± 5 min, respectively). Overall, both methods allowed observations on flight activity, and the camera recordings allowed these activities to be quantified.
Published: 2013

29. Insight into the global evolution of Rodentia associated Morbilli-related paramyxoviruses

Author: Jihene Bettaieb, Mohamed Ali Snoussi, Dhafer Laouini, Afif Ben Salah, Steven M. Goodman, Adel Gharbi, Hervé Pascalis, Wissem Ghawar, Julien Mélade, Koussay Dellagi, Université de Tunis El Manar (UTM), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IRD-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Association Vahatra [Antananarivo, Madagascar], Field Museum of Natural History [Chicago, USA], Cyclotron Réunion Océan Indien (CYROI), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion (CHU La Réunion), Laboratoire de Transmission, Contrôle et Immunobiologie des Infections - Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infection (LR11IPT02), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Pasteur Tunis, Institut
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Paramyxoviridae, Rodent, Science, Zoology, Rodentia, Virus, Article, Evolution, Molecular, 03 medical and health sciences, Negative selection, Viral Proteins, Phylogenetics, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, biology.animal, Animals, Phylogeny, [SDV.MP.VIR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, [SDV.MHEP.ME] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, Multidisciplinary, Paramyxoviridae Infections, biology, Host (biology), Bayes Theorem, biology.organism_classification, Commensalism, Biological Evolution, 030104 developmental biology, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Host-Pathogen Interactions, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Biological dispersal, Medicine
Abstract: One portion of the family Paramyxoviridae is a group of Unclassified Morbilli-Related Viruses (UMRV) recently recognized in wild small mammals. At a global level, the evolutionary history of these viruses is not properly understood and the relationships between UMRV and their hosts still remain largely unstudied. The present study revealed, for the first time, that Rodentia associated UMRV emerged from a common ancestor in southern Africa more than 4000 years ago. Sequenced UMRV originating from different regions in the world, clustered into four well-supported viral lineages, which suggest that strain diversification occurred during host dispersal and associated exchanges, with purifying selection pressure as the principal evolutionary force. In addition, multi-introductions on different continents and islands of Rodentia associated UMRV and spillover between rodent species, most probably Rattus rattus, were detected and indicate that these animals are implicated in the vectoring and in the worldwide emergence of this virus group. The natural history and the evolution dynamics of these zoonotic viruses, originating from and hosted by wild animals, are most likely shaped by commensalism related to human activities.
Published: 2016

30. Zika emergence in the French Territories of America and description of first confirmed cases of Zika virus infection on Martinique, November 2015 to February 2016

Author: Elise, Daudens-Vaysse, Martine, Ledrans, Noellie, Gay, Vanessa, Ardillon, Sylvie, Cassadou, Fatiha, Najioullah, Isabelle, Leparc-Goffart, Dominique, Rousset, Cécile, Herrmann, Raymond, Cesaire, Marianne, Maquart, Olivier, Flusin, Séverine, Matheus, Patricia, Huc-Anaïs, Josiane, Jaubert, Anne, Criquet-Hayot, Bruno, Hoen, Felix, Djossou, Corinne, Locatelli-Jouans, Alain, Blateau, Anne-Marie, McKenzie, Mathilde, Melin, Patrick, Saint-Martin, Frédérique, Dorléans, Claudine, Suivant, Luisiane, Carvalho, Marion, Petit-Sinturel, Audrey, Andrieu, Harold, Noël, Alexandra, Septfons, Anne, Gallay, Marie-Claire, Paty, Laurent, Filleul, André, Cabié, Agence régionale de santé (ARS) de Martinique (ARS Martinique), Cellule Inter Régionale d'Epidémiologie des Antilles - Guyane, Institut de Veille Sanitaire (INVS), Laboratoire de Virologie-Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Martinique [Fort-de-France, Martinique], French National Reference Centre for Arboviruses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe], Laboratoire d'Analyses Médicales, Clinique Saint Paul, URML Martinique, Dermatologie et Maladies infectieuses [Pointe-à-Pitre], CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe] -Centre de Gestion du Risque Infectieux Nosocomial [Pointe-à-Pitre] (CGRIN), Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles-Guyane (CIC - Antilles Guyane), Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe] -CHU de Fort de France-Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Agence Régionale de Santé Guyane (ARS Guyane), Agence Régionale de la Santé (ARS), Agence régionale de santé Guadeloupe (ARS), Cellule Inter Régionale d'Epidémiologie Océan Indien, the Zika Surveillance Working Group, ADENIS, ANTOINE, IRBA Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Agence Régionale de Santé de Guyane, Institut National de Veille Sanitaire, Institut national de veille sanitaire, Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes (UMR ASTRE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Cellule interrégionale d'épidémiologie Antilles-Guyane [CIRE], CIRE Antilles-Guyane - Gourbeyre, CHU de la Martinique [Fort de France], Unité de Virologie, Institut de Médecine Tropicale du Service de Santé des Armées, Institut pluridisciplinaire de recherche appliquée dans le domaine du génie pétrolier (IPRADDGP), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales [Fort-de-France, Martinique], CHU de la Martinique [Fort de France]-Hôpital Pierre Zobda-Quitman [CHU de la Martinique], CHU de la Martinique [Fort de France]-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Martinique [Fort-de-France, Martinique], Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Antenne Marseille] (IRBA), Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy 1 (UHP), Unité des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales (UMIT), Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Cellule Interrégionale d'Epidémiologie Antilles-Guyane, Service de santé publique et d'épidémiologie, Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-Hôpital Bicêtre, Cellule Interrégionale d'Epidémiologie, and CHU de Fort de France-Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française]-CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe] -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Pediatrics, Pathology, Epidemiology, vector-borne infections, location.country, medicine.disease_cause, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, Disease Outbreaks, Zika virus, Dengue fever, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Maculopapular rash, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Chikungunya, Guadeloupe, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, biology, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Zika Virus Infection, Rash, French Guiana, 3. Good health, Population Surveillance, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, RNA, Viral, medicine.symptom, Martinique, medicine.medical_specialty, 030106 microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, location, Zika, Virology, Humans, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Zika Virus, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Martinique island, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business
Abstract: International audience; Following of the emergence of Zika virus in Brazil in 2015, an epidemiological surveillance system was quickly implemented in the French overseas Territories of America (FTA) according to previous experience with dengue and chikungunya and has detected first cases of Zika. General practitioners and medical microbiologists were invited to report all clinically suspectedcases of Zika, laboratory investigations were systematically conducted (RT-PCR). On 18 December, the first autochthonous case of Zika virus infection was confirmed by RT-PCR on French Guiana and Martinique, indicating introduction of Zika virus inFTA. The viral circulation of Zika virus was then also confirmed on Guadeloupe and Saint-Martin. We report here early findings on 203 confirmed cases of Zika virus infection identified by RT-PCR or seroneutralisation on Martinique Island between 24 November 2015 and 20 January 2016. All cases were investigated. Common clinical signs were observed (maculopapularrash, arthralgia, fever, myalgia and conjunctival hyperaemia) among these patients, but the rash, the foundation of our case definition, may be absent in a significant proportion of patients (16%). These results are important for the implementation of a suspected case definition, the main tool for epidemiological surveillance, in territories that may be affected by ZIKV emergence, including Europe.
Published: 2016

