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Uricase is potential therapeutic and diagnostic enzyme having wide applications in pharmaceutical sector, but production yield and cost of production are challenging. Hence, isolation of potent uricase-producing sources and optimizing its production are essential for industrial-scale uricase production. In this study, a novel extracellular uricase-producing bacterium was isolated using uric acid plate assay. The strain was identified by 16S rRNA sequencing and it was found to be Pseudomonas mosselii with similarity of 99%. Further, multi-level statistical optimizations were conducted to enhance the uricase production. Firstly, Plackett-Burman design (PBD) was adapted for screening of different medium components and found that uric acid, peptone, and sucrose are highly significant medium components which affect the uricase production. Further, central composite design (CCD) and artificial neural network (ANN) combined genetic algorithm (GA) were used to optimize the uricase production. The use of CCD prior to ANN improved the predictive capability of ANN and GA model. Under the optimum conditions obtained using ANN-GA, the uricase production was enhanced and found to be 59.91 U/mL ± 0.32 which is 2.02 folds higher compared to unoptimized medium. The results of the current study enunciate that the newly isolated Pseudomonas mosselii is a potential bacterium for enhanced production of uricase and optimization using multilevel optimization approaches gave better prediction of optimum process conditions for enhanced uricase production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotics have several negative effects on aquatic ecosystems and are difficult to degrade using traditional water/wastewater treatment methods. As a result, new treatment techniques must be employed to eliminate these contaminants from aquatic environments. Research on the relationship between the decomposing process of antibiotics and different factors by new technologies is scarce. This research focuses on the capability of ozone micro-nano bubbles (OzMNBs) to eliminate the antibiotics ciprofloxacin (CIPR) and levofloxacin (LEVO) in aqueous solutions. We studied the CIPR and LEVO decomposition to different variables through the central composite design method. The main variables included pH, ozonation time, and initial antibiotic concentration. The correlation coefficients of the quadratic model obtained by using the software, Design Expert version 13.0.1. Analysis of variances proved the significance of models and main factors. Verification tests also confirmed that the final optimum conditions of the antibiotics decomposition were: pH 9, ozonation for 40 min and, initial antibiotic concentration of 5 mg/L. In optimum conditions, removal rate of about 97% and 100% was obtained for CIPR and LEVO, respectively. The order of influence of various factors on CIPR and LEVO decomposition were obtained and the interactions between the main factors were also investigated. At the last stage of the research, the efficiency of OzMNBs in the removal of total organic carbon and mineralization of the solutions containing CIPR and LEVO under optimum conditions was examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractMicrowave-Assisted Alkali (MAA) pretreatment of corncob biomass was optimized for maximum fermentable sugar yield using dilute sulfuric acid hydrolysis. A Central Composite Design (CCD) investigated the effects of microwave power (450–9000 W), NaOH concentration (1.5 to 4.5% wt./v), and irradiation time (10–20 min) on lignin removal. The optimal MAA pretreatment conditions were found to be 691.73 W, 3.4% NaOH, and 15.5 min, resulting in the selective removal of 73.36% lignin with high retention of cellulose (71.69%) and hemicellulose (22.14%). Characterization techniques (FTIR, SEM, XRD, TGA) confirmed substantial changes in surface morphology, functional groups, crystallinity, and thermal stability of the pretreated corncobs. Dilute sulfuric acid hydrolysis (0.5–2.5%, 110130 °C, 3060 min) of the optimized sample yielded a maximum reducing sugar output of 537.42 mg/g, achieved at 0.534% H2SO4, 122.3 °C, for 58 min. Optimizing Microwave-Assisted Alkali pretreatment process for corncobs could boost biofuel production efficiency, sustainably utilize agricultural waste, and advance a more sustainable energy landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimization of floating bifacial solar panels (FBS PV) in tropical freshwater systems is explored by employing response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD). Previous studies have yet to explore the long-term durability, environmental impact, economic viability, and performance of FBS PV systems under various climatic conditions. This study addresses this gap by focusing on panel height, water depth, and tilt angle to improve performance. The quadratic