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The central object of this paper is to give detailed analysis of educational disparity in Pakistan. This study is examined all over provinces of rural and urban of Pakistan including Islamabad for the period of 2014-15 and the data is used from PSLM. In particular, we calculate education inequality all over the population and beyond the employed population. This study is investigated individually male and female having age equal to 15 years and over and are not being enrolled in any educational institutions. The study finds that there is lack of education over the populace. Whereas, strength of education disparity is extremely low athwart in employed people. When we compare rural-urban areas of Pakistan. The study find that urban areas are less disparity in education as compare to rustic areas. The study also investigates that education inequality are extra serious amid female than male. The province wise contrast shows that education inequality is high in Baluchistan and Sindh while there is less education disparity is Islamabad.

portuguesNeste artigo o quark foi colocado como objeto central de uma investigacao historica e epistemologica embasada nos fundamentos da epistemologia de Gaston Bachelard sobre a construcao do conhecimento da Fisica no seculo XX. O trabalho do filosofo frances foi utilizado para refletir sobre a construcao deste objeto de estudo que vem sendo amplamente discutido no ensino da Fisica de Particulas. Os resultados da investigacao historica sobre sua formulacao foram organizados em um diagrama de interacao historico-epistemologico, construido em analogia aos diagramas de Feynman. O intuito foi evidenciar a interacao de eventos historicos, mediados por movimentos epistemologicos, elucidando como as rupturas e os modos de pensamento teorico e experimental se materializam na evolucao e desenvolvimento da Fisica de Particulas. Com este trabalho, buscou-se colaborar para as recentes discussoes sobre o papel desempenhado por debates historicos e epistemologicos no ensino da Fisica Moderna e Contemporânea, em especial no ensino da Fisica de Particulas. EnglishIn this work, the quark was placed as a central object of an historical and epistemological investigation based on the foundations of Gaston Bachelard's epistemology on the construction of knowledge of Physics in the 20th century. The work of the french philosopher was used to reflect on the historical construction of this object of study that has been widely discussed in the particle physics teaching. The results of the historical study were presented through a historical-epistemological interaction diagram, constructed in analogy to the famous Feynman diagrams. The aim was to show the interaction of historical events, mediated by epistemological movements, elucidating how the ruptures and the modes of theoretical and experimental thinking materializes in the evolution and development of Particle Physics. With this work, we intend to collaborate for the recent discussions about the role played by historical and epistemological debates in the Modern and Contemporary Physics teaching, especially for the Particle Physics teaching.

This essay argues that we can enrich our understandings of form and formalisms if we return to early modernity’s rich variety of physics. The central object of study is the relationship bet...

In this work, we analyse soft X-ray emission due to mass accretion on to compact stars and its effects on the time-scale to reach chemical equilibrium of eventual surrounding astrophysical ices exposed to that radiation. Reaction time-scales due to soft X-ray in water-rich and pure ices of methanol, acetone, acetonitrile, formic acid, and acetic acid were determined. For accretion rates in the range $\dot{m}=10^{-12}\!-\!10^{-8}\,{\rm M}_\odot$ yr−1 and distances in the range 1–3 LY from the central compact objects, the time-scales lie in the range 10–108 yr, with shorter time-scales corresponding to higher accretion rates. Obtained time-scales for ices at snow-line distances can be small when compared to the lifetime (or age) of the compact stars, showing that chemical equilibrium could have been achieved. Time-scales for ices to reach chemical equilibrium depend on X-ray flux and, hence, on accretion rate, which indicates that systems with low accretion rates may not have reached chemical equilibrium.

