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International audience; This study explored the trade-offs between thermal regulation and aggregation, two key factors impacting blow fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) larvae development. Recent works have demonstrated that necrophagous maggots engage in developmental niche construction, which provides adaptive benefits. First, each species has a preferential temperature, at which larvae grow fast and efficiently. Second, larvae are attracted by each other and aggregate in large maggot masses. These groups modify the local environment and facilitate the exodigestion process (niche construction by perturbation). However, aggregation and relocation towards thermal preferendum are not always compatible under field conditions, forcing larvae to make choices. To test the developmental consequences of such trade-offs, 40 or 80 Lucilia sericata larvae were placed on a thermal gradient (from 22 to 48°C) with or without a captive aggregate of 40 larvae located at 22°C, and their development speed, size and survival were measured. A previous study showed that in such situation the free larvae alone relocated at 33°C, while in the presence of captive larvae they gathered with the captive group at 22°C. In the present developmental study, we observed that such 22°C aggregated larvae actually grew as fast as if they were at 33°C. This result shows that niche construction, here resulting from larval gregarism and feeding facilitation, can compensate for the physiological costs of low ambient temperature. This finding confirms that aggregation of necrophagous Diptera larvae is an efficient adaptation to the carrion environmental constraints and highlights the adaptive value of developmental niche construction.

Archive et numérique sont deux mots dont la conjonction est devenue presque un topique. Nous mesurons, au fil du temps, que le public se déplace moins dans les dépôts d’archives, la consultation d’un document se faisant à travers une application numérique. Pourtant la donnée numérique n’est pas l’archive, elle n’est qu’une représentation approchante. Autrement dit, la donnée numérique n’est qu’un artefact de la donnée archivistique. L’appréhension de ce lien distendu entre document archivistique et document numérique se manifeste à travers la « granularité des données ». D’un autre côté, la donnée archivistique est par nature beaucoup plus statique, car elle se trouve dans un entrepôt ou une bibliothèque, alors que, sans être volatile, la donnée numérique est interopérable, grâce aux métadonnées qui la caractérisent. À travers un cas concret d’archives judiciaires, le lecteur trouvera ici de quoi nourrir sa réflexion sur la granularité des données et les métadonnées. Archive and digital are two words whose conjunction has become almost topical. Over time, we are measuring that the public is moving less in repositories, as the consultation of a document is done through a digital application. Yet digital data is not the archive, it is only an approximate representation. In other words, digital data is only an artefact of the archival data. The apprehension of this distorted link between the archival record and the digital record is manifested through the "granularity of the data". On the other hand, archival data is by nature much more static, as it is located in a warehouse or library, whereas, without being volatile, digital data is interoperable, thanks to the metadata that characterizes it. Through a case study of court records, the reader will find here food for thought on data granularity and metadata.

International audience; Childhood is an ontogenetic stage unique to the modern human life history pattern. It enables the still dependent infants to achieve an extended rapid brain growth, slow somatic maturation, while benefitting from provisioning, transitional feeding, and protection from other group members. This tipping point in the evolution of human ontogeny likely emerged from early Homo. The GAR IVE hemi-mandible (1.8 Ma, Melka Kunture, Ethiopia) represents one of the rarely preserved early Homo infants (~ 3 years at death), recovered in a richly documented Oldowan archaeological context. Yet, based on the sole external inspection of its teeth, GAR IVE was diagnosed with a rare genetic diseaseamelogenesis imperfecta (AI)-altering enamel. Since it may have impacted the child's survival, this diagnosis deserves deeper examination. Here, we reassess and refute this diagnosis and all associated interpretations, using an unprecedented multidisciplinary approach combining an in-depth analysis of GAR IVE (synchrotron imaging) and associated fauna. Some of the traits previously considered as diagnostic of AI can be better explained by normal growth or taphonomy, which calls for caution when diagnosing pathologies on fossils. We compare GAR IVE's dental development to other fossil hominins, and discuss the implications for the emergence of childhood in early Homo. The pattern and timing of modern human life history is unique in involving an extended period of growth 1. This provides more time not only for somatic development and protracted brain growth 2, 3 , but also to learn survival skills 4. The offspring is thus dependent upon more parental care over a longer time, and sexual maturity is postponed 5. In modern humans, life history stages successively involve infancy, childhood, a juvenile phase, adolescence, and finally adulthood. Different kinds of feeding strategies and dental development stages characterize these phases. Following these criteria, infancy can be subdivided into two stages. First, the "nursing phase" takes place from birth to 6 months, when the infant exclusively relies on breastfeeding and starts erupting its