model reveals significant non-linear relationships impacting FBS PV power generation with freshwater cooling. Our models demonstrate high explanatory power, with R-squared values of 0.9831 for output power and 0.9900 for Bi-Facial gain. Experimental validation using conventional white surface (CWS) and proposed freshwater surface (PFS) indicates notable improvements in power generation, achieving a 4.34 to 4.86% gain in bifacial efficiency across various irradiation levels. Under 950 W/m2 irradiation, freshwater cooling achieves a 3.19% higher bifacial gain compared to CWS cooling. Panel temperature analysis shows consistent reductions with freshwater cooling, ranging from 1.43 to 2.72 °C, enhancing overall efficiency and longevity. This research highlights the potential of freshwater cooling in optimizing bifacial solar systems, offering actionable insights for sustainable energy solutions in tropical regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, graphene oxide (GO) as an adsorbent was used to remove norfloxacin and ceftriaxone antibiotics from aqueous solutions. All environmental factors affecting removal (e.g., pH, adsorbent mass, contact time, and concentration) were optimized in a discontinuous system. The design of experiments and the optimization of variables were carried out using the response surface method (RSM). The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the regression coefficients of the quadratic terms indicated that the responses were significantly affected by all the studied variables (P < 0.05). Also, the quadratic polynomial model results corresponded to empirical data with a high coefficient of determination (i.e., R² > 0.99 for both antibiotics). Besides, the adjusted R² (R²-adj >0.98 for both antibiotics) was close to R² values, indicating a good and acceptable statistical model. According to the results, the optimal removal of antibiotics by GO occurs in conditions of pH of 8, 0.034 g of the adsorbent mass, a sonication time of 20 min, and a concentration of 25 mg L-1. In these conditions, the maximum removal efficiencies of ceftriaxone and norfloxacin were equal to 95.87% and 98.64%, respectively. GO was recovered in five adsorption/desorption processes, and the removal efficiency declined very slightly after using the adsorbent for five cycles. Therefore, it is concluded that GO is an efficient and acceptable adsorbent for removing ceftriaxone and norfloxacin from aqueous environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the large number of works on the synthesis of polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) nanoparticles (NP) loaded with antituberculosis drugs, the data on the influence of various factors on the final characteristics of the complexes are quite contradictory. In the present study, a comprehensive analysis of the effect of multiple factors, including the molecular weight of PLGA, on the size and stability of nanoparticles, as well as the loading efficiency and release of the antituberculosis drug rifampicin (RIF), was carried out. Emulsification was carried out using different surfactants (polyvinyl alcohol, Tween 80 and Pluronic F127), different aqueous-to-organic phase ratios, and different solvents (dichloromethane, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethyl acetate). In this research, the PLGA nanoemulsion formation process was accompanied by ultrasonic dispersion, at different frequencies and durations of homogenization. The use of the central composite design method made it possible to select optimal conditions for the preparation of PLGA-RIF NPs (particle size 223 ± 2 nm, loading efficiency 67 ± 1%, nanoparticles yield 47 ± 2%). The release of rifampicin from PLGA NPs was studied for the first time using the flow cell method and vertical diffusion method on Franz cells at different pH levels, simulating the gastrointestinal tract. For the purpose of the possible inhalation administration of rifampicin immobilized in PLGA NPs, their mucoadhesion to mucin was studied, and a high degree of adhesion of polymeric nanoparticles to the mucosa was shown (more than 40% within 4 h). In the example of strain H37Rv in vitro, the sensitivity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to PLGA-RIF NPs was proven by the complete inhibition of their growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to prepare a co-amorphous blend of BCS class II drug, glipizide (GPZ), using arginine (ARG) as co former. The co-amorphous GPZ-ARG mixtures (molar ratios 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1) were prepared by mechanical activation (ball milling) with different milling times. The obtained mixtures were characterized with respect to their thermal properties, possible molecular interactions, dissolution properties and physical stability and compared to the behaviour of pure crystalline form. Solid-state characterization of mixture revealed