espanolGregorio dos Anjos firmo los documentos del obispado de Maranhao como “el primer obispo de este Estado”. El enfasis que puso en su papel pionero en el gobierno diocesano de la gran region no fue accidental. El territorio bajo su jurisdiccion era el Amazonas portugues y su presencia coincidio con un momento importante en la vida de este: la ley de libertad para los indios en 1680. Asi, el obispo llego a tener un papel central en la division del trabajo indigena. El objeto central de este articulo es la introduccion de la jurisdiccion episcopal en este espacio de conquista. Analizaremos el gobierno diocesano, la dinamica emprendida, asi como las relaciones del obispo con los jesuitas y los oficiales del rey.Palabra clave: episcopado, Amazonas, jurisdiccion ordinaria, indigenas. EnglishGregorio dos Anjos signed the documents of the bishopric of Maranhao as “the first bishop of this State”. The emphasis he placed on his pioneering role in the diocesan government of the greater region was not accidental. The territory under his jurisdiction was the Portuguese Amazon and his presence coincided with an important moment: the proclamation of the law of freedom for the Indians in 1680. Thus, the bishop came to have a central role in the division of indigenous la-bor. The central object of this article is the introduction of episcopal jurisdiction in this site of conquest. We will analyze the diocesan government, the dynamics undertaken, as well as the bishop’s relations with the Jesuits and the king’s officials. Keywords: episcopate, Amazon, episcopal jurisdiction, indians. portuguesD. Gregorio dos Anjos assinou todos os despachos que efetuou no bispado do Maranhao mencionando sempre ser “o primeiro Bispo deste Estado”. A enfase que dava ao seu pioneirismo no governo diocesano daquela grande regiao nao era casual, pois o territorio sob sua jurisdicao englobava a Amazonia portuguesa e sua presenca coincidiu com um momento crucial na vida do territorio, quando ali se promulgou a lei de liberdade dos “gentios” em 1680. Assim, o bispo passou a ter um papel central na reparticao da mao de obra indigena. A introducao da jurisdicao episcopal nesse espaco de conquista e o objeto central de investigacao deste artigo. Analisar-se-a o governo diocesano, as dinâmicas empreen-didas, bem como as relacoes do antistite com os jesuitas e os oficiais do rei.

The spatial nature of innovation activity in the modern USA is determined by the urban orientation of the territorial forms of this activity and depends on the complex impact of both regional factors and effects arising in transregional systems, which are defined by the author as innovative systems of agglomerations in United States and are the central object of this study. Comprehensive comparative analysis of territorial differences in terms of indicators and integrated index of regional development of the United States innovation systems and innovation systems of agglomerations within the country’s metropolitan statistical areas in 2001—2020 revealed the spatial heterogeneity of centre-peripheral innovation. The impact of the factors that caused the innovative development of the territories of the United States, based on the universal influence of three effects of urban-oriented placement of elements and processes of innovation activity, the most important of which are, respectively, innovative companies and the associated flow of knowledge and technologies, is empirically confirmed.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo demonstrar as causas e consequências da servidão inconsciente e involuntária dos profissionais em sua carreira. Uma problemática cada vez mais presente no cotidiano dos profissionais que abdicam de uma vida plena em troca de metas e resultados satisfatórios. O objeto central deste estudo consiste em compreender o fato gerador deste fenômeno para chamar a atenção a admitir, àqueles profissionais que ainda não admitiram que se encontram completamente consumidos pelo sistema. O tema se justifica pela necessidade cada vez mais emergente pela busca por soluções, a fim de permitir aos trabalhadores desconectar-se das suas atividades laborais em seus momentos de descanso. Para isso, buscou-se no referencial teórico autores que desenvolveram teses sobre a conexão constante e involuntária em sua livre e auto coerção. Quanto a metodologia, aplicou-se uma pesquisa quantitativa baseada nos pontos de maior influência na vida do profissional atual, em relação a sua conexão constante e involuntária.

La República Popular de China ha elaborado y puesto en marcha, a través de sus Planes Quinquenales, varios programas de desarrollo económico, entre ellos, los que dirigieron su transición hacia una economía de mercado. Sin embargo, ninguno había llevado implícito objetivos expansionistas y geoestratégicos tan claros, como los que encierra la Nueva Ruta de la Seda, cuyas ramificaciones conectarán los continentes asiático, europeo y africano. Su importancia en el actual escenario mundial, la convierte en el objeto central del análisis que permea este texto.