31. Human Leptospirosis on Reunion Island, Indian Ocean: Are Rodents the (Only) Ones to Blame?

Author: Koussay Dellagi, Gildas Le Minter, Erwan Lagadec, Pablo Tortosa, Marie-Christine Jaffar-Bandjee, Alain Michault, Vanina Guernier, Yann Gomard, Colette Cordonin, Frédéric Pagès, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IRD-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Institut de Veille Sanitaire (INVS), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion (CHU La Réunion), Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), and Université de La Réunion (UR)
Subjects: Bacterial Diseases, 0301 basic medicine, Disease reservoir, Veterinary medicine, Artificial Gene Amplification and Extension, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Polymerase Chain Reaction, molecular epidemiology, Disease Outbreaks, La Réunion, Rodent Diseases, Chiroptera, Zoonoses, Prevalence, Medicine and Health Sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Mammals, Leptospira, Incidence, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], Zoonosis, Leptospirosis, Bacterial Pathogens, 3. Good health, Leptospira Interrogans, Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology, Vertebrates, Pathogens, Leptospira interrogans, Research Article, Neglected Tropical Diseases, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Genotype, lcsh:RC955-962, 030106 microbiology, Rodentia, Biology, Research and Analysis Methods, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Dogs, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Genetics, medicine, Animals, Humans, 14. Life underwater, Molecular Biology Techniques, Microbial Pathogens, Molecular Biology, Disease Reservoirs, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, Bacteria, Molecular epidemiology, Organisms, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Genetic Variation, Biology and Life Sciences, lcsh:RA1-1270, zoonosis, Tropical Diseases, bacterial infections and mycoses, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, 030104 developmental biology, Parasitology, Genetic Loci, Amniotes, Multilocus sequence typing, Cattle, Reunion
Abstract: Background Although leptospirosis is a zoonosis of major concern on tropical islands, the molecular epidemiology of the disease aiming at linking human cases to specific animal reservoirs has been rarely explored within these peculiar ecosystems. Methodology/Principal Findings Five species of wild small mammals (n = 995) as well as domestic animals (n = 101) were screened for Leptospira infection on Reunion Island; positive samples were subsequently genotyped and compared to Leptospira from clinical cases diagnosed in 2012–2013 (n = 66), using MLST analysis. We identified two pathogenic species in human cases, namely Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira borgpetersenii. Leptospira interrogans was by far dominant both in clinical samples (96.6%) and in infected animal samples (95.8%), with Rattus spp and dogs being its exclusive carriers. The genetic diversity within L. interrogans was apparently limited to two sequence types (STs): ST02, identified among most clinical samples and in all rats with complete MLST, and ST34, identified in six humans, but not in rats. Noteworthy, L. interrogans detected in two stray dogs partially matched with ST02 and ST34. Leptospira borgpetersenii was identified in two clinical samples only (3.4%), as well as in cows and mice; four haplotypes were identified, of which two seemingly identical in clinical and animal samples. Leptospira borgpetersenii haplotypes detected in human cases were clearly distinct from the lineage detected so far in the endemic bat species Mormopterus francoismoutoui, thus excluding a role for this volant mammal in the local human epidemiology of the disease. Conclusions/Significance Our data confirm rats as a major reservoir of Leptospira on Reunion Island, but also pinpoint a possible role of dogs, cows and mice in the local epidemiology of human leptospirosis. This study shows that a comprehensive molecular characterization of pathogenic Leptospira in both clinical and animal samples helps to gaining insight into leptospirosis epidemiology within a specific environmental setting., Author Summary Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by infection with pathogenic Leptospira species. A broad range of animals, including rodents, pets and livestock, are maintenance hosts for leptospires. However, assessing the relative importance of each host in the contamination of the environment and, in fine, in the infection of humans, has rarely been performed. In this study, we surveyed various wild and domestic animal species and their Leptospira carriage in Reunion Island, where human leptospirosis is endemic. We determined and compared the Leptospira genetic diversity at the species and infra-species levels in laboratory-confirmed human cases and in infected animals. The two Leptospira species infecting humans, Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira borgpetersenii, could be traced back to different animal species: rats and dogs for the former species, cows and mice for the latter. The Leptospira infecting the single bat species endemic to the island was not found to be involved in human leptospirosis. Aside from rats, which were expected to play a role in the local epidemiology of the disease, the putative role of dogs, cattle and mice in human epidemiology on Reunion Island, pinpointed by our data, deserves a specific investigation. These results have strong implications in terms of local control actions aimed at reducing the burden of human leptospirosis.
Published: 2016

32. Wild fauna as a carrier of Salmonella in Reunion Island: Impact on pig farms

Author: Erwan Lagadec, Claire Tessier, Eric Cardinale, Laura Atiana, Martine Denis, Gildas Le Minter, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Coopérative des Producteurs de Porcs de la Réunion (CPPR), Cyclotron Réunion Océan Indien (CYROI), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion (CHU La Réunion), Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IRD-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes (UMR CMAEE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Univ, Réunion
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Serotype, pig, Identification, Veterinary medicine, Salmonella, Insecta, Swine, Biodiversité et Ecologie, Fauna, wild fauna, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Sus scrofa, industrie agro-alimentaire, reunion island, Salmonella infection, Cockroaches, L73 - Maladies des animaux, medicine.disease_cause, 0403 veterinary science, Porcin, dictyoptera, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 2. Zero hunger, Swine Diseases, économie de l'élevage, Agriculture, Contamination biologique, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, PFGE, Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field, Épidémiologie, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Infectious Diseases, Petits ruminants, Livestock, Female, Zone tropicale, 040301 veterinary sciences, Veterinary (miscellaneous), 030106 microbiology, salmonella, Animals, Wild, Biology, tropics, Biodiversity and Ecology, Birds, 03 medical and health sciences, Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, medicine, Animals, Humans, Électrophorèse sur gel, Pig farms, Transmission des maladies, Salmonella Infections, Animal, business.industry, Pest control, Oiseau, Animal sauvage, Salmonellose, medicine.disease, ile de la reunion, Enquête pathologique, Insect Science, Parasitology, U30 - Méthodes de recherche, business, Reunion, porc
Abstract: Salmonellosis is an economic burden to the livestock industry in Reunion Island. In this study, we wanted to improve our understanding of Salmonella epidemiology by studying the wild fauna of Reunion Island. We assessed Salmonella diversity in small non-flying mammals, birds and cockroaches in order to evaluate their potential role in the epidemiology of Salmonella. A total of 268 samples were collected from cockroaches, small mammals and birds. The bacteriological analyses revealed that 11.7% of non-flying mammals and 25% of cockroaches tested were Salmonella infected; two wild bird species were also detected positive. The 128 Salmonella isolates were distributed in fifteen serotypes and the most predominant were S. 4,[5],12:i:- (21.9% of positive samples) followed by S. Enteritidis (15.6%), S. Typhimurium (15.6%), S. Infantis (12.5%) and S. Weltevreden (12.5%). A total of 27 XbaI profiles were identified using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Comparison of these Salmonella strains with our collection of Salmonella isolated from pigs and pig farm environments at the same period revealed 14 strains in common between wild fauna and pigs, especially for cockroaches. Our results suggest that wild fauna of Reunion Island could be infected by strains of Salmonella also isolated from pigs or pig environment. They may play a role in both persistence and spreading of Salmonella and therefore, could be a source of infection in pig farms. Pest control against cockroaches could be a helpful tool in the reduction of Salmonella infection of pigs, limiting contacts between wild fauna and both pigs and pig environment. Special attention should be paid to S. 4,[5],12:i:- since it was predominant in Reunion Island’s wild fauna and pigs and was the third most frequently reported serotype in human salmonellosis in Europe.
Published: 2016