Summary Why did Louis XIV establish high courts in the distant and sparsely populated North-American colonies? The logic of the establishment of the Sovereign Council of Québec in 1663 and the Superior Council of Louisiana in 1712 is indeed in no way similar to the one which led to the creation of high courts in the metropolitan territories previously under foreign sovereignty. In the colonies, there was no need to safeguard the provincial privileges, in particular that to be judged in accordance with the local customs and procedural rules. Historians have emphasized the idea that justice foremost asserted the king’s authority on his overseas territories and France’s position on the international scene. Colonial institutions were thus merely considered as extensions of the metropolitan model. This paper proposes to study the high courts of New France through the prism of legal transplant theories, focusing on the objectives and expectations of the donor rather than on their objects or on the obstacles faced by the receiver. We assert that the overseas high courts were a means to define and orientate the French colonial policy rather than an end in themselves. Their judicial and, above all, regulatory competences made them indeed a particularly suitable instrument for the fulfillment of the monarchy’s political and economic expectations.

International audience; This paper examines an unpublished consilium written by the Perugian jurist Dionysius de Barigianis in 1434-1435 which refers to the Peace concluded in March 1421 between the Varanos, lords of Camerino, and the commune of Norcia. Building on the analysis of four papal letters, the paper affords new insights into the conclusion and the contents of the Peace, thereby setting the context for the subsequent discussion of Barigianis' consilium. The edition of these letters and the consilium is provided in the Appendix.

Carrion is a highly ephemeral and nutrient rich resource, characterized by extreme biotic and abiotic stressors. We hypothesized that specific constraints of the carrion ecosystem, and especially its nutrient richness, ephemerality, and competition with microbes, have promoted the evolution of social behaviors in necrophagous insects. We show that group living is prevalent among early succession carrion breeding insects, suggesting that this trait has emerged as an adaptation to facilitate survival in the highly competitive environment of fresh carrion. We then highlight how developmental niche construction allows larvae to compete with microbes, efficiently feed on fresh cadavers, and rapidly reach maturity. We observed that larval societies and parental care are two different strategies responding to similar competitive and environmental constraints. We conclude that intra and interspecific competition on carrion are mitigated by social behavior.

International audience; The Locard's exchange principle (1930) holds that the perpetrator of a crime leaves traces behind that can later be sampled and used as forensic evidence [...].

International audience; Dermestid beetles (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) are necrophagous insects feeding on mummified carcasses. After six to seven molts, the larvae stop feeding and dig pupation chambers to hide and safely evolve into adults. Such pupation chambers have already been observed on archaeological mammals’ bones, but the attribution and interpretation of these osteological lesions lack experimental evidence in a forensic context. To observe whether dermestid larvae dig pupation chambers in human bones, 20 or 40 Dermestes maculatus (De Geer, 1774) larvae were placed in a dermestarium with different types of bones varying in species (Bos taurus or human), age (adult or immature), and preservation method (fresh or dry). Our results show that dermestid larvae caused multiple lesions, including larval mandible traces on cortical bone, cortical perforations, drilling of pupation chambers, destruction of the trabecular network, and the perforation of cartilage. Bone destruction was mainly observed on aged dry bones, while fresh bones only exhibited soft tissue and superficial cartilage lesions. According to these results, pupation chambers could indicate the simultaneous presence of several corpses at different decomposition stages, or the addition of new corpses while others were already skeletonized. These conclusions are particularly important in the case of mass graves, where chronology is sometimes difficult to establish.

International audience; The Departmental Archives of the North keep in the sub-series 8B1 the contents of the bags of the procedures of the sovereign court of Flanders (Sovereign Council then Parliament). The legal analysis of 30,000 articles in this collection was initiated by the Center for Judicial History, which encountered the results of the recounts online in a database : http://parleflandre.univ-lille2.fr/.However, undertaking an analysis of the procedural files leaves the question of the constitution of these bags at the time of the trial, but also that of their conservation after the judicial phase. The interest of the general press, even social networks for a bag found closed since 1730 in the fund shows that the question arouses, at least, the curiosity of our contemporaries and deserves a light that this article will try to bring.; Les Archives départementales du Nord conservent dans la sous-série 8B1 le contenu des sacs des procédures de la cour souveraine de Flandre (Conseil souverain puis Parlement). L’analyse juridique des 30 000 articles que compte ce fonds a été initiée par le Centre d’histoire Judiciaire qui met en ligne le résultat des dépouillements dans une base de données : http://parleflandre.univ-lille2.fr/Néanmoins, se livrer à une analyse des dossiers de procédures laisse dans l’ombre la question de la constitution de ces sacs au moment du procès mais aussi celle de leur conservation à l’issue de la phase judiciaire. L’intérêt de la presse généraliste, voire des réseaux sociaux pour un sac retrouvé fermé depuis 1730 dans le fonds montre que la question suscite, pour le moins, la curiosité de nos contemporains et mérite un éclairage que cet article tentera d’apporter.