In order to study integers with few prime factors, the average of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}_{k}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}\ast \log ^{k}$ has been a central object of research. One of the more important cases, $k=2$ , was considered by Selberg [‘An elementary proof of the prime-number theorem’, Ann. of Math. (2)50 (1949), 305–313]. For $k\geq 2$ , it was studied by Bombieri [‘The asymptotic sieve’, Rend. Accad. Naz. XL (5)1(2) (1975/76), 243–269; (1977)] and later by Friedlander and Iwaniec [‘On Bombieri’s asymptotic sieve’, Ann. Sc. Norm. Super. Pisa Cl. Sci. (4)5(4) (1978), 719–756], as an application of the asymptotic sieve. Let $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}_{j,k}:=\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}_{j}\ast \log ^{k}$ , where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}_{j}$ denotes the Liouville function for $(j+1)$ -free integers, and $0$ otherwise. In this paper we evaluate the average value of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}_{j,k}$ in a residue class $n\equiv a\text{ mod }q$ , $(a,q)=1$ , uniformly on $q$ . When $j\geq 2$ , we find that the average value in a residue class differs by a constant factor from the expected value. Moreover, an explicit formula of Weil type for $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}_{k}(n)$ involving the zeros of the Riemann zeta function is derived for an arbitrary compactly supported ${\mathcal{C}}^{2}$ function.

The Galactic emission-line object MWC 349A is one of the brightest radio stars in the sky. The central object is embedded in an almost edge-on oriented Keplerian rotating thick disc that seems to drive a rotating bipolar wind. The dense disc is also the site of hot molecular emission such as the CO bands with its prominent band heads in the near-infrared spectral range. Despite numerous studies, the nature of MWC 349A is still controversial with classifications ranging from a pre-main sequence object to an evolved supergiant. We collected new high-resolution near-infrared spectra in the K- and L-bands using the GNIRS spectrograph at Gemini-North to study the molecular disc of MWC 349A, and in particular to search for other molecular species such as SiO and the isotope 13CO. The amount of 13CO, obtained from the 12CO/13CO ratio, is recognized as an excellent tool to discriminate between pre-main sequence and evolved massive stars. We find no signatures of SiO band emission, but detect CO band emission with considerably lower intensity and CO gas temperature compared to previous observations. Moreover, from detailed modelling of the emission spectrum, we derive an isotope ratio of 12CO/13CO = 4 +- 1. Based on this significant enrichment of the circumstellar environment in 13CO we conclude that MWC 349A belongs to the group of B[e] supergiants, and we discuss possible reasons for the drop in CO intensity., 8 pages 5 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

Using the methods of literary analysis, the author tries to trace the evolution of the hero of the novel by G. Belger in the aspect of the transcultural approach. The central object of the study was the “House” archetype. The author comes to the conclusion that the elements of different levels associated with this archetype - from ontological categories (“here-being”, “there-being”) to symbols allow explicating Belger’s idea of Allness, which serves as an alternative to Homelessness and Findability.

En los años sesenta, los arquitectos fueron sumando competencias dentro del planeamiento urbano, adoptando muchas de las perspectivas de análisis de las disciplinas que se disputaban el mercado de la formulación de planes y los estudios diagnósticos de la ciudad, mediante las cuales se transformaron en investigadores profesionales en temas urbanos, objeto central de este artículo. En Argentina, la creación del Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) y las políticas universitarias de promoción de la investigación, con becas y subsidios aseguraron las condiciones de posibilidad. Para dar cuenta de la problemática, metodológicamente, se recurrió a restituir tres trayectorias académicas, las de Patricio Randle (1927-2016), Cesar Vapñarsky (1929-2003) y Horacio Torres (1932-2000) que se formaron en el extranjero, donde se especializaron en geografía histórica, demografía y modelos matemáticos respectivamente. De este modo, legitimaron su rol como expertos dentro de las redes de estudios urbanos, en un momento de confianza en la planificación. Más tarde, sin embargo, esta entró en crisis con la sociología urbana, la teoría de la dependencia y la militancia radicalizada.

While housing has been a central object of financialisation, questions regarding how multi-scalar states shape the financialisation of housing remain under-researched. I address this knowledge gap through a case study of the financialisation of affordable housing in Toronto. By analysing pertinent policy documents, I examine the roles and relationship of the federal, provincial and local states in the financialisation of affordable housing. Two findings are highlighted. (1) Although policies from all levels of government show traits of financialisation – in terms of both the connection between social policy and financial markets, and financialised ideologies prevailing in policy discourses, the extent and pattern of the manifestation of financialisation are distinct. This research thus calls for a nuanced understanding of the state’s role in the financialisation of housing from a multi-scalar perspective. (2) Affordable housing policies usually do not give an explicit definition of ‘affordable’. By scrutinising the policy specifications, I found that the target group is mainly moderate-income, rather than low-income, households. It will be increasingly difficult for low-income households to meet their housing needs.