33. Prospective Zika virus disease cohort: systematic screening

Author: Marianne Maquart, Séverine Matheus, Franck de Laval, Nicolas Barthes, Cédric Combes, Emmanuel Yvrard, Isabelle Leparc-Goffart, Sébastien Briolant, Dominique Rousset, Direction Interarmées du Service de Santé en Guyane, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Centre National de Référence (CNR) des Arbovirus - Laboratoire coordonnateur : Equipe Résidente de Recherche d'Infectiologie Tropicale (ERRIT), Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées Hôpital d’Instruction des Armées Laveran, Institut de Chimie de Nice (ICN), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service de Santé des Armées, Institut pluridisciplinaire de recherche appliquée dans le domaine du génie pétrolier (IPRADDGP), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de Virologie, Institut de Médecine Tropicale du Service de Santé des Armées, Vecteurs - Infections tropicales et méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Centre National de Référence pour les Arbovirus - Laboratoire de Virologie [Cayenne, Guyane française] (CNR - laboratoire associé), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Antenne Marseille] (IRBA), Entomologie médicale, Laboratoire de Parasitologie [Cayenne, Guyane française], Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Laveran, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR48, INSB-INSB-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Zika virus disease, Male, Medical entomology, MESH: Travel, Zika virus, MESH: Zika Virus Infection/epidemiology, Health services, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Suriname, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Mass Screening, 030212 general & internal medicine, Prospective Studies, MESH: Zika Virus Infection/diagnosis, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Fatigue, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, Travel, MESH: Zika Virus Infection/complications, Suriname, biology, Zika Virus Infection, Headache, General Medicine, MESH: Arthralgia/virology, 16. Peace & justice, Arthralgia, 3. Good health, French Guiana, Geography, MESH: Pruritus/virology, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Female, MESH: Headache/virology, medicine.medical_specialty, MESH: Mass Screening, MESH: French Guiana/epidemiology, Fever, MESH: Fever/virology, 030231 tropical medicine, Library science, MESH: Zika Virus/isolation & purification, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Infection Control*/methods, MESH: Zika Virus Infection/transmission, medicine, Humans, MESH: Conjunctivitis/virology, MESH: Myalgia/virology, MESH: Exanthema/virology, Mass screening, Infection Control, MESH: Humans, MESH: Zika Virus/genetics, Public health, Pruritus, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, Myalgia, Zika Virus, Exanthema, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Conjunctivitis, MESH: Male, MESH: Prospective Studies, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, MESH: Fatigue/virology, MESH: Female
Abstract: Military Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Camp Militaire de Sainte Marthe, Marseille, France (FdL); French Armed Forces Health Service in French Guiana, Quartier La Madeleine, BP 6019, 97306 Cayenne Cedex, French Guiana (FdL, NB, CC, SB); Institut Pasteur of French Guiana, Laboratory of Virology, National Reference Centre for Arboviruses (SM, DR), and Unit of Medical Entomology (SB), Cayenne, French Guiana; French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, National Reference Centre for Arboviruses (MM, EY, IL-G), and Unit of Parasitology and Medical Entomology (SB), Hopital d’Instruction des Armees Laveran, Marseille, France; Research Unit in Emerging Infectious and Tropical Diseases, UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, and INSERM 1095, Faculte de Medecine La Timone, Aix-Marseille Universite, Marseille, France (SB)
Published: 2016

34. Rift Valley fever in kidney transplant recipient returning from Mali with viral RNA detected in semen up to four months from symptom onset, France, autumn 2015

Author: Maxime Hentzien, Eric Caumes, Fabrice Simon, Marianne Maquart, Valérie Martinez-Pourcher, Isabelle Leparc-Goffart, Fatiha Haneche, Université de Bordeaux (UB), Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Antenne Marseille] (IRBA), Département des Maladies infectieuses [Marseille], Hôpital d'instruction des armées Laveran [Marseille], Service de Médecine interne, Maladies Infectieuses et Immunologie Clinique [Reims], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims), Vieillissement, Fragilité (VIEFRA - EA 3797), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales [CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière], CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), and Université de La Réunion (UR)
Subjects: Adult, Male, 0301 basic medicine, Rift Valley Fever, Epidemiology, 030106 microbiology, Semen, Semen analysis, Virus, Immunocompromised Host, 03 medical and health sciences, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Virology, medicine, Humans, Viral rna, Symptom onset, Rift Valley fever, Kidney transplantation, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Travel, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Rift Valley fever virus, medicine.disease, Kidney Transplantation, 3. Good health, Semen Analysis, Kidney transplant recipient, 030104 developmental biology, RNA, Viral, France, Seasons, business
Abstract: A 29-year-old kidney transplant recipient returning from Mali was diagnosed with Rift Valley fever (RVF) in France in autumn 2015. The patient was immunosuppressed due to his renal transplant. IgM and IgG specific to RVF virus (RVFV) were detected in cerebrospinal fluid and blood up to two months after symptom onset, whereas in urine, RVFV genomic RNA was detected by RT-PCR up to three months, and in semen up to four months post symptom onset.
Published: 2016

35. An updated checklist of mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) from Madagascar

Author: Tantely, Luciano Michael, Le Goff, Gilbert, Boyer, Sebastien, Fontenille, Didier, Unité d'Entomologie Médicale [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Diversity, ecology, evolution & Adaptation of arthropod vectors (MIVEGEC-DEEVA), Evolution des Systèmes Vectoriels (ESV), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), and We thank Prof. Steven Goodman, Dr. Philippe Boussès, and Dr. Nohal Elissa for scientific discussions about the south-western Indian Ocean culicidian fauna. This study was conducted as part of the RIFT-OI research project on emerging infectious diseases transmitted by arthropod vectors in the geographical area of the Indian Ocean, and financed by the Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l’Océan Indien (CRVOI) and the Institut Pasteur de Madagascar.
Subjects: MESH: Culicidae/growth & development, MESH: Animal Distribution, Vectors, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, Mosquitoes, MESH: Male, MESH: Biodiversity, MESH: Checklist, MESH: Madagascar, MESH: Ovum, MESH: Culicidae/classification, Madagascar, MESH: Insect Vectors/classification, MESH: Species Specificity, MESH: Animals, Biology, MESH: Larva, MESH: Female, Taxonomy
Abstract: International audience; An updated checklist of 235 mosquito species from Madagascar is presented. The number of species has increased considerably compared to previous checklists, particularly the last published in 2003 (178 species). This annotated checklist provides concise information on endemism, taxonomic position, developmental stages, larval habitats, distribution, behavior, and vector-borne diseases potentially transmitted. The 235 species belong to 14 genera: Aedeomyia (3 species), Aedes (35 species), Anopheles (26 species), Coquillettidia (3 species), Culex (at least 50 species), Eretmapodites (4 species), Ficalbia (2 species), Hodgesia (at least one species), Lutzia (one species), Mansonia (2 species), Mimomyia (22 species), Orthopodomyia (8 species), Toxorhynchites (6 species), and Uranotaenia (73 species). Due to non-deciphered species complexes, several species remain undescribed. The main remarkable characteristic of Malagasy mosquito fauna is the high biodiversity with 138 endemic species (59%). Presence and abundance of species, and their association, in a given location could be a bio-indicator of environmental particularities such as urban, rural, forested, deforested, and mountainous habitats. Finally, taking into account that Malagasy culicidian fauna includes 64 species (27%) with a known medical or veterinary interest in the world, knowledge of their biology and host preference summarized in this paper improves understanding of their involvement in pathogen transmission in Madagascar.; Une liste mise à jour des 235 espèces de moustiques de Madagascar est présentée. Le nombre d’espèces a considérablement augmenté par rapport à celui donné dans les listes précédentes, en particulier la dernière, publiée en 2003 (178 espèces). Cette liste fournit des informations concises sur l’endémisme, la position taxonomique, les stades de développement, les gîtes larvaires, la distribution, le comportement des moustiques, et aussi sur les maladies potentiellement transmises par les moustiques vecteurs. Ces 235 espèces sont réparties dans 14 genres : Aedeomyia (3 espèces), Aedes (35 espèces), Anopheles (26 espèces), Coquillettidia (3 espèces), Culex (au moins 50 espèces), Eretmapodites (4 espèces), Ficalbia (2 espèces), Hodgesia (au moins une espèce), Lutzia (une espèce), Mansonia (2 espèces), Mimomyia (22 espèces), Orthopodomyia (8 espèces), Toxorhynchites (6 espèces), Uranotaenia (73 espèces). En raison de complexes d’espèces non résolus, plusieurs espèces sont toujours non décrites. La principale caractéristique remarquable de la faune malgache de moustiques est la grande biodiversité avec 138 espèces endémiques (59 %). La présence et l’abondance des espèces, et leur association dans un endroit donné, pourrait être un bio-indicateur des particularités environnementales telles que les habitats urbains, ruraux, forestiers, déboisés et montagneux. Enfin, compte tenu que la faune malgache de moustiques comprend 64 espèces (27 %) ayant un intérêt médical ou vétérinaire connu dans le monde, la connaissance de leur biologie et de leur préférence d’hôtes résumée dans le présent document permet de comprendre leur implication dans la transmission d’agents pathogènes à Madagascar.
Published: 2016