International audience; Dante Fedele’s new work of reference reveals the medieval foundations of international law through a comprehensive study of a key figure of late medieval legal scholarship: Baldus de Ubaldis (1327-1400). A student of Bartolus de Sassoferrato, Baldus wrote both extensive commentaries on Roman, canon and feudal law and thousands of consilia originating from particular cases. His writings dealt with numerous issues related to sovereignty, territorial jurisdiction, diplomacy and war, combining a rich conspectus of earlier scholarship with highly creative ideas that exercised a profound influence on later juristic thought. The detailed picture of the international law doctrines elaborated by a prominent medieval jurist offered in this study contributes to our understanding of the intellectual archaeology of international law. "Dr. Fedele’s monograph will no doubt become a necessary work of reference for any scholar interested in the history of international law. [...] Beyond the specific doctrines on particular areas of international law, Dr. Fedele’s study of Baldus shows how in the area of international governance, jurists sought to marshal different expressions of normativity." - Alain Wijffels, Foreword

Grant Agreement number: 831637 — FIGHTER — JUST-AG-2018/JUST-JCOO-AG-2018; International audience

International audience

This paper explores the presence of late medieval ius commune in Grotius’s thought on the use of force in internal strife and war, based on De iure belli ac pacis (1625). To this end, it examines Grotius’s use of ius commune sources, and considers some similar sources, which he does not actually cite, but which relate to his discussion. By clarifying Grotius’s selection and use of ius commune sources, the paper intends to contribute to the achievement of a double aim: firstly, to determine the place of rebellion and civil war in De iure belli ac pacis, especially in relation to (external) war; and, secondly, to assess Grotius’s approach to the two former issues, particularly with regard to the criteria by which a distinction between rebellion and civil war can be drawn, and to the effects of this distinction.

Cet article propose un examen des enjeux éthiques et politiques de la gestualité dans la diplomatie de la première époque moderne, sur la base d’une discussion des problèmes posés par la lecture des gestes qui se montrent sur la surface du corps des ambassadeurs et de leurs interlocuteurs. La question que nous nous posons est de savoir comment cette sémiotique du corps est apparue à l’intérieur d’un champ de réflexion dans la littérature sur l’ambassadeur qui s’est développée en Europe dès la fin du Moyen Âge. L’article se concentre en particulier sur des ouvrages italiens et français. Des écrits concernant les pratiques sont utilisés à titre d’exemple et de complément de notre discours. Questo articolo propone un esame delle questioni etiche e politiche della gestualità nella diplomazia della prima età moderna, sulla base di una discussione dei problemi posti dalla lettura dei gesti che si mostrano sulla superficie del corpo degli ambasciatori e dei loro interlocutori. Il nostro scopo è sapere come questa semiotica del corpo sia stata attrata in un campo di riflessione nella letteratura sull’ambasciatore che si è sviluppata in Europa a partire dalla fine del Medioevo. L’articolo si concentra in particolare su opere italiane e francesi. Alcuni scritti della prassi diplomatica sono usati come esempio e complemento della nostra analisi. This paper examines the ethical and political issues of gesture in Early Modern diplomacy, based on a discussion of the problems raised by the interpretation of the gestures that appear on the surface of the ambassador and his counterpart’s body. Our aim is to know how this semiotics of the body became a matter of debate in the literature on the ambassador that spread throughout Europe from the late Middle Ages onwards. The paper focuses in particular on Italian and French works. Some writings from diplomatic practice are also used to provide examples and a complement to our analysis.

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Depuis leur développement à la fin du XVIIe siècle et jusqu’en 1747 les hôpitaux militaires ne connaissaient pas une réglementation uniforme sur l’ensemble du royaume. Ce fut à cette date que la gouvernance des hôpitaux militaires changea radicalement avec l’ordonnance de 1747 portant règlement général concernant les hôpitaux militaires. Cette ordonnance est capitale pour la compréhension du droit hospitalier militaire de la fin de l’Ancien Régime : toutes les ordonnances qui lui ont succédé y firent référence. Néanmoins son importance ne fit pas d’elle une ordonnance constitutive, car, comme le mentionnait le préambule, le roi voulut « rassembler en un seul corps les dispositions des ordonnances & règlemens concernant les Hôpitaux militaires, & suppléer à ce qui a paru y manquer ». Les études menées sur les hôpitaux militaires ne se sont pas étonnées de l’absence d’ordonnance établissant l’institution. Au mieux, elles ont constaté la présence d’hôpitaux militaires aux frontières du royaume en partant de l’édit de 1708, qui portait sur la création d’offices de médecins et de chirurgiens militaires. Les raisons de cette absence d’ordonnance constitutive n’ont jamais été évoquées. Pourtant, avant cette date, il existait un droit applicable aux hôpitaux militaires qu’il faut rechercher dans la pratique quotidienne. Bien que placés sous l’autorité du secrétaire d’État ayant le département de la guerre leur administration dépendait largement des intendants de province, ce qui de fait laissait une grande disparité de la réglementation dans les provinces. C’étaient les usages des acteurs de l’hôpital militaire, du secrétaire d’État à la guerre au personnel de santé, qui généraient le droit hospitalier militaire ; la législation royale ne confirmait la règle qu’une fois qu’elle semblait bien établie. Ce droit était essentiellement inductif, car construit a posteriori.