Monitoring fruit growth is useful when estimating final yields in advance and predicting optimum harvest times. However, observing fruit all day at the farm via RGB images is not an easy task because the light conditions are constantly changing. In this paper, we present CROP (Central Roundish Object Painter). The method involves image segmentation by deep learning, and the architecture of the neural network is a deeper version of U-Net. CROP identifies different types of central roundish fruit in an RGB image in varied light conditions, and creates a corresponding mask. Counting the mask pixels gives the relative two-dimensional size of the fruit, and in this way, time-series images may provide a non-contact means of automatically monitoring fruit growth. Although our measurement unit is different from the traditional one (length), we believe that shape identification potentially provides more information. Interestingly, CROP can have a more general use, working even for some other roundish objects. For this reason, we hope that CROP and our methodology yield big data to promote scientific advancements in horticultural science and other fields.

The association between eating disorders (EDs) and trauma represents a central object of study for clinical practice. Literature has dealt with the relationship between trauma and EDs for many years, and the term “post-traumatic eating disorder” has been introduced. This chapter illustrates the possible interactions between trauma and EDs, describing how these disorders generate a clinical and symptomatologic complexity. “Hidden” interactions need to be explored in order to reflect and discuss how to treat the presence of this comorbidity. The main factors involved in the theoretical clinical structuring of this association and the way in which these contents represent a contribution for future research will be presented. Understanding the functioning of these mechanisms can allow the clinicians to improve the treatment planning, in order to structure appropriate clinical management for patients suffering from these pathologies.

Subjective experience has often taken center stage in debates between competing conceptual theories of the mind. This is also a central object of concern in the empirical domain, and especially in the search for the neural correlates of consciousness (NCCs). By now, most of the competing conceptual theories of consciousness have become aligned with distinct hypotheses about the NCCs. These hypotheses are usually distinguished by reference to their proposed location of the NCCs. This difference in hypothesized location of the NCCs has tempted participants in these debates to infer that evidence indicating the location of the NCCs in one or the other brain region can be taken as direct evidence for or against a given conceptual theory of consciousness. We argue that this is an overestimation of the work finding the NCCs can do for us, and that there are principled reasons to resist this kind of inference. To show this we point out the lack of both an isomorphism and a homomorphism between the conceptual frameworks in which most theories are cached, and the kind of data we can get from neuroimaging. The upshot is that neural activation profiles are insufficient to distinguish between competing theories in the conceptual domain. We suggest two ways to go about ameliorating this issue.

International audience; The present context of health crisis and unprecedented lockdown is an opportunity for thinking, position-taking, indignation and controversy. As a social activity, work redefines itself every day, according to circumstances. Work is a central object of ergonomics and ergonomists can learn from crisis: behind the health crisis, we highlight the work crisis. Ergonomics must take part in the social debates that accompany this crisis, and make its contribution to better reconciling the human challenges of work and organizational issues in the future. To do this, we need criteria: the crisis highlights the need to experience the recognized contribution, individually and collectively, of one’s own work to meaningful social issues, and therefore to renovate our approach to occupational health.

Enquadramento: o cuidado de enfermagem é um conceito singular e multidimensional, sendo condição fulcral para a compreensão do ser humano, objeto central de estudo para os estudantes de enfermagem. Objetivo: este estudo tem como objetivo compreender qual o significado do cuidado de enfermagem para o enfermeiro docente. Metodologia: é um estudo de natureza qualitativa seguindo os princípios da fenomenologia utilizando entrevistas semiestruturadas. Questionamos 10 enfermeiros a desempenharem funções de ensino. Resultados: os resultados conferem aos cuidados de enfermagem significados oferecidos pelos docentes enfermeiros de competências que circulam em volta dos diferentes saberes: saber, saber ser e saber fazer, de entre os quais adquirem maior significado o saber e o saber fazer em sequência lógica vistos como indissociáveis. Conclusão: a formação circula em torno de um conjunto de saberes para construção do perfil dos futuros enfermeiros, mobilizando, integrando e transferindo todos eles, com a finalidade de promover cuidados humanizados e de bem-estar em que a autonomia é o fim último a atingir.

La llegada de la alianza electoral Cambiemos al gobierno de la Argentina destacó por varias causas. Una de ellas constituye el objeto central de la presente compilación: la ocupación de las primeras y segundas líneas de ese gobierno ministros, secretarios, subsecretarios- de empresarios y ejecutivos de lo más granado del capitalismo financiero, agroexportador y de las empresas nacionales y extranjeras de energía.