36. The role of seabirds of the Iles Eparses as reservoirs and disseminators of parasites and pathogens

Author: Muriel Dietrich, Hervé Pascalis, Pablo Tortosa, Matthieu Le Corre, Erwan Lagadec, David A. Wilkinson, Matthieu Bastien, Koussay Dellagi, Thierry Boulinier, Camille Lebarbenchon, Audrey Jaeger, Karen D. McCoy, Evolution of host-microbe communities (MIVEGEC-EVCO), Processus Écologiques et Évolutifs au sein des Communautés (PEEC), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IRD-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Marine (ECOMAR), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Cyclotron Réunion Océan Indien (CYROI), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion (CHU La Réunion), Université de La Réunion (UR), Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), and Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Metapopulations, Foraging, Population, Zoology, Metapopulation, Context (language use), Emergence, Insular ecosystems, Louse, Infectious agents, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Insular, biology.animal, parasitic diseases, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Nature and Landscape Conservation, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, education.field_of_study, biology, Ecology, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], fungi, Dispersal, 15. Life on land, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, 030104 developmental biology, Biological dispersal, Avian ecology, Seabird, ecosystems
Abstract: The role of birds as reservoirs and disseminators of parasites and pathogens has received much attention over the past several years due to their high vagility. Seabirds are particularly interesting hosts in this respect. In addition to incredible long-distance movements during migration, foraging and prospecting, these birds are long-lived, site faithful and breed in dense aggregations in specific colony locations. These different characteristics can favor both the local maintenance and large-scale dissemination of parasites and pathogens. The Iles Eparses provide breeding and feeding grounds for more than 3 million breeding pairs of seabirds including at least 13 species. Breeding colonies on these islands are relatively undisturbed by human activities and represent natural metapopulations in which seabird population dynamics, movement and dispersal can be studied in relation to that of circulating parasites and pathogens. In this review, we summarize previous knowledge and recently-acquired data on the parasites and pathogens found in association with seabirds of the Iles Eparses. These studies have revealed the presence of a rich diversity of infectious agents (viruses, bacteria and parasites) carried by the birds and/or their local ectoparasites (ticks and louse flies). Many of these agents are widespread and found in other ecosystems confirming a role for seabirds in their large scale dissemination and maintenance. The heterogeneous distribution of parasites and infectious agents among islands and seabird species suggests that relatively independent metacommunities of interacting species may exist within the western Indian Ocean. In this context, we discuss how the patterns and determinants of seabird movements may alter parasite and pathogen circulation. We conclude by outlining key aspects for future research given the baseline data now available and current concerns in eco-epidemiology and biodiversity conservation., Highlights • Seabirds make up a major proportion of vertebrate biodiversity in the Iles Eparses. • Colonial breeding may favor the local transmission and spread of infectious agents. • A diversity of parasites and pathogens have been described within these colonies. • Patterns of infection are linked to seabird genetic structure and individual movements. • Future work is required to understand impacts on seabird dynamics and disease risk.
Published: 2016

37. Malagasy bats shelter a considerable genetic diversity of pathogenic Leptospira suggesting notable host-specificity patterns

Author: Muriel Dietrich, Yann Gomard, Erwan Lagadec, Steven M. Goodman, Pablo Tortosa, Beza Ramasindrazana, Koussay Dellagi, Nicolas Wieseke, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IRD-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Parallel Computing and Complex Systems Group. Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science. University of Leipzig, Parallel computing and complex systems group, Association Vahatra [Antananarivo, Madagascar], and Field Museum of Natural History [Chicago, USA]
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Genotype, Ecology (disciplines), 030231 tropical medicine, Molecular Sequence Data, Zoology, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Microbiology, Host Specificity, 03 medical and health sciences, host-parasite association, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Leptospira, Chiroptera, medicine, Madagascar, Animals, Humans, Leptospirosis, Endemism, Phylogeny, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, Genetic diversity, Ecology, biology, Host (biology), Zoonosis, Genetic Variation, 15. Life on land, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Biological Evolution, 030104 developmental biology, Host-Pathogen Interactions, co-phylogeny, host-specificity, Host specificity, [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis
Abstract: International audience; Pathogenic Leptospira are the causative agents of leptospirosis, a disease of global concern with major impact in tropical regions. Despite the importance of this zoonosis for human health, the evolutionary and ecological drivers shaping bacterial communities in host reservoirs remain poorly investigated. Here, we describe Leptospira communities hosted by Malagasy bats, composed of mostly endemic species, in order to characterize host-pathogen associations and investigate their evolutionary histories. We screened 947 individual bats (representing 31 species, 18 genera and seven families) for Leptospira infection and subsequently genotyped positive samples using three different bacterial loci. Molecular identification showed that these Leptospira are notably diverse and include several distinct lineages mostly belonging to Leptospira borgpetersenii and L. kirschneri. The exploration of the most probable host-pathogen evolutionary scenarios suggests that bacterial genetic diversity results from a combination of events related to the ecology and the evolutionary history of their hosts. Importantly, based on the data set presented herein, the notable host-specificity we have uncovered, together with a lack of geographical structuration of bacterial genetic diversity, indicates that the Leptospira community at a given site depends on the co-occurring bat species assemblage. The implications of such tight host-specificity on the epidemiology of leptospirosis are discussed.
Published: 2016

38. Serological evidence for the circulation of flaviviruses in seabird populations of the western Indian Ocean

Author: Audrey Jaeger, Matthieu Bastien, M. Le Corre, Camille Lebarbenchon, Koussay Dellagi, Sylvie Lecollinet, Thierry Boulinier, Cécile Beck, Hervé Pascalis, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecologie marine tropicale dans les Océans Pacifique et Indien (ENTROPIE [Réunion]), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Virologie UMR1161 (VIRO), École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de recherche pour le développement - IRD (La Réunion), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), Cyclotron Réunion Océan Indien (CYROI), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion (CHU La Réunion), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IRD-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Epidemiology, viruses, 030106 microbiology, 030231 tropical medicine, red-footed booby, Animals, Wild, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Antibodies, Viral, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Fregata minor, Serology, Birds, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Indian Ocean Islands, biology.animal, Animals, Flavivirus Infections, Usutu virus, 14. Life underwater, Great frigatebird, Indian Ocean, Sooty tern, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Disease Reservoirs, Meaban virus, masked booby, biology, Ecology, Host (biology), Flavivirus, virus diseases, biology.organism_classification, 3. Good health, sooty tern, Infectious Diseases, RNA, Viral, Seabird, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, West Nile virus
Abstract: SUMMARYBirds play a central role in the epidemiology of several flaviviruses of concern for public and veterinary health. Seabirds represent the most abundant and widespread avifauna in the western Indian Ocean and may play an important role as host reservoirs and spreaders of arthropod-borne pathogens such as flaviviruses. We report the results of a serological investigation based on blood samples collected from nine seabird species from seven islands in the Indian Ocean. Using a commercial competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay directed against the prototypic West Nile flavivirus, antibodies against flaviviruses were detected in the serum of 47 of the 855 seabirds tested. They were detected in bird samples from three islands and from four bird species. Seroneutralization tests on adults and chicks suggested that great frigatebirds (Fregata minor) from Europa were infected by West Nile virus during their non-breeding period, and that Usutu virus probably circulated within bird colonies on Tromelin and on Juan de Nova. Real-time polymerase chain reactions performed on bird blood samples did not yield positive results precluding the genetic characterization of flavivirus using RNA sequencing. Our findings stress the need to further investigate flavivirus infections in arthropod vectors present in seabird colonies.
Published: 2016