International audience; This paper examines the development, by late medieval ius commune jurists, of a notion of diplomatic representation which is rooted in the doctrine of private law agency. In particular, it endeavours to study the basis and limits of ambassadors’ negotiating powers, by analysing some issues relating to procuration and the ratification of treaties. The conclusion illustrates the persistence of the central role of this notion of diplomatic representation in the discussion of the matter right up until the late eighteenth century, thus allowing us to appreciate the importance of the contribution made by late medieval ius commune to the early modern discussion of the status of the ambassador.; Cet article examine l’élaboration, par les juristes du ius commune médiéval, d’une notion de représentation diplomatique qui plonge ses racines dans la doctrine de la représentation en droit privé. En particulier, il s’attache à étudier le fondement et les limites des pouvoirs de négociation de l’ambassadeur, par une analyse de quelques questions concernant la procuration et la ratification des traités. La conclusion montre que cette notion de représentation diplomatique joua un rôle central dans la discussion de la matière jusqu’à la fin du xviiie siècle, permettant d’apercevoir l’importance de la contribution apportée par le ius commune de la fin du Moyen Âge à la discussion sur le statut de l’ambassadeur au début de l’époque moderne.

International audience; This chapter outlines a history of the concept of ius gentium. It is intended to serve as a contribution to the intellectual history of international law, from Late Antiquity to Early Modern Times. The historical role played by the concept in the framing of international law is not easy to evaluate, as the oldest traces of Roman ‘public international law’, in the sense of law regulating relations between polities, are actually found within ius fetiale. It is, in fact, difficult to arrive at a clear understanding of ius gentium in the history of Ancient and Medieval legal thought, due to a semantic stratification dating back to Roman Antiquity: on the one hand, a fundamental ambiguity exists in the relationship between ius naturale and ius gentium (as in Gaius’ definition, Dig. 1.1.9, possibly under Ciceronian influence) – on the other, the latter, first classified as a branch of the ius privatum (Ulpian, Dig. 1.1.1.4), was later understood as including public law institutes (Hermogenian, Dig. 1.1.5) and even institutes mainly relating to foreign relations (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae V.6 = Decretum c. 9, d. 1). The simple juxtaposition of these definitions within Justinian’s compilation and Gratian’s Decretum raised several theoretical issues for Medieval jurists, and generated a significant scholarly debate. Firstly, following Dig. 1.1.4 and Dig. 1.1.5, glossators argued that ius naturale and ius gentium – not, as would be claimed by later jurists, Roman law as a whole – formed the ius commune. Secondly, commentaries on Dig. 1.1.5 analysed the various legal institutes listed within the passage, focusing particularly on dominium and obligations. Thirdly, both jurists and theologians elaborated extensively upon the connections between ius gentium and ius naturale: they first drew a distinction between ius naturale primaevum and secundarium, and then reformulated this distinction in such a way that ius gentium itself was split into ius gentium primaevum and secundarium. Many words were to be expended on this distinction until well into Early Modern Times, in the course of a discussion which recent scholarship has studied in depth. This chapter, however, will focus less on this doctrinal debate during the the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries than on the transformation undergone by ius gentium as it developed into a ius inter gentes specifically regulating relations between political communities. Special attention will be paid to diplomatic theory, which has proven to be a particularly interesting field within which to fully evaluate the slow emergence of the state as the only legitimate subject of international law.

International audience; This contribution aims to offer some elements to study the problem of political advising in Renaissance political thought. The introductory section considers the Momus by Leon Battista Alberti, some letters by Marsilio Ficino and the chapters 22-23 of Machiavelli’s Prince. The focus then shifts to the fourth book of Castiglione’s Courtier, in order to analyze the relationship between the prince and the counsellor by clarifying its conditions of necessity, its internal structure and its conditions of possibility.