The central object of the present research is the constituent order of head and modifier in auxiliary constructions, namely infinitive + finite auxiliary vs. finite auxiliary + infinitive and participle + finite auxiliary vs. finite auxiliary + participle. The texts under investigation are the llati medieval of Catalan diplomas of the 10th to 13th century, the Usatici Barchinonae of the 12th century and the Usatges de Barcelona of the 13th and 15th century. The issue is whether and to what extent the syntax of the documents edited in the llatí medieval and the Usatici Barchinonae shows features of the developing Catalan syntax, in which the order head + modifier, i.e. finite auxiliary + infinitive and finite auxiliary + participle, becomes the preferred argument structure.

Introduction: Children immunization, as a form of specific prevention, is conducted according to the mandatory vaccination calendar, in the Republic of Srpska. Vaccination status data are written in the health charts, immunization charts, and other health records. Objective: Inquire after the attitudes and knowledge of the parents of children up to eighteen years of age, on the matter of vaccination and search for the factors influencing their attitudes. Methods: Cross - sectional study included 300 parents. The research was performed in County outpatients` clinic, Bjeljina (central object and six larger remote clinics), by the family medicine teams of Educational center, during March 2015. Survey was anonymous and the questionnaire was specifically made for this purpose. Results: Out of the total number of the participants, 218 were females and 82 males; the majority of the parents lived in the country, 173, and 127 lived in the city. Participants` residence played an important role and it showed a statistically significant difference concerning these issues: whether the vaccination was necessary if the disease was eradicated (p=0.003), should the children with chronic diseases get vaccinated (p= 0.050), should parents buy the vaccine if it`s recommended by a doctor even if it`s not covered by health insurance (p= 0.002). The majority of the participants (96.3%) believe that children being vaccinated regularly is useful, 1.7% were not quite sure and 2% disagreed with the statement. Participants` residence was not of the significance when it came to their opinion on the vaccine`s benefit. Conclusion: The majority of the participants have got a positive attitude towards vaccination. Physicians should use scientifically proven arguments to reassure parents who have doubts or refuse to have their children vaccinated.

In this paper, we study inhomogeneous Diophantine approximation with rational numbers of reduced form. The central object to study is the set $W(f,\theta)$ as follows, \begin{eqnarray*} \left\{x\in [0,1]:\left |x-\frac{m+\theta(n)}{n}\right

A reflection on the role of images in the post-truth era and on the concept of image itself, which constitutes a central object of study in the field of communication sciences, is presented. The conceptual complexity –semiotic and symbolic– of the image is shown, which explains the diversity of approaches in studies on images. Then, several proposals are exposed for the study of images in the current context of disinformation. Finally, a brief reflection is developed on the need to analyse audiovisual texts in the society of spectacle and post-truth. Resumen Reflexión sobre el papel de las imágenes en la era de la posverdad y acerca del propio concepto de imagen, que constituye un objeto de estudio central en el campo de las ciencias de la comunicación. Se muestra la complejidad conceptual –semiótica y simbólica– de la imagen, que explica la diversidad de aproximaciones en los estudios sobre las imágenes. A continuación, se presentan propuestas para el estudio de las imágenes en el actual contexto de la desinformación. Finalmente, se desarrolla una breve reflexión sobre la necesidad del análisis de los textos audiovisuales en la sociedad del espectáculo y de la posverdad.

In the first half of the twentieth century, there was an acute confrontation between traditional musicians and academics. This discussion revolved around issues related to the concept of nationalist work and, as one might think, they did not find a point of closure. This phenomenon, like the partisan struggle of liberals and conservatives, had a national impact, reaching, even, the remote regions such as Narino. In Pasto, Luis E. Nieto, an empirical composer, sought to add his effort to this confrontation and composed the pasillo Cantar de selva, which is the central object of this analysis. In the second half of the last century, a group of academic composers, better equipped theoretically than their predecessor, assumed the task of producing repertoires based on the country's musical tradition, where the Andean region is no longer the only source of inspiration, but also the coasts the same as some South American rhythms. The information is analyzed in light of the approaches of New History, microhistory and gadamerian hermeneutics.