39. Comparison of Irradiation and Wolbachia Based Approaches for Sterile-Male Strategies Targeting Aedes albopictus

Author: Louis Clément Gouagna, Pierrick Labbé, Riccardo Moretti, Mylène Weill, Pablo Tortosa, Célestine M. Atyame, Francesca Marini, Cyrille Lebon, Maurizio Calvitti, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Italian National agency for new technologies, Energy and sustainable economic development [Frascati] (ENEA), Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IRD-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Calvitti, M., Marini, F., and Moretti, R.
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Male, Aedes albopictus, Mosquito Control, 030231 tropical medicine, lcsh:Medicine, Insemination, Toxicology, 03 medical and health sciences, Sterile insect technique, 0302 clinical medicine, Aedes, Radiation, Ionizing, Animals, Humans, lcsh:Science, Multidisciplinary, biology, Hatching, Significant difference, lcsh:R, biology.organism_classification, Virology, 3. Good health, IIT, [SDV.BA.ZI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, Mosquito control, SIT, 030104 developmental biology, Wolbachia, lcsh:Q, Female, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Disease transmission, Research Article
Abstract: The global expansion of Aedes albopictus together with the absence of vaccines for most of the arboviruses transmitted by this mosquito has stimulated the development of sterile-male strategies aiming at controlling disease transmission through the suppression of natural vector populations. In this context, two environmentally friendly control strategies, namely the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) and the Wolbachia-based Incompatible Insect Technique (IIT) are currently being developed in several laboratories worldwide. So far however, there is a lack of comparative assessment of these strategies under the same controlled conditions. Here, we compared the mating capacities, i.e. insemination capacity, sterilization capacity and mating competitiveness of irradiated (35 Gy) and incompatible Ae. albopictus males at different ages and ratios under laboratory controlled conditions. Our data show that there was no significant difference in insemination capacity of irradiated and incompatible males, both male types showing lower capacities than untreated males at 1 day but recovering full capacity within 5 days following emergence. Regarding mating competitiveness trials, a global observed trend is that incompatible males tend to induce a lower hatching rate than irradiated males in cage controlled confrontations. More specifically, incompatible males were found more competitive than irradiated males in 5:1 ratio regardless of age, while irradiated males were only found more competitive than incompatible males in the 1:1 ratio at 10 days old. Overall, under the tested conditions, IIT seemed to be slightly more effective than SIT. However, considering that a single strategy will likely not be adapted to all environments, our data stimulates the need for comparative assessments of distinct strategies in up-scaled conditions in order to identify the most suitable and safe sterilizing technology to be implemented in a specific environmental setting and to identify the parameters requiring fine tuning in order to reach optimal release conditions. © 2016 Atyame et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Published: 2016

40. An eco-epidemiological study of Morbilli-related paramyxovirus infection in Madagascar bats reveals host-switching as the dominant macro-evolutionary mechanism

Author: Koussay Dellagi, Hervé Pascalis, Yann Gomard, Beza Ramasindrazana, Olivier Flores, Erwan Lagadec, Steven M. Goodman, Nicolas Wieseke, Julien Mélade, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cyclotron Réunion Océan Indien (CYROI), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion (CHU La Réunion), Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Parallel Computing and Complex Systems Group. Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science. University of Leipzig, Parallel computing and complex systems group, Association Vahatra [Antananarivo, Madagascar], Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Peuplements végétaux et bioagresseurs en milieu tropical (UMR PVBMT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Association Vahatra, Field Museum of Natural History [Chicago, USA], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IRD-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Réunion (UR), and Univ, Réunion
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Genotype, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Zoology, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Host Specificity, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Phylogenetics, Chiroptera, Madagascar, Prevalence, Animals, Coevolution, Phylogeny, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Abiotic component, Multidisciplinary, Biotic component, Paramyxoviridae Infections, Phylogenetic tree, Ecology, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Biological Evolution, Maximum parsimony, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Epidemiologic Studies, Viral Tropism, 030104 developmental biology, Sympatric speciation, Paramyxoviridae, RNA, Viral, Taxonomy (biology)
Abstract: An eco-epidemiological investigation was carried out on Madagascar bat communities to better understand the evolutionary mechanisms and environmental factors that affect virus transmission among bat species in closely related members of the genus Morbillivirus, currently referred to as Unclassified Morbilli-related paramyxoviruses (UMRVs). A total of 947 bats were investigated originating from 52 capture sites (22 caves, 18 buildings, and 12 outdoor sites) distributed over different bioclimatic zones of the island. Using RT-PCR targeting the L-polymerase gene of the Paramyxoviridae family, we found that 10.5% of sampled bats were infected, representing six out of seven families and 15 out of 31 species analyzed. Univariate analysis indicates that both abiotic and biotic factors may promote viral infection. Using generalized linear modeling of UMRV infection overlaid on biotic and abiotic variables, we demonstrate that sympatric occurrence of bats is a major factor for virus transmission. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that all paramyxoviruses infecting Malagasy bats are UMRVs and showed little host specificity. Analyses using the maximum parsimony reconciliation tool CoRe-PA, indicate that host-switching, rather than co-speciation, is the dominant macro-evolutionary mechanism of UMRVs among Malagasy bats.
Published: 2016

41. Wolbachia in European Populations of the Invasive Pest Drosophila suzukii: Regional Variation in Infection Frequencies

Author: Julien Cattel, Julien Martinez, Wolfgang J. Miller, Laurence Mouton, Francis M. Jiggins, Antoine Fraimout, Thibault Andrieux, Rupinder Kaur, Stefanos Siozios, Omar Rota-Stabelli, Gianfranco Anfora, Patricia Gibert, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics [Hyderabad] (CDFD), Génétique et évolution des interactions hôtes-parasites, Département génétique, interactions et évolution des génomes [LBBE] (GINSENG), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Research and Innovation Centre, Medizinische Universität Wien = Medical University of Vienna, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Genetics and Molecular Biology (all), 0301 basic medicine, Integrated pest management, lcsh:Medicine, Artificial Gene Amplification and Extension, Pathogenesis, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biochemistry, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Geographical locations, Medicine and Health Sciences, Drosophila suzukii, lcsh:Science, Multidisciplinary, biology, Ecology, Medicine (all), Agriculture, Plants, Insects, Europe, Settore AGR/11 - ENTOMOLOGIA GENERALE E APPLICATA, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Wolbachia, Drosophila, France, Cytoplasmic incompatibility, Research Article, Arthropoda, Zoology, Crops, Research and Analysis Methods, Fruits, 03 medical and health sciences, Animals, Multilocus Sequence Typing, North America, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (all), Agricultural and Biological Sciences (all), Molecular Biology Techniques, Molecular Biology, Bacteria, business.industry, lcsh:R, Organisms, Pest control, Biology and Life Sciences, Correction, biology.organism_classification, Invertebrates, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, 030104 developmental biology, People and Places, Multilocus sequence typing, lcsh:Q, Pest Control, PEST analysis, business, Crop Science, [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis
Abstract: International audience; The invasive pest Drosophila suzukii is characterized by a specific fresh-fruit targeting behavior and has quickly become a menace for the fruit economy of newly infested North American and European regions. D. suzukii carries a strain of the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia, named wSuz, which has a low infection frequency and no reproductive manipulation capabilities in American populations of D. suzukii. To further understand the nature of wSuz biology and assess its utility as a tool for controlling this pest's populations, we investigated the prevalence of Wolbachia in 23 European D. suzukii populations, and compared our results with those available in American populations. Our data showed a highly variable infection frequency with a mean prevalence of 46%, which is significantly higher than the 17% found in American populations. Based on Multilocus Sequence Typing analysis, a single wSuz strain was diagnosed in all European populations of D. suzukii. In agreement with American data, we found no evidence of cytoplasmic incompatibility induced by wSuz. These findings raise two questions: a) why Wolbachia is maintained in field populations of D. suzukii and b) what are the selective forces responsible for the variation in prevalence within populations, particularly between European and American continents? Our results provide new insights into the D. suzukii-Wolbachia association and highlight regional variations that await further investigation and that should be taken into account for using Wolba-chia-based pest management programs.
Published: 2016