Depuis la fondation des premières universités, la médecine et le droit ont été des disciplines ayant bénéficié de leurs propres facultés. Chacune de ces disciplines a pour vocation de former ses étudiants à la gouvernance : gouvernance du corps physique humain pour les médecins, gouvernance du corps social et politique pour les juristes. À travers les siècles, ces deux gouvernances se sont constamment rencontrées, tantôt pour se renforcer mutuellement, tantôt pour promouvoir des intérêts divergents. Ce recueil, issu des travaux du Centre d’Histoire Judiciaire de Lille (UMR 8025 CNRS), retrace quelques étapes marquantes de ces rencontres entre deux cultures représentant le binôme Droit et Santé, plus proches l’une de l’autre qu’on ne pourrait le croire.

Résumé La formation diplomatique est une des questions majeures abordées dans les écrits sur l’ambassadeur et l’art de négocier de l’époque moderne. Dès la fin du XVIe siècle, le modèle du « parfait ambassadeur », qui plongeait ses racines dans la culture humaniste, est soumis à une critique serrée visant une redéfinition du statut politique et culturel de l’ambassadeur. Au fil du XVIIe siècle et du début du XVIIIe, on assiste à la formulation de programmes de formation plus spécifiques, centrés sur la connaissance de la documentation diplomatique et de l’histoire moderne, conçue comme une source du ius gentium. Cette réflexion, menée parfois en polémique ouverte avec la mauvaise formation des ambassadeurs, va jouer un rôle important à l’égard de la ‘professionnalisation’ de l’ambassadeur à l’époque moderne.

International audience; Surtout connu comme ami de Pascal et comme auteur des Loix civiles dans leur ordre naturel, Jean Domat (1625-1696) est aussi l’auteur d’un ouvrage sur le Droit public, encore largement méconnu. Déjà moderne par sa place au sein de cet ensemble publiciste, la doctrine criminaliste de Jean Domat l’est encore plus par ses distinctions des infractions et des finalités de la peine. Le fait d’avoir suscité des continuateurs et des traducteurs/transpositeurs en France et ailleurs en Europe laisse présager l’influence indirecte qu’elle exerça. Une étude du cheminement des idées qui y sont défendues confirme l’apport de Jean Domat au droit pénal et notamment au processus de codification.

Early Modern Times saw a blossoming across Europe of the literature on the ambassador, the roots of which can be traced back to the late medieval ius commune literature. These works played a pivotal role in the problematization of numerous aspects of this office, and more broadly of diplomatic activity, and contributed significantly to the development of early modern scholarship on the ius gentium. In these texts, the main subject is the ambassador as an official, fully-fledged diplomatic agent, whose status and activity are consistently promoted. However, other semi-diplomatic and semi-official agents are also contemplated in a number of passages. This contribution focuses on these passages and on the several figures that emerge from them, examining the discussion about the lawfulness of their use, their legal status and the protection they could expect to enjoy during their mission. It aims to demonstrate that, despite its attempts to limit diplomatic activity to the ambassador as the only official agent, diplomatic theory could not avoid considering the other figures who were very often entrusted with essential tasks in the diplomacy of the time, and whose employ inevitably raised questions amongst jurists and political thinkers. 19

La prise en charge médicale des accidentés du travail telle que la prévoit la loi de 1898 offre, notamment, la possibilité pour la victime, de choisir son médecin et d’en imputer le coût à l’employeur. Ce droit, novateur, ouvre de nouvelles perspectives médicales qui sont très tôt perçues comme autant d’abus par une partie des acteurs: employeurs, magistrats, assureurs, mais également médecins. Malgré le renforcement de l’encadrement légal, une partie des tribunaux interprète de façon très stricte, voire exagérée cette partie du pacte social nouvellement scellé par la loi de 1898. The 1898 Workplace accident act stated that the victim of a workplace accident had the right to choose his own medical doctor and that the employer had to cover the medical costs. This novelty created new medical opportunities that by some employers, magistrates, insurers and medical doctors were perceived as abuse. This explains why some courts interpreted these new provisions very strictly, to the disadvantage of the workplace accident victims. Hors-Série Collection Histoire;40

International audience; L’entrée en vigueur en avril 2019 du Traité de libre-échange avec l’Union européenne montre que le Japon, troisième puissance économique mondiale derrière les États-Unis et la Chine, entend développer ses relations commerciales avec l’Europe tout en restant le deuxième partenaire en Asie après la Chine. Cette ouverture renforcée vers l’extérieur s’accompagne également d’une volonté accrue d’attirer les importations et les investissements étrangers au Japon.L’évolution du droit japonais des affaires manifeste cette dynamique et reflète la volonté des dirigeants de continuer à réformer le système juridique du pays.Cet ouvrage s’adresse aux juristes, étudiants et chercheurs intéressés par le droit comparé, et entend répondre aux questions variées que soulève le développement des affaires au pays du Soleil-Levant.