espanolLa presente investigacion tendra como objeto central de estudio la afiliacion al seguro social ecuatoriano. No obstante, antes de aterrizar en el tema, se reflexionara sobre puntos indispensables. En el primer acapite, se analizara acerca del trabajo (su nocion juridica, doctrinaria y la vision amplia que la otorga la Constitucion de la Republica del Ecuador), el Derecho Laboral, los principios que lo guian. Ahora bien, posteriormente se desarrollara el trabajo decente y, la precariedad laboral; llegando a tratar aspectos generales de la seguridad social y, su diferencia con el seguro social; posterior a ello, se observara el nacimiento del Seguro General Obligatorio en Ecuador: los seguros de Bismark y Beveridge, aquello para luego abordar los riesgos cubiertos por los Seguro General Obligatorio, las generalidades de la afiliacion y, por ultimo la obligacion de contribuir al sistema de seguridad social, donde se comparara brevemente el regimen ecuatoriano con el sistema espanol. EnglishThis research will have as its central object the affiliation to Ecuadorian social security. However, before landing on the subject, we will reflect on essential points. In the first step, it will be analyzed about the work (its legal, doctrinal notion and the broad vision granted by the Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador), labour law, the principles that guide it. However, decent work and job precariousness will subsequently develop; dealing with general aspects of social security and, its difference with social security; subsequently, the birth of compulsory General Insurance in Ecuador shall be observed: Bismark and Beveridge’s insurance, which then addresses the risks covered by compulsory General Insurance, the generalities of membership and, finally, the obligation to contribute to the social security system, where the Ecuadorian regime will be briefly compared with the Spanish system.

[EN] The use of jet, and jet-like, as an element of personal adornment and amulet dates back to the earliest prehistoric societies. This raw material is relatively scarce in nature, but from very early stages, it is a coveted and sought after object, both from ornamental and symbolic point of view, inside and outside the Iberian Peninsula. In this paper we will take a brief tour of this heritage, both tangible and intangible, on the way to extinction, with important historical and cultural connections in various parts of the world, taking as a central object the case of the Iberian Peninsula. Archaeologically, it has been possible to document the presence of this raw material in various geographical and chronological contexts, fundamentally forming part of rich burials offerings. We will briefly expose the parallels existing in various historical production centers around mining extractive work, jet carving and its use. Finally, we will focus on its current situation and the uncertain future of this largely, intangible, cultural heritage, which brings together stories, traditions and beliefs that transcend beyond of the producing centers., [ES] El uso del azabache, y otros materiales afines, como elemento de adorno personal y amuleto se remonta a las primeras sociedades prehistóricas. Esta materia prima es relativamente escasa en la naturaleza, pero desde etapas muy tempranas es un objeto codiciado y buscado, tanto desde el punto de ornamental como simbólico, dentro y fuera de la península ibérica. En este trabajo haremos un breve recorrido sobre este patrimonio, tanto material como inmaterial, en vías de extinción, con importantes conexiones históricas y culturales en diversas partes del mundo, tomando como objeto central el caso de la península ibérica. Arqueológicamente se ha podido documentar la presencia de esta materia prima en diversos contextos geográficos y cronológicos, fundamentalmente formando parte de ricos ajuares funerarios. Expondremos de forma sucinta los paralelismos históricos existentes en diversos centros productores en torno a las labores extractivas mineras, la talla, uso y significado. Por último afrontaremos la problemática en cuanto a su situación actual y el incierto futuro de este patrimonio cultural, en buena medida inmaterial, que aglutina historias, tradiciones y creencias que transcienden más allá de los propios centros productores.