42. High prevalence of West Nile Virus in domestic birds and detection in 2 new mosquito species in Madagascar

Author: Eric Cardinale, Michaël Luciano Tantely, Vincent Michel Rakotoharinome, Jean-Michel Heraud, Sébastien Boyer, Marianne Maquart, Julie Ravaomanana, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Unité de Virologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Unité d'Entomologie Médicale [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Ministère de l’Elevage, Centre National de Recherche Appliquée au Développement Rural (FOFIFA), Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), and This study was conducted in the framework of AnimalRisk-OI, a research program on emerging animal diseases in the Indian Ocean, funded by FEDER POCT (European Union, Regional Council of Reunion and the French government). The study was also partially funded by the French Embassy of Madagascar.
Subjects: moustique, Veterinary medicine, Epidemiology, madagascar, Poultry, MESH: West Nile Fever/virology, flavivirus, Seroepidemiologic Studies, MESH: Animals, lcsh:Science, animal réservoir, virus du Nil occidental, Zoonosis, Anopheles, virus diseases, 3. Good health, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, épidémiologie, Livestock, L72 - Organismes nuisibles des animaux, infection humaine, Microbiology, Volaille, Biodiversity and Ecology, 03 medical and health sciences, biology.animal, Genetics, oiseau, Domestic Animals, Domestic Birds, MESH: Prevalence, MESH: Seroepidemiologic Studies, Flaviviruses, lcsh:R, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, medicine.disease, Invertebrates, Insect Vectors, 030104 developmental biology, Fowl, Africa, lcsh:Q, Population Genetics, West Nile Fever, RNA viruses, 0301 basic medicine, MESH: Animals, Domestic/virology, virus west nile, viruses, Biodiversité et Ecologie, lcsh:Medicine, Disease Vectors, MESH: Birds/virology, L73 - Maladies des animaux, séroprévalence, Mosquitoes, Geographical Locations, MESH: Madagascar, MESH: West Nile virus/isolation & purification, Medicine and Health Sciences, Prevalence, West Nile Virus, Gamefowl, Pathology and laboratory medicine, Multidisciplinary, biology, Transmission (medicine), Agriculture, Gene Pool, Medical microbiology, Insects, Detection, Vecteur de maladie, S50 - Santé humaine, Animals, Domestic, Viruses, Vertebrates, Pathogens, Research Article, Arthropoda, Animal Types, Sentinel species, Virus, Virus des animaux, Birds, Goose, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, Seroprevalence, Mosquito Species, Transmission des maladies, Evolutionary Biology, Population Biology, business.industry, Viral pathogens, MESH: Culicidae/virology, biology.organism_classification, Microbial pathogens, Culicidae, Enquête pathologique, People and Places, business, Chickens, Zoology
Abstract: International audience; West Nile virus is an arthropod-borne zoonosis transmitted by a large number of mosquito species, and birds play a key role as reservoir of the virus. Its distribution is largely widespread over Africa, Asia, the Americas and Europe. Since 1978, it has frequently been reported in Madagascar. Studies described a high seroprevalence level of the virus in humans in different areas of the island and a human fatal case of WNV infection was reported in 2011. Despite these reports, the epidemiology of WNV in Madagascar, in particular , viral circulation remains unclear. To explore the transmission of WNV in two rural human populations of Madagascar, we investigated local mosquitoes and poultry for evidence of current infections, and determined seroprevalence of candidate sentinel species among the local poultry. These 2 areas are close to lakes where domestic birds, migratory wild birds and humans coexist. Serological analysis revealed WNV antibodies in domestic birds (duck, chicken, goose, turkey and guinea fowl) sampled in both districts (Antsalova 29.4% and Mitsinjo 16.7%). West Nile virus nucleic acid was detected in one chicken and in 8 pools of mosquitoes including 2 mosquito species (Aedeomyia madagascarica and Anopheles pauliani) that have not been previously described as candidate vectors for WNV. Molecular analysis of WNV isolates showed that all viruses detected were part of the line-age 2 that is mainly distributed in Africa, and were most closely matched by the previous Malagasy strains isolated in 1988. Our study showed that WNV circulates in Madagascar amongst domestic birds and mosquitoes, and highlights the utility of poultry as a surveillance tool to detect WNV transmission in a peri-domestic setting.
Published: 2016

43. Diversity, Host Specialization, and Geographic Structure of Filarial Nematodes Infecting Malagasy Bats

Author: Pablo Tortosa, Milijaona Randrianarivelojosia, Beza Ramasindrazana, Koussay Dellagi, Steven M. Goodman, Erwan Lagadec, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IRD-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Field Museum of Natural History [Chicago, USA], Association Vahatra [Antananarivo, Madagascar], and Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Male, bats, Zoology, lcsh:Medicine, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Myotis goudoti, Host Specificity, Electron Transport Complex IV, Mitochondrial Proteins, 03 medical and health sciences, Sex Factors, Chiroptera, Madagascar, Animals, Pipistrellus, lcsh:Science, Otomops madagascariensis, Molossidae, Filarioidea, Phylogeny, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, Multidisciplinary, biology, Miniopterus, lcsh:R, Neoromicia, Genetic Variation, biology.organism_classification, Hipposideridae, Phylogeography, 030104 developmental biology, filaria, Female, lcsh:Q, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Animal Distribution, [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis, Research Article
Abstract: International audience; We investigated filarial infection in Malagasy bats to gain insights into the diversity of these parasites and explore the factors shaping their distribution. Samples were obtained from 947 individual bats collected from 52 sites on Madagascar and representing 31 of the 44 species currently recognized on the island. Samples were screened for the presence of micro-and macro-parasites through both molecular and morphological approaches. Phylo-genetic analyses showed that filarial diversity in Malagasy bats formed three main groups, the most common represented by Litomosa spp. infecting Miniopterus spp. (Miniopteridae); a second group infecting Pipistrellus cf. hesperidus (Vespertilionidae) embedded within the Litomosoides cluster, which is recognized herein for the first time from Madagascar; and a third group composed of lineages with no clear genetic relationship to both previously described filarial nematodes and found in M. griveaudi, Myotis goudoti, Neoromicia matroka (Vespertilionidae), Otomops madagascariensis (Molossidae), and Paratriaenops furculus (Hipposideridae). We further analyzed the infection rates and distribution pattern of Litomosa spp., which was the most diverse and prevalent filarial taxon in our sample. Filarial infection was disproportionally more common in males than females in Miniopterus spp., which might be explained by some aspect of roosting behavior of these cave-dwelling bats. We also found marked geographic structure in the three Litomosa clades, mainly linked to bioclimatic conditions rather than host-parasite associations. While this study demonstrates distinct patterns of filarial nematode infection in Malagasy bats and highlights potential drivers of associated geographic distributions, future work should focus on their alpha taxon-omy and characterize arthropod vectors.
Published: 2016