International audience; The Oxford Handbook of European Legal History charts the landscape of contemporary research and the shift from national legal histories to comparative methods, which have profoundly affected the way we understand legal transformation at the local, national, regional, European, and global level. The Handbook shows legal change in terms of continuous flow and exchange of influences, which take place within complicated combinations of cultural, political, and social networks. The present Handbook captures this revised conception of European legal history; it not only merely reflects the state of the discipline, but also aims to shape it. As the chapters of this Handbook show, ancient Roman law owed much to the Near Eastern legal orders. Later on, from the fifteenth century onwards, the major European legal orders gradually spread to all continents. Indeed, most of the globalization of law has taken place by way of European legal systems turning global.

International audience; The concepts ‘rebel’ and ‘pirate’ abound in eighteenth-century political discourse. These categories can be used to place individuals outside of the political arena and the protection of the law of nations. The present contribution focuses on the epithet ‘rebel’ or ‘pirate’ in the complex negotiations on the amendment and confirmation of the European peace order established at the end of the War of the Spanish Succession (1701/1702-1713/1715). Delving into British and French diplomatic correspondence, successive examples of ‘rebels’ or ‘pirates’ come to the fore, from Brittany over Scotland, Catalunya, the Jacobites and Neapolitan privateers, to arrested Spanish and Swedish diplomats. Alliances and status of enmity between sovereigns were not necessarily conclusive, hence the importance of an ambiguous continuum of potential positions.

We suggest studying some current Digital Humanities uses in thereconstruction of actors' networks from a colonial medical periodical, tounderline the contributions, the models, the limits and the risks connected withthese uses and more globally, with semantic Web.; Nous proposons d'étudier certains usages actuels des Humanités Numériques(HN) dans la reconstruction de réseaux d’acteurs à partir d’une revue médicalecoloniale, afin de souligner les apports, les modèles, les limites et les risquesliés à ces usages et plus globalement, au web sémantique.

International audience

International audience

International audience; In what ways does corporate governance is different between the joint-stock and the regulated corporation companies during the XVIIth century ? In order to answer this question, a comparison between the corporate governance of the two different systems is necessary. Three companies are going to be used to show the divergences between the joint-stock and the regulated corporations companies. The English and the Dutch East Indian Companies are representing the joint stock model and the English Levant Company will be regarded as the paragon of the regulated corporation system. The joint stocks can be defined as a system that divides capital of a company into shares held by each member of the company. The company trades for the account of its shareholders, and transfers the profits to them in proportion of their investment. And on the other hand, the regulated corporation system, leaves each merchant doing business for his own account from the moment he respects the regulations issued by the company. Even if their functioning is different, there are still similarities between the two models. The presence of an assembly who takes the decision for the members is the main one, although its composition depends on the company. The establishment of trade posts in order to commerce, and the implementation of a hierarchy and bylaws. In order to carry out this comparison, the sources used will be of various kinds, in the case of the joint stocks, it is mainly historiography and in particular, the last book published by Ron Harris, Going the Distance, Eurasian Trade and the Rise of the Business Corporation 1400-1700. For the Levant Company, the sources are mainly coming from the public record SP105 of the British national archives present at Kew. Most of the documents are the minute books, the correspondence of the company and the decisions of the ambassador in Constantinople. This combination of different sources makes it possible to compare the two models of governance of the three companies and to show how they are different from each other.