amorphization of GPZ after 90 min. of ball milling. GPZ-ARG co amorphous mixture (1:2) upon ball milling for 90 min. exhibited maximum solubility (3876.8 µg/ml) compared to pure drug (300.89 µg/ml). The resulting best co amorphous blend was incorporated into pellets which were prepared by extrusion spheronisation technique. The parameters related to process of pelletisation and product related parameters were optimized by using 4-factor, 5-level Central Composite Design. The pellets containing co amorphous blend, prepared by using optimal parameter settings, showed 95.67% Drug Release in 120 min. (F23). The co-amorphous mixture and the optimized formulation were found to be stable when subjected to stability study as per ICH guideline. It was concluded that co amorphous is a promising approach to overcome the solubility constraint of Glipizide which would be helpful in better management of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Repackaging of expired medicines has become common in developed countries and can cause serious health problems. Therefore, the identification of these products is of considerable importance. This study investigated the applicability of an analytical method based on Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics for separating two types of expired and non-expired tablets. The study focuses on vildagliptin, collagen, and vitamin tablets and represents a preliminary study for different types of tablets. Instrumental conditions were determined by central composite design. As a result of the the variance analysis, it was found that the pressure parameter was significant, while the number of scans and resolution were insignificant. The optimum instrumental conditions were determined as attenuated total reflection module pressure 57, scan number 20, and spectral resolution 4 cm−1. Derivatizing spectra were used to find major peaks that make a significant difference. As a result of principal component analysis, PC1 in the 92-96.9% and PC2 in the range of 6.6-3% range explained the total variance. In the results obtained, significant discrimination and clustering between the species were seen, and for all three species, expired and non-expired drug samples with different storage conditions could be separated. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy can be helpful in screening for counterfeit drugs as it is easy to use and requires little sample preparation. It is also thought that this approach may be helpful for the initial evaluation of repackaged tablets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical or chemical processes can enrich surface functional groups of activated carbon. EDTA grafting was applied to the carbon surface using a chemical treatment in this study. In this way, while there was no significant change in the surface area of the carbon, the Golden Yellow (GY) removal performance increased. The changes caused by EDTA grafting on the carbon surface have been revealed using various methods. Environmental conditions affecting the adsorption process were statistically investigated using Central Composite Design (CCD). Different equations were used to determine the stability, capacity, and mechanism of the GY removal with activated carbon and EDTA grafted carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metakaolin-based geopolymers (MKGP) were optimised by varying the operating conditions using the central composite design (CCD) and the response surface method (RSM) to optimise the operating variables affecting MKGP formation and their adsorption efficiency. The MKGP was characterised and tested for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from an aqueous environment. Results show that the MKGP5 with the most organised structure exhibits the highest MB removal efficiency. Parameters like the adsorbent dose, the pH, the contact time, the initial dye concentration, and the temperature were optimised to improve the adsorption efficiency of MB. The results also demonstrated the accuracy and feasibility of CCD simulation to develop a well-converted geopolymer adsorbent for water treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reports the degradation of cellulosic material, i.e., paper, under different environmental conditions (soil and hydrolytic). Models were developed using central composite design (CCD) within the framework of response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) techniques. It is done as part of a solid waste management system to eliminate the waste produced by excessive paper usage and obtain optimized degradation conditions of paper. In view of the real environments where paper-based solid wastes are usually exposed, soil degradation and hydrolytic degradation of paper were investigated. The factors pH (4–10), compost ratio (2–5), CaCl2 (5–15 ppm), and time (7–20 days) were independent factors that varied for the study, and degradation