The dominant mechanism leading to the formation of brown dwarfs (BDs) remains uncertain. The most direct keys to formation, which are obtained from younger objects (pre-BD cores and proto-BDs), are limited by the very low number statistics available. We aim to identify and characterize a set of pre- and proto-BDs as well as Class II BDs in the Lupus 1 and 3 molecular clouds to test their formation mechanism. We performed ALMA band 6 (1.3 mm) continuum observations of a selection of 64 cores previously identified from AzTEC/ASTE data (1.1 mm), along with previously known Class II BDs in the Lupus 1 and 3 molecular clouds. Surveyed archival data in the optical were used to complement these observations. We expect these ALMA observations prove efficient in detecting the youngest sources in these regions, since they probe the frequency domain at which these sources emit most of their radiation. We detected 19 sources from 15 ALMA fields. Considering all the pointings in our observing setup, the ALMA detection rate was $\sim$23% and the derived masses of the detected sources were between $\sim$0.18 and 124 $\mathrm{M_{Jup}}$. We classified these sources according to their spectral energy distribution as 5 Class II sources, 2 new Class I/0 candidats, and 12 new possible pre-BD or deeply embedded protostellar candidates. We detected a promising candidate for a Class 0/I proto-BD source and inferred the disk dust mass of a bona fide Class II BD. The pre-BD cores might be the byproduct of an ongoing process of large-scale collapse. The Class II BD disks follow the correlation between disk mass and the mass of the central object that is observed at the low-mass stellar regime. We conclude that it is highly probable that the sources in the sample are formed as a scaled-down version of low-mass star formation, although disk fragmentation may be responsible for a considerable fraction of BDs., 21 pages, 10 figures, 13 tables, 3 Appendixes. Accepted in A&A

Attribute values are the main elements in calculating degree of outlierness of spatial objects. The problem arises when the spatial outliers with extreme values are the nearest neighbors of a central object. In this study, several scenarios are simulated to verify the effect of spatial outliers’ extreme values to the degree of outlierness of its nearest neighbors, based on Average Difference Algorithm. The results confirmed the effect can lead to falsely detected spatial outliers. The algorithm detect the true spatial outliers correctly if their values are three sigma away from the mean attribute values of its nearest neighbors.

In the Comment written by Krasnikov on our recent paper, the author argues that a spherically symmetric perturbation coming from a massive object located on the other side of the wormhole would just add up to the total mass of the central object, and is therefore useless as an indicator of the wormhole presence. We point out that our Eq. (37) represents an acceleration variation in the motion of the star S2 due to an elliptic (and thus nonspherically symmetric) orbit of the star on the other side perturbing the metric. This time-dependent acceleration variation is in principle distinguishable from the original acceleration coming from the central object. We also point out that the author is trying to apply Birkhoff's theorem in a setup where it cannot be applied in a straightforward way.

• Why. The central object of convex analysis is a convex set. Whenever weighted averages play a role, such as in the analysis by Nash of the question ‘what is a fair bargain?’, one is led to consider convex sets.

Participate in the educational community has different meanings, depending on the perspective of parents, teachers, authorities, etc. Other variables add new conditions to participation: educational stage, location of the center and its tipology. Even so, the changes in society and institutions imply a closer relationship between families and school and a greater a better communication between both is fundamental. Communication channels must be two-way, open and efficient because its absence would set limits and barriers. Communication between families and schools is also determined by many interrelated variables: be in a position to participate must have access to relevant data, clear and without codes that prevent their compression. Mechanisms of participation imply communication but communication channels are a differentiated object of study. They have not been a central object in the analysis on the relationship between mothers and fathers and the schools, although their importance is recognized but taken for granted. Participar en la comunidad educativa tiene un significado diferente, según sea la perspectiva de los padres, los docentes, las autoridades, etc. Además, si atendemos a las variables de etapa educativa, ubicación del centro y tipología del mismo, se añaden nuevos condicionantes a los diversos significados. Aun así, los cambios y transformaciones de la sociedad y de las instituciones hacen necesaria una colaboración estrecha entre familias y escuela, por lo que resulta fundamental una mayor y mejor comunicación entre ambos. La comunicación entre familias y escuela también está determinada por numerosas variables interrelacionadas: para estar en condiciones de participar se requiere tener acceso a los datos relevantes, presentados de forma clara y sin códigos que disfracen o dificulten su comprensión. Los mecanismos de participación llevan implícita una comunicación y no se puede entender una sin la otra, pero es preciso incidir en la delimitación de los canales de comunicación como objeto de estudio diferenciado, no han sido un objeto central en el análisis de la relación entre madres y padres y la institución escolar.

This chapter introduces the central object of this book: we consider regularly varying time series, that is, sequences of d-dimensional random vectors indexed by \(\mathbb {Z}\), whose finite-dimensional distributions are all regularly varying.