National audience; Hazards and maritime transport are intimately linked, which is why the first insurance contract, the big adventure loan, was born in the context of the naval transport of goods. Among the list of perils that threaten traders traveling by sea, piracy is a historical constant. From the capture of Julius Caesar in 75 BC to the Maersk Alabama hostage taking in 2009. Faced with this threat, States, commercial companies and merchants are adapting in order to maintain trading activities. In the 17th century, England, still not very present in the Mediterranean, particularly in the eastern Mediterranean, was forced to delegate the management of this risk to one of its chartered companies, the Levant Company. It is up to this mercantile structure to face the many corsairs and Barbary pirates, Turkish, Spanish, French… Who then infest the waters of the Mediterranean sea.What are the means implemented by the Levant Company to allow the management of the hazard of piracy?The study of the Levant Company is only possible thanks to the archive fund SP105 of the british national archives present in Kew, in west London. The sources allowing the presentation are therefore in their majority directly taken from the minute books and the correspondence of the British trading company. This information makes it possible to see how this hazard management is organized by following the point of view of the main actor. The first contribution of this documentation is to establish the complete autonomy of the Levant in the management of this risk. In the golden age of piracy, the commercial structure is therefore alone, and forced to put in place measures a priori, to avoid pirate attacks, but also a posteriori to limit the consequences of said attacks. A priori measures are of two types. Diplomatic, through the English ambassador within the Ottoman Empire, but also through the consuls appointed by the company. These actors must remind the Ottoman sultans that the capitulations between the two states must be respected. The measures are also of a military nature, with the establishment of armed convoys sailing between the Levant and the Kingdom of England to ensure the continuity of trade in complete safety. A posteriori measures are also of two types. Legal, with the establishment of insurance to reimburse the merchants who sail within the convoys. The Levant Company thus implementing real risk management. And in the humanitarian field, with the recovery of captives, whether or not they are members of the company, the only condition being that they are subjects of the monarch of England. The Levant must redeem or negotiate the lives of prisoners to rescue them from the clutches of their captors.; Aléa et transport maritime sont intimement liés, raison pour laquelle le premier contrat d’assurance, le prêt à la grosse aventure est né dans le cadre de l’acheminement naval des marchandises. Parmi la liste des périls qui menacent les commerçants circulant par voie de mer, la piraterie est une constante historique. De la capture de Jules César en 75 avant Jésus-Christ à la prise d’otage du Maersk Alabama en 2009. Face à cette menace, les Etats, les compagnies commerciales et les marchands s'adaptent afin de maintenir des activités de négoce. Au XVIIème siècle, l’Angleterre encore peu présente en Méditerranée, notamment en Méditerranée orientale, est contrainte de déléguer la gestion de ce risque à une de ses compagnies à charte, la Levant Company. C’est à cette structure mercantile de faire face aux nombreux corsaires et pirates barbaresques, turcs, espagnols, français … Qui infestent alors les eaux de la Grande Verte.Quels sont les moyens mis en œuvre par la Levant Company pour permettre la gestion de l’aléa de piraterie ? L’étude de la Levant Company est uniquement possible grâce au fond d’archives SP105 des british national archives présentes à Kew, dans l’ouest londonien. Les sources permettant la présentation sont donc dans leur majorité directement issues des minute books et de la correspondance de la compagnie commerciale britannique. Ces informations permettent de voir comment s'organise cette gestion de l’aléa en suivant le point de vue du principal acteur. Le premier apport de cette documentation est d’établir l’autonomie complète de la Levant dans la gestion de ce risque. En plein âge d’or de la piraterie , la structure commerciale est donc seule, et contrainte de mettre en place des mesures a priori, pour éviter des attaques de pirates, mais également a posteriori pour limiter les conséquences desdites agressions. Les mesures a priori sont de deux natures. Diplomatiques, par le biais l’ambassadeur anglais au sein de l’empire ottoman, mais aussi par les consuls nommés par la compagnie. Ces acteurs se doivent de rappeler aux sultans ottomans que les capitulations entre les deux Etats doivent être respectées. Les mesures sont aussi de nature militaire, avec la mise en place de convois armés voguant entre le Levant et le Royaume d’Angleterre pour assurer la continuité des échanges en toute sécurité. Les mesures a posteriori sont également de deux natures. Juridique, avec la mise en place d’assurances pour rembourser les marchands qui voguent au sein des convois. La Levant Company mettant ainsi en place une vraie gestion du risque. Et dans le domaine humanitaire, avec la récupération des captifs, qu’ils soient ou non membres de la compagnie, la seule condition étant qu’ils soient sujets du monarque d’Angleterre. La Levant se doit de racheter ou négocier la vie des prisonniers pour les tirer des griffes de leurs ravisseurs.

National audience

International audience

International audience; In April 1663, Louis XIV decided to create a Sovereign Court of justice in New France, established in Québec. The royal edict of creation did not only organize the composition and functioning of the court, rationalizing and centralizing in particular the applied procedure and law. The edict also gives insight into the reasons and grounds for the creation of a high court of justice in the faraway and sparsely populated North American territories. The reasons were first political – to assert the king’s sovereignty over his overseas colonies – but they also appear to have been economical and commercial. The administration of justice was indeed the cornerstone of Colbert’s mercantilist policy.; Par un édit d’avril 1663, Louis XIV décida la création d’un conseil souverain pour la Nouvelle-France établi à Québec. L’édit royal de création n’organise pas seulement la composition et le fonctionnement de la cour, en imposant en particulier une rationalisation et une centralisation de la procédure et du droit applicable. L’édit traduit également les raisons et motifs de la création d’une cour souveraine de justice dans les territoires nord-américains éloignés et peu peuplés. Ces raisons sont d’abord politiques – affirmer la souveraineté du roi dans ses colonies d’outre-mer – mais la création d’une cour souveraine est également motivée par des raisons économiques et commerciales. La justice apparaît en effet comme la pierre angulaire de la politique mercantiliste de Colbert.