44. Sexual performance of male mosquito Aedes albopictus

Author: Sébastien Boyer, Jeremie R. L. Gilles, Guy Lempérière, Didier Fontenille, D. Merancienne, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Insect Pest Control Laboratory (IPC laboratory), and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [Rome, Italie] (FAO)-International Atomic Energy Agency [Vienna] (IAEA)
Subjects: Male, Veterinary medicine, Time Factors, Aedes albopictus, capsules, fecundity, Sexual Behavior, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], media_common.quotation_subject, 030231 tropical medicine, AEDES, mating behaviour, Biology, 030308 mycology & parasitology, reproduction, Sexual Behavior, Animal, 03 medical and health sciences, Sterile insect technique, 0302 clinical medicine, Animals, sterile insect technique (SIT), Mating, Pest Control, Biological, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, mosquitoes, media_common, Aedes, 0303 health sciences, General Veterinary, Animal, fungi, Anatomy, Biological, Fecundity, biology.organism_classification, 3. Good health, Indian ocean, Male fertility, Insect Science, Female, Parasitology, Pest Control, Reproduction, spermathecal, Reunion
Abstract: Issues of male fertility must be addressed to support the development of a sterile insect technique (SIT) programme for the control of Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) populations on Reunion Island in the Indian Ocean. The mating ability of a local strain of Ae. albopictus was tested using several batches of females and different cage sizes under laboratory conditions. Individual males were able to inseminate up to 14 females at an average of 9.5 females per male when exposed to 20 females over 7 days. Males filled between three and 27 spermathecal capsules at an average of 15.5 capsules per male. The average number of females inseminated per male was 5.3 when two virgin females were introduced to one male and replaced every day for 12 days, and 8.6 when 10 virgin females were introduced to one male and replaced every day for 14 days. A continuous decrease in the number of both inseminated females and filled spermathecal capsules was observed over time, until no mating occurred after 14 days. The high number of females inseminated by one male and the duration of male activity may have strong implications for SIT control of mosquitoes.
Published: 2011

45. Salmonella in fattening pigs in Reunion Island: Herd prevalence and risk factors for infection

Author: Stéphanie Maeder, Marion Debin, Eric Cardinale, Vincent Porphyre, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Systèmes d'élevage et produits animaux (UPR Systèmes d'élevage), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)
Subjects: Salmonella typhimurium, Male, Questionnaires, Serotype, Veterinary medicine, Salmonella, Swine, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], animal diseases, Salmonella infection, Élevage, L73 - Maladies des animaux, medicine.disease_cause, 0403 veterinary science, Feces, Porcin, Food Animals, Risk Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, Facteur de risque, Prevalence, Pig farming, Animal Husbandry, Swine Diseases, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, Incidence (epidemiology), 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Animal husbandry, Salmonella Infections, Female, 040301 veterinary sciences, Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Animal science, medicine, Animals, Salmonella Infections, Animal, Animal, 030306 microbiology, medicine.disease, Enquête pathologique, Herd, Animal Science and Zoology, Reunion
Abstract: International audience; Our objective was to identify the risk factors for Salmonella infection in fattening pigs in Reunion Island. Sixty pig farms were studied from April to August 2008 on the whole island. A questionnaire was submitted to the farmers, and samples of fresh faeces and gauze socks were taken to assess the Salmonella status of each herd. 40% of the herds tested positive for Salmonella spp. The most prevalent serovars were S. Typhimurium and S. Derby. The risk of Salmonella infection for the fattening pigs was increased when there was no disinfection at the farrowing stage (OR=5.2), when large numbers of cockroaches were present on the premises (OR=5.5) and when these facilities were not resistant to feral birds (OR=4.5). The risk for Salmonella infection of the herd was decreased when the number of visits from technical personnel was limited (\textless1 per month) (OR=0.38), when castration of piglets was done after 1 week of age (OR=0.38) and when the all-in all-out system was respected (OR=0.13).
Published: 2010

46. Host-Associated Metagenomics: A Guide to Generating Infectious RNA Viromes

Author: Sarah, Temmam, Sonia, Monteil-Bouchard, Catherine, Robert, Hervé, Pascalis, Caroline, Michelle, Priscilla, Jardot, Rémi, Charrel, Didier, Raoult, Christelle, Desnues, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR48, INSB-INSB-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Emergence des Pathologies Virales (EPV), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), and HAL AMU, Administrateur
Subjects: viruses, lcsh:R, DNA VIRUSES, lcsh:Medicine, VIROLOGY, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, DISCOVERY, VIRAL METAGENOMICS, RNA, Viral, TOOL, lcsh:Q, Metagenomics, VETERINARY-MEDICINE, lcsh:Science, [SDV.MP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-PCR, Research Article
Abstract: International audience; Background Metagenomic analyses have been widely used in the last decade to describe viral communities in various environments or to identify the etiology of human, animal, and plant pathologies. Here, we present a simple and standardized protocol that allows for the purification and sequencing of RNA viromes from complex biological samples with an important reduction of host DNA and RNA contaminants, while preserving the infectivity of viral particles. Principal Findings We evaluated different viral purification steps, random reverse transcriptions and sequence-independent amplifications of a pool of representative RNA viruses. Viruses remained infectious after the purification process. We then validated the protocol by sequencing the RNA virome of human body lice engorged in vitro with artificially contaminated human blood. The full genomes of the most abundant viruses absorbed by the lice during the blood meal were successfully sequenced. Interestingly, random amplifications differed in the genome coverage of segmented RNA viruses. Moreover, the majority of reads were taxonomically identified, and only 7-15% of all reads were classified as "unknown", depending on the random amplification method. Conclusion The protocol reported here could easily be applied to generate RNA viral metagenomes from complex biological samples of different origins. Our protocol allows further virological characterizations of the described viral communities because it preserves the infectivity of viral particles and allows for the isolation of viruses.
Published: 2015

47. Investigation of a leptospirosis outbreak in triathlon participants, Réunion Island, 2013

Author: Koussay Dellagi, Sophie Larrieu, Vanina Guernier, Erwan Lagadec, Marie-Christine Jaffar-Bandjee, Laurent Filleul, G. Le Minter, Alain Michault, Pablo Tortosa, B. Kurtkowiak, Yann Gomard, P. Lenabat, Mathieu Picardeau, Joana Simões, Frédéric Pagès, Cellule Interrégionale d'Epidémiologie (CIRE), Cellule Interregionale d'Epidemiologie (CIRE), Agence Régionale de Santé Océan Indien, Agence Régionale de la Santé (ARS), Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IRD-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion (CHU La Réunion), Centre Collaborateur FAO/OMS pour l'épidémiologie de la leptospirose, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Centre National de Référence de la Leptospirose - National Reference Center Leptospirosis (CNR), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)
Subjects: Male, Veterinary medicine, Epidemiology, Attack rate, Serology, Disease Outbreaks, Running, Rodent Diseases, Sports Equipment, 0302 clinical medicine, Protective Clothing, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, 030212 general & internal medicine, triathlon, Child, Skin, Leptospira, biology, Middle Aged, 16. Peace & justice, Leptospirosis, Antibodies, Bacterial, Infectious Diseases, Reunion Island, Child, Preschool, Female, Réunion Island, Martinique, Sports, Adult, DNA, Bacterial, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, 030231 tropical medicine, Animals, Wild, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Indian Ocean Islands, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Humans, Swimming, outbreak, business.industry, Outbreak, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Health Surveys, Bicycling, Rats, Relative risk, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business
Abstract: SUMMARYWe report herein the investigation of a leptospirosis outbreak occurring in triathlon competitors on Réunion Island, Indian Ocean. All participants were contacted by phone or email and answered a questionnaire. Detection and molecular characterization of pathogenicLeptospirawas conducted in inpatients and in rodents trapped at the vicinity of the event. Of the 160 athletes competing, 101 (63·1%) agreed to participate in the study. Leptospirosis was biologically confirmed for 9/10 suspected cases either by real-time PCR or serological tests (MAT or ELISA). The total attack rate, children's attack rate, swimmers’ attack rate, and the attack rate in adult swimmers were respectively estimated at 8·1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 4·3–14·7], 0%, 12·7% (95% CI 6·8–22·4) and 23·1% (95% CI 12·6–33·8). Leptospirosis cases reported significantly more wounds [risk ratio (RR) 4·5, 95% CI 1·6–13], wore complete neoprene suits less often (RR 4·3, 95% CI 1·3–14·5) and were most frequently unlicensed (RR 6·6, 95% CI 2·9–14·8). The epidemiological investigation supported that some measures such as the use of neoprene suits proved efficient in protecting swimmers against infection. PCR detection in rats revealed highLeptospirainfection rates. Partial sequencing of the 16S gene and serology on both human and animal samples strongly suggests that rats were the main contaminators and were likely at the origin of the infection in humans.
Published: 2015