conversion was measured as the dependent variable for soil degradation of paper. The factors pH (4–10), CaCl2 (2–5 ppm), tripotassium phosphate (TPP, 2–5 ppm), and time (6–16 days) were independent variables that varied for the study, and degradation conversion was the dependent variable for hydrolytic degradation of paper. The optimal conditions for soil degradation were determined to be a pH of 4, a compost ratio of 5, a salt (CaCl2) addition of 5 ppm, and a duration of 20 days, resulting in the highest observed conversion rate. The coefficient of regression (R2) for CCD is 87.24%, whereas it is 94.82% for ANN. The optimal conditions for achieving maximum conversion in hydrolytic degradation include a pH of 10, a CaCl2 salt concentration of 5 ppm, a TPP salt concentration of 2 ppm, and a duration of 16 days. The coefficient of regression for CCD is 75.15%, while the coefficient of regression for ANN is 93.91%. In both deterioration scenarios, the data exhibited a higher degree of fit when modeled using ANN compared to CCD (RSM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study focuses on biotinylated nanocarriers designed to encapsulate amphiphilic molecules with self-biodegradable properties for enhanced drug delivery. Methods: Biotin-zein conjugated nanoparticles were synthesized and tested in C6 cell lines to evaluate their viability and cellular uptake. Optimization was achieved using a a central composite design. The nanoparticles underwent thermogravimetric analysis, and their pharmacokinetics and biodistribution were also studied. Results: The optimized nanoparticles displayed 96.31% drug encapsulation efficiency, a particle size of 95.29 nm and a zeta potential of -17.7 mV. These nanoparticles showed increased cytotoxicity and improved cellular uptake compared with free drugs. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the drug-loaded nanocarriers provided better protection against drug degradation. Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies indicated that the formulation had an extended brain residence time, highlighting its effectiveness. Conclusion: The biotin-zein conjugated nanoparticles developed in this study offer a promising nano-vehicle for in vivo biodistribution and pharmacokinetic applications. Their high drug encapsulation efficiency, stability and extended brain residence time suggest they are effective for targeted drug delivery and therapeutic uses. Graphical Abstract Article highlights A stable biotin and zein conjugate were formed via ethyl carbodiimide and N-hydroxy succinimide coupling to enhance site-directed delivery. Prepared polymeric conjugates were evaluated for its extent of conjugation, and secondary structural alteration revealed stability of conjugate. The biotin-zein conjugate exhibited a flexible backbone, and better encapsulation of hydrophilic molecules with a sustained release profile. Biotin-zein conjugation improved the loading capacity, and amphiphilic nature and aided the cytotoxic potential of the drug. The conjugated nanocarriers revealed the sustained release profile with higher cytotoxic potential compared with free drug along with enhanced cellular entrapment. The prepared nanoformulation revealed its safety via the nasal mucociliary canal. The formulation suggests higher residence time is observed via the intranasal route of administration compared with intraperitoneal administration. Ex vivo studies revealed presence of fluorescence intensity in the brain at 24 h (intranasal route), whereas in the intraperitoneal administered group signal intensity was reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate eutectic liquid-based emulsion-like dispersions for intratympanic injections to augment cinnarizine permeability across round window membrane in a healthy rabbit inner ear model. Methods: Two-tier systematic optimization was used to get the injection formula. The drug concentrations in perilymph and plasma were analyzed via. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method after 30-, 60-, 90- and 120-min post intratympanic injection time points in rabbits. Results: A shear-thinning behavior, immediate drug release (∼98.80%, 10 min) and higher cell viability (>97.86%, 24 h) were observed in dispersions. The cinnarizine level of 8168.57 ± 1236.79 ng/ml was observed in perilymph at 30 min post intratympanic injection in rabbits. Conclusion: The emulsion-like dispersions can augment drug permeability through round window membrane. Article highlights Intratympanic injections containing cinnarizine-loaded emulsion-like dispersions was prepared using camphor-menthol (1:0.97 molar ratio) eutectic liquid. The formula for preparing cinnarizine-loaded emulsion-like dispersions was obtained by applying linear (response surface methodology) and non-linear (artificial neural network) models. The optimized cinnarizine-loaded emulsion-like dispersions was prepared as per the