International audience; La volonté. Voilà une notion qui est la croce e delizia de tout juriste. Elle n'a pas manqué de nourrir la réflexion depuis plusieurs siècles d'histoire juridique et suscite toujours des questionnements contemporains.La dimension diachronique, l'approche comparative et la réflexion collective sont au cœur des rencontres « France-Italie » depuis 2018. Par leur format original et l'ambition d'identifier et d'analyser la circulation des idées juridiques entre les deux pays et leurs juristes, les journées toulousaines de 2021 proposent d'interroger à nouveaux frais un thème déjà fécond. Les contributions réunies dans le présent volume ont permis de croiser les réflexions d'historiens du droit français et italiens pour saisir une notion qui n'est pas univoque ni un principe universel. Ils se sont également interrogés sur les moyens et les éléments qui ont façonné cette variabilité notionnelle en relation avec leur contexte d'élaboration et d'utilisation. Volonté individuelle et volonté collective, volonté juridique et volonté réelle sont quelques-unes des multiples facettes de la notion. Elles ont retenu l'attention d'une vingtaines de juristes historiens pour lesquels « l'une des tâches fondamentales de l'histoire du droit consiste à rappeler aux juristes que les principes et concepts généraux n'ont pas une signification absolue ou intemporelle » (Alain Wijffels).

n° 2, avril-juin 2022

International audience

International audience; La construction et les soubassements de l'opposition qu'a rencontrée le décret Crémieux en Algérie ont fait l'objet d'études. Toutefois, une analyse globale de la question reste à mener. Nous avons tenté d'en jeter quelques bases et de contribuer ainsi à l'histoire de l'antisémitisme algérien et français. De surcroît, le texte du 24 octobre 1870 et les réactions qu'il a suscitées conduisent à s'interroger sur la définition de la citoyenneté : comment la citoyenneté se construit-elle ? Pourquoi focalise-t-elle les contestations ? Qu'en est-il de la citoyenneté subjective émanant des intéressés eux-mêmes ?

International audience

Resume : Au XVIe siecle, le recours en revision au Grand Conseil de Malines etait en principe reserve aux cas ou une partie alleguait une erreur de fait dans le jugement du Grand Conseil. Les archives de la pratique revelent toutefois que dans les procedures en revision, les conseils justifiaient souvent le recours a partir d'arguments juridiques. Une analyse plus detaillee de ces argumentations semble demontrer que les arguments juridiques se referaient dans ces procedures en revision avant tout aux sources du droit que les doctrines des droits savants qualifiaient de iura propria, c'est-a-dire principalement la coutume et la legislation. Dans un contexte procedural, il apparait que les sources des droits particuliers se situaient entre le champ des faits au sens strict et les sources du ius commune. Mots-cles : Grand Conseil de Malines – revision – erreur de fait – droits particuliers – ius commune Summary : The sixteenth-century procedural remedy of review (revisio, revision, revisie) against judgments of the Great Council of Mechlin was deemed to be open only when a party challenged the judges' findings on facts, claiming that the decision was based on an erroneous assessment of the facts of the case. Nevertheless, the records show that in review proceedings, it was not unusual for counsel to justify the review with arguments based on legal principles. A closer analysis of those cases suggests that such legal arguments referred mainly to authorities which civil law doctrines regarded as iura propria, i. e. customary law and statute law. In procedural terms, therefore, particular law authorities occupied a middle ground between facts in a strict sense and ius commune authorities. Keywords : Great Council of Mechlin – review (revision) proceedings – error in the findings on facts – iura propria – ius commune

Nul ne conteste aujourd’hui que si les societes europeennes ont si rapidement et quasi unanimement plonge dans la guerre en aout 1914, c’est qu’elles avaient ete preparees, de longue date, a accepter l’eventualite, sinon la probabilite d’un conflit. Les occasions ne manquaient pas, notamment en raison des tensions engendrees par les ambitions coloniales des differents Etats. Chaque grande puissance pouvait trouver le motif d’une guerre contre une autre. Force est de constater que meme si dans...

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The product of more than thirty years of research, this volume is primarily intended as an anthology of ius commune texts in English translation designed to support undergraduate teaching and to ‘introduce an audience of nonspecialists to outstanding voices of medieval Italian jurisprudence’ (p. 39). However, while pointing to one of the authors’ undoubted achievements, the latter affirmation appears to be something of an understatement. 90;1-2

International audience; The product of more than thirty years of research, this volume is primarily intended as an anthology of ius commune texts in English translation designed to support undergraduate teaching and to ‘introduce an audience of nonspecialists to outstanding voices of medieval Italian jurisprudence’ (p. 39). However, while pointing to one of the authors’ undoubted achievements, the latter affirmation appears to be something of an understatement.