48. Species Diversity, Abundance, and Host Preferences of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Two Different Ecotypes of Madagascar With Recent RVFV Transmission

Author: Thiery Nirina Jean Jose Nepomichene, Sébastien Boyer, Nohal Elissa, Eric Cardinale, Unité d'Entomologie Médicale [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Université d'Antananarivo, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes (UMR CMAEE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and 'Fond de Cooperation Regional' (La Reunion)
Subjects: host preference, Rift Valley Fever, Population Dynamics, Biodiversity, Zoology, mosquito, Biology, diversity, Abundance (ecology), [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, parasitic diseases, medicine, Madagascar, Animals, 14. Life underwater, Rift Valley fever, Ecosystem, General Veterinary, Ecotype, Host (biology), Ecology, fungi, Species diversity, Feeding Behavior, medicine.disease, Zebu, biology.organism_classification, Rift Valley fever virus, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, 3. Good health, Insect Vectors, Infectious Diseases, Culicidae, Insect Science, Parasitology, human activities, trap
Abstract: International audience; Mosquito diversity and abundance were examined in six Madagascan villages in either arid (Toliary II district) or humid (Mampikony district) ecotypes, each with a history of Rift Valley fever virus transmission. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light traps without CO2 (LT) placed near ruminant parks and animal-baited net trap (NT) baited with either zebu or sheep/goat were used to sample mosquitoes, on two occasions between March 2011 and October 2011. Culex tritaeniorhynchus(Giles) was the most abundant species, followed by Culex antennatus (Becker) and Anopheles squamosus/cydippis (Theobald/de Meillon). These three species comprised more than half of all mosquitoes collected. The NTcaptured more mosquitoes in diversity and in abundance than the LT, and also caught more individuals of each species, except for An. squamosus/cydippis. Highest diversity and abundance were observed in the humid and warm district of Mampikony. No host preference washighlighted, except for Cx. tritaeniorhynchus presenting a blood preference for zebu baits. The description of species diversity, abundance, and host preference described herein can inform the development of control measures to reduce the risk of mosquito-borne diseases in Madagascar.
Published: 2015

49. Wolbachia-Based Population Control Strategy Targeting Culex quinquefasciatus Mosquitoes Proves Efficient under Semi-Field Conditions

Author: Atyame Nten, Célestine, Cattel, Julien, Lebon, Cyrille, Flores, Olivier, Dehecq, Jean-Sébastien, Weill, Mylène, Clément Gouagna, Louis, Tortosa, Pablo, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Peuplements végétaux et bioagresseurs en milieu tropical (UMR PVBMT), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Agence Régionale de Santé Océan Indien, Agence Régionale de la Santé (ARS), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IRD-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de La Réunion (UR)
Subjects: [SDV.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology, cytoplasmic incompatibility, fungi, Incompatible Insect Technique, Wolbachia
Abstract: International audience; In mosquitoes, the maternally inherited bacterial Wolbachia induce a form of embryonic le-thality called cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). This property can be used to reduce the density of mosquito field populations through inundative releases of incompatible males in order to sterilize females (Incompatible Insect Technique, or IIT, strategy). We have previously constructed the LR[wPip(Is)] line representing a good candidate for controlling field populations of the Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito in the islands of the southwestern Indian Ocean. The main purpose of the present study was to fill the gap between laboratory experiments and field implementation, i.e. assessing mating competitiveness of these incompatible males under semi-field conditions. In a first set of experiments, we analyzed crossing relationships between LR[wPip(Is)] males and La Réunion field females collected as larvae in 19 distinct localities throughout the island. This investigation revealed total embryonic mortality, confirming the strong sterilizing capacity of LR[wPip(Is)] males. Subsequently, mating competitiveness of LR[wPip(Is)] males was assessed under semi-field conditions in the presence of field males and females from La Réunion. Confrontations were carried out in April and December using different ratios of LR[wPip(Is)] to field males. The results indicated that the LR[wPip(Is)] males successfully compete with field males in mating with field females, displaying even higher competitiveness than field males in April. Our results support the implementation of small-scale field tests in order to assess the feasibility of IIT against Cx. quinquefasciatus in the islands of southwestern Indian Ocean where this mosquito species is a proven competent vector for human pathogens.
Published: 2015

50. Detection of new genetic variants of Betacoronaviruses in Endemic Frugivorous Bats of Madagascar

Author: Richard K. B. Jenkins, David A. Wilkinson, Lalaina Arivony Nomenjanahary, Julie H. Razafimanahaka, Julia P. G. Jones, Norosoa Harline Razanajatovo, Jean-Michel Heraud, Steven M. Goodman, Unité de Virologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Université d'Antananarivo, Association Vahatra [Antananarivo, Madagascar], Bangor University, and This study was conducted in collaboration with the Association Madagasikara Voakajy and the Bangor University (Darwin Initiative Project), a project examining aspects of emerging viruses in small wild mammals. The work in the Toliara region was part of Action Concertée Inter-Pasteurienne (ACIP) research program. We would like to thank Felicien Herbert Randrianandrianina of Madagasikara Voakajy and local hunters for their help in capturing bats. David A. Wilkinson’s post-doctoral fellowship was funded by 'RUN-Emerge', a European project funded by European Commission under FP7 program.
Subjects: MESH: Geography, Genes, Viral, Range (biology), Coronaviridae, Coronaviridae Infections, viruses, Zoology, Pteropodidae, MESH: Madagascar, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Coronaviridae/isolation & purification, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Virology, Chiroptera, Madagascar, MESH: Chiroptera/virology, MESH: Coronaviridae/classification, Animals, MESH: Animals, MESH: Genetic Variation, MESH: Phylogeny, Phylogeny, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Genes, Viral, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, biology, Phylogenetic tree, Geography, 030306 microbiology, Ecology, Research, Eidolon dupreanum, Outbreak, Genetic Variation, Insectivore, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, biology.organism_classification, Pteropus, 3. Good health, MESH: Coronaviridae/genetics, Coronavirus, Infectious Diseases, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Biological dispersal, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, MESH: Coronaviridae Infections/veterinary
Abstract: International audience; BACKGROUND:Bats are amongst the natural reservoirs of many coronaviruses (CoVs) of which some can lead to severe infection in human. African bats are known to harbor a range of pathogens (e.g., Ebola and Marburg viruses) that can infect humans and cause disease outbreaks. A recent study in South Africa isolated a genetic variant closely related to MERS-CoV from an insectivorous bat. Though Madagascar is home to 44 bat species (41 insectivorous and 3 frugivorous) of which 34 are endemic, no data exists concerning the circulation of CoVs in the island's chiropteran fauna. Certain Malagasy bats can be frequently found in close contact with humans and frugivorous bats feed in the same trees where people collect and consume fruits and are hunted and consumed as bush meat. The purpose of our study is to detect and identify CoVs from frugivorous bats in Madagascar to evaluate the risk of human infection from infected bats.METHODS:Frugivorous bats belonging to three species were captured in four different regions of Madagascar. We analyzed fecal and throat swabs to detect the presence of virus through amplification of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene, which is highly conserved in all known coronaviruses. Phylogenetic analyses were performed from positive specimens.RESULTS:From 351 frugivorous bats, we detected 14 coronaviruses from two endemic bats species, of which 13 viruses were identified from Pteropus rufus and one from Eidolon dupreanum, giving an overall prevalence of 4.5%. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Malagasy strains belong to the genus Betacoronavirus but form three distinct clusters, which seem to represent previously undescribed genetic lineages.CONCLUSIONS:Our findings suggest that CoVs circulate in frugivorous bats of Madagascar, demonstrating the needs to evaluate spillover risk to human populations especially for individuals that hunt and consume infected bats. Possible dispersal mechanisms as to how coronaviruses arrived on Madagascar are discussed.
Published: 2015

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