Spanish abstract: El concepto de la justicia como memoria situa el sufrimiento y sinsentido de las vidas de las victimas en el objeto central de la justicia con el fin de reavivar su esperanza mediante la reevaluacion del pasado. Para ello, requiere de las instituciones y la sociedad en su conjunto: i) el reconocimiento de las victimas como parte de la sociedad y la admision publica del dano que se les ha causado; ii) la reparacion de este dano en la medida de lo posible y la conservacion de la memoria de aquello que es materialmente irreparable; y iii) la adopcion de las medidas necesarias para favorecer la reconciliacion entre victimas y victimarios mediante el perdon de los primeros y el reconocimiento del dano causado y el arrepentimiento de los segundos. Con base en lo anterior, el presente trabajo busca responder, desde una aproximacion teorico-practica, a la pregunta relativa al ambito de aplicacion del concepto de justicia como memoria como parte de los fines del Derecho Internacional Penal y la funcion de la Corte Penal Internacional. English abstract: The notion of justice as memory places the suffering and meaninglessness of victims’ lives as the central object of justice to rekindle their hope through the re-evaluation of the past. To achieve this, it requires from institutions and society at large: i) the recognition of victims as part of society and public acknowledgement of the harm that it has been caused to them; ii) the reparation of victim’s harm to the extent possible, and the preservation of the memory of what is materially irreparable; and iii) the adoption of the necessary measures to promote reconciliation between victims and perpetrators through the former’s forgiveness and the latter’s recognition of the harm and repentance. Based on the foregoing, this work seeks to answer, from a theoretical and practical perspective, the question regarding the scope of application of the notion of justice as memory as part of the goals of International Criminal Law and the role of the International Criminal Court.

O ex-presidente John F. Kennedy, além de personagem ícone da política dos Estados Unidos e mundial, foi protagonista de centenas de capas de revista. Nos últimos anos, em 2013 e 2017, dois volumes celebraram, respectivamente, os 50 anos da morte de JFK e o centenário de seu nascimento; ambos produzidos sob a chave memorialística do “legado”. A edição de 2017, de LIFE, e a de 2013, de TIME, transfiguram-se, cada qual, em uma “revista‐livro”. Os dois exemplares convocam a trama material da produção livreira para relatar, em capítulos, a trajetória pública e privada do ex-presidente. Tomando a edição de 2013, da revista TIME, como objeto central da análise, o texto problematiza as tensões entre livro e revista, como materialidades gráfico-visuais e comunicativas. Analisa, assim, de que maneira essa afetação mútua reflete-se em uma produção jornalística, reconfigurando a natureza do periódico e caracterizando o conteúdo de um dossiê histórico, além de dar a ver princípios e questões editoriais mais amplas. Former President John F. Kennedy, as well as an iconic character in US and world politics, has starred in hundreds of magazine covers. In recent years, in 2013 and 2017, two volumes celebrated, respectively, the 50th anniversary of JFK’s death and the centenary of his birth; both produced under the memorial legacy key. LIFE’s 2017 edition and TIME’s 2013 edition each transform into a “book magazine”. These two editions summon the material plot of book production to report, in chapters, the public and private trajectory of the former president. Taking the 2013 issue of TIME magazine as the central object of the analysis, the text problematizes the tensions between book and magazine as graphic-visual and communicative materialities. It analyzes how this mutual affectation is reflected in a journalistic production, reconfiguring the nature of a magazine and characterizing the content of a historical dossier, revealing editorial principles and temporalities.

There is accumulating evidence that numerical information influences the way in which we perform bodily movements. Specifically, the idea that our cognitive representations of numbers and space interact is supported by systematic associations of space with both number magnitude (SNARC effect) and number parity (MARC effect). However, whether this influence is bound to the left or right side of space or to the hand with which we perform the movement remains debated. One novel and interesting way to disentangle these factors is to use movement responses in which hand and movement direction can be dissociated. In the present study, participants moved a central object to the left or right side on a touchscreen with their index fingers as response to a parity judgment and magnitude classification task. We observed significant SNARC effects in both tasks. Number magnitude and response direction interacted, but magnitude and response hand did not. This indicated that the SNARC effect can be independent of the responding hand. Importantly, however, a MARC effect was observed not only in an interaction between response direction and parity, but also in an interaction between response hand and parity, suggesting that response hand plays a role in the interaction between physical space and parity. Additionally, number magnitude influenced the amplitude of participants’ response movements, with larger numbers eliciting longer movements. These results indicate that space, magnitude and parity interact on different levels that can be unraveled in a paradigm utilizing continuous movements such as swiping. published