formula suggested by the non-linear model. The MPS, PDI, ZP and drug amount in whole dispersions values of drug-loaded emulsion-like dispersions were 175.40 ± 5.20 nm, 0.245 ± 0.018, 43.20 ± 3.30 mV and 72.37 ± 5.67% w/v, respectively. The DEE, pH and osmolality values of drug-loaded emulsion-like dispersions prepared using the optimized formula were 96.50 ± 0.44%, 7.40 ± 0.07 and 299 ± 42.29 mOsm/kg H2O, respectively. The emulsion-like dispersions were found to be shear thinning (0.1 to 100 s-1 shear rate) and was not affected by coalescence and Ostwald ripening till 90 days at 25°C. The MTT test results performed in L-929 cells displayed cell viability values of more than 97.86% for all tested concentrations of drug-loaded emulsion-like dispersions. The presence of cinnarizine in perilymph and plasma of healthy rabbit inner ear model after intratympanic administration of drug-loaded emulsion-like dispersions was checked using a UPLC-MS/MS bioanalytical method. The intratympanic administration of drug-loaded emulsion-like dispersions displayed cinnarizine concentrations of 470.10 to 8168.57 ng/ml in perilymph for 30–120 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The co-precipitation approach is used in the current study to create an environmentally friendly Ag/Fe/ZnO nanocomposites utilizing an aqueous leaf extract of Embelia schimperia. The synthesized nanocomposite was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared, UV, X-ray, UV–vis, DLS, TGA, and SEM to determine its functional group, structure, bandgap energy, size distribution, a mass of loss, and energy gain or loss, and morphological structure, respectively. The bioactive components of Embelia schimperia, synthesized Ag/Fe/ZnO NCs and degradation of Amoxicillin via photocatalyst were assessed. The response surface methodology of central composite design (CCD) was used to examine and optimize the effects of three independent variables on the degradation of Amoxicillin under visible light. According to the experimental findings, the maximum photocatalytic degradation efficiency was achieved at green synthesized Ag/Fe/ZnO NCs dosage of 100 mg, a concentration of Amoxicillin of 30 mg/L and a radiation time of 180 min. Their findings show that Embelia schimperia extract-derived Ag/Fe/ZnO nanocomposites is a promising alternative for degradation of pharmaceuticals contamination of wastewater via photocatalytic under the given conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite materials are utilized in various industries due to their advantageous properties. Drilling is a crucial process for joining these materials to construct the structures. During the drilling of composite materials, several types of defect can occur, with delamination being the most prevalent. Delamination adversely effects the properties of the drilled hole and diminishes the quality of the final structure. Thrust force is a key parameter used to monitor the drilling process; a higher thrust force increases the likelihood of defects, particularly delamination, in the drilled area. In this article, a central composite design is applied to the drilling process of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites, focusing on parameters such as rotational speed, feed rate, and the angle between the composite layer sequences. The objective is to minimize delamination factors and thrust force. The effect of drilling parameters on the responses is analyzed independently. The results indicate that the derived models can predict the thrust force and delamination factors in the drilling of CFRP composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

α-tocopherol (α-T), β-sitosterol (β-S), canolol (CA), and sinapic acid (SA) are the four main endogenous lipid phytochemicals (LP) found in Brassica napus L. seed oil, which possess the bioactivity to prevent the risk of several chronic diseases via antioxidant-associated mechanisms. Discovering the enhancer effects or synergies between LP is valuable for resisting oxidative stress and improving health benefits. The objectives of this study were to identify a potentially efficacious LP combination by central composite design (CCD) and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) and to investigate its protective effect and potential mechanisms against H2O2-induced oxidative damage in HepG2 cells. Our results indicated that the optimal concentration of LP combination was α-T 10 μM, β-S 20 μM, SA 125 μM, and CA 125 μM, respectively, and its CAA value at the optimal condition was 10.782 μmol QE/100 g. At this concentration, LP combination exerted a greater amelioration effect on H2O2-induced HepG2 cell injury than either antioxidant (tea polyphenols or magnolol) alone. LP combination could reduce the cell apoptosis rate induced by H2O2, lowered to 10.06%, and could alleviate the degree of oxidative damage to cells (ROS↓), lipids (MDA↓), proteins (PC↓), and DNA (8-OHdG↓). Additionally, LP combination enhanced the antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GPX, and HO-1), as well as the T-AOC, and increased the GSH level in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, LP combination markedly upregulated the expression of Nrf2 and its associated antioxidant proteins. It also increased the expression levels of Nrf2 downstream antioxidant target gene (HO-1, SOD-1, MnSOD, CAT, GPX-1, and GPX-4) and downregulated the mRNA expression levels of Keap1. The oxidative-stress-induced formation of the Keap1/Nrf2 complex in the cytoplasm was significantly blocked by LP treatment. These results indicate that LP combination protected HepG2 cells from oxidative stress through a mechanism involving the activation of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the optimum hydrothermal conditions of sugar beet pulp were investigated by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on Central Composite Design (CCD). The hydrochar obtained from sugar beet pulp (SBP) was optimized for maximum yield and carbon content. Process conditions were chosen with reaction temperatures of 200–240 °C, residence time 60–150 min, and biomass to water ratio of 1:3–1:10. The yield and carbon content of the hydrochar varied with the process parameters. In order to obtain hydrochar with the highest yield and carbon content in optimization, the reaction temperature should be 220.74 °C, the biomass to water ratio should be 1:3, and the residence time should be 95.58 min. High heating value, energy and mass yield, and energy densification ratio of sugar beet pulp and hydrochar were also investigated. The products were characterized using FT-IR, SEM, and ultimate analysis techniques. The Coats-Redfern method was used to estimate the kinetic parameters of the combustion processes. The activation energy values of SBP and SBP-HC products were calculated as 13.88 and 11.46 kJ/mol, respectively. The kinetic data were used to determine the thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔG, and ΔS). As a result, the properties of hydrochar produced from sugar beet pulp under optimum conditions have been extensively investigated and the results have shown that hydrochar has potential for use in different areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) yield from selected substrates associated with minimal accumulation of residual biomass can improve the process economy. In this study, different carbon (glucose, sucrose, glycerol, and acetic acid) and nitrogen (NH4Cl and urea) sources were screened for PHA production by Cupriavidus necator. The effects of incubation time, nitrogen, and phosphate concentration on biomass growth and PHA production were co-optimized through response surface methodology (RSM) and genetic algorithm-optimized artificial neural network (GA-ANN). Sucrose and urea were found to offer significantly better (p <0.001) biomass (1.468 ± 0.007 g l-1) and PHA (0.924 ± 0.02 g l-1) yield when compared with other carbon and nitrogen sources. Though the performance of both the models remains similar for biomass (R2 = 0.97–0.98), GA-ANN (with six neurones in a hidden layer) seems exceptionally better in predicting PHA yield (R2 = 0.97) when compared to the polynomial model (R2 = 0.92). The maximum PHA concentration of 2.69 g l-1 was predicted by the ANN model at an incubation time of 62.80 h with 2.0 g l-1 of nitrogen and 4.0 g l-1 of phosphate concentration. The multi-composite desirability using the GA-ANN model projected a better polymer-to-biomass ratio compared to the polynomial model. The inclusion of a cost-benefit analysis framework may be warranted before recommending the optimal conditions obtained through multivariate regression and GA-ANN models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on numerically optimizing key process parameters related to the liquid–liquid extraction batch process (LLEBP) technique for carrying out batch runs to remove methyl red effectively (MR) from dye effluent. LLEBP, a suitable industrial process for treating dye effluents, depends on the number of reaction parameters such as feed concentration, extraction time, and dye ratio (solution/solvent). The current research utilized a central composite design (CCD) of experiments along with numerical optimization techniques to optimize process parameters over a range of dye concentrations: (20–100) ppm, extraction time range 10–30 min, and dye ratio 1–3 mL/mL (solution/solvent). The batch runs performed at room temperature and a constant pH of 3, according to the experimental design criteria, suggest that maximum dye removal efficiency and distribution coefficient value could be achieved within the feed concentration range of (20–30) ppm, 20–30 min of extraction time, and 1–3 mL/mL of dye ratio (solution/solvent). Solvent capacity increases significantly within the (60–100) ppm feed concentration range. Numerical optimization with desirability function criteria identified optimal conditions: 20 ppm dye concentration, 30 min extraction time, and 3 mL/mL dye ratio ensuring maximum LLEBP yield. The current investigation achieved a 4% higher dye removal (%) of 85.682 compared to the previous study. The distribution coefficient and solvent capacity attained were 5.287 and 4.504 mg/L, respectively. The research enhances understanding of the optimization process for LLEBP in MR dye removal from textile effluent, surpassing previous findings within the same input range. The manuscript aims to maximize process optimization using CCD, promoting sustainable industry progress in line with UN sustainable development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatment-induced ototoxicity and accompanying hearing loss are a great concern associated with chemotherapeutic or antibiotic drug regimens. Thus, prophylactic cure or early treatment is desirable by local delivery to the inner ear. In this study, we examined a novel way of intratympanically delivered sustained nanoformulation by using crosslinked hybrid nanoparticle (cHy-NPs) in a thermoresponsive hydrogel i.e. thermogel that can potentially provide a safe and effective treatment towards the treatment-induced or drug-induced ototoxicity. The prophylactic treatment of the ototoxicity can be achieved by using two therapeutic molecules, Flunarizine (FL: T-type calcium channel blocker) and Honokiol (HK: antioxidant) co-encapsulated in the same delivery system. Here we investigated, FL and HK as cytoprotective molecules against cisplatin-induced toxic effects in the House Ear Institute - Organ of Corti 1 (HEI-OC1) cells and in vivo assessments on the neuromast hair cell protection in the zebrafish lateral line. We observed that cytotoxic protective effect can be enhanced by using FL and HK in combination and developing a robust drug delivery formulation. Therefore, FL-and HK-loaded crosslinked hybrid nanoparticles (FL-cHy-NPs and HK-cHy-NPs) were synthesized using a quality-by-design approach (QbD) in which design of experiment-central composite design (DoE-CCD) following the standard least-square model was used for nanoformulation optimization. The physicochemical characterization of FL and HK loaded-NPs suggested the successful synthesis of spherical NPs with polydispersity index < 0.3, drugs encapsulation (> 75%), drugs loading (~ 10%), stability (> 2 months) in the neutral solution, and appropriate cryoprotectant selection. We assessed caspase 3/7 apopototic pathway in vitro that showed significantly reduced signals of caspase 3/7 activation after the FL-cHy-NPs and HK-cHy-NPs (alone or in combination) compared to the CisPt. The final formulation i.e. crosslinked-hybrid-nanoparticle-embedded-in-thermogel was developed by incorporating drug-loaded cHy-NPs in poloxamer-407, poloxamer-188, and carbomer-940-based hydrogel. A combination of artificial intelligence (AI)-based qualitative and quantitative image analysis determined the particle size and distribution throughout the visible segment. The developed formulation was able to release the FL and HK for at least a month. Overall, a highly stable nanoformulation was successfully developed for combating treatment-induced or drug-induced ototoxicity via local administration to the inner ear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In drilling, mitigating wellbore instability issues in reactive shale formations is crucial and takes top priority. These instabilities often lead to significant disruptions in drilling operations, resulting in loss of time and increased operational costs. This study is aimed at mitigating these challenges, with a primary focus on reducing filtration loss volume and enhancing wellbore stability within shale formations. In this study, the filtration properties of water-based mud along with Ranikot shale stability were investigated in presence of PAC and Amine. In this revolutionary study, the synergistic effect of two additives on the filtration properties of water-based mud and Ranikot shale was comprehensively investigated and visualized through 3D surface plots. A total of 13 distinct mud samples were meticulously formulated using Central Composite Design, a pivotal subset of response surface methodology. The result of the study shows that there were no drastic variations in the mud weight recorded with changes in concentration of PAC and amine. Moreover, sample 4 with least concentration of both additives demonstrates a highest fluid loss volume of 13.5 mL/30 min, which highlights the importance of optimal concentration of PAC and amine in WBM. Furthermore, this low concentration sample formed a mud cake with rough and thick texture, exhibiting a high permeability of 0.54371 µD. In contrast, samples with high concentrations were extremely successful in maintaining a low fluid loss volume and forming a dense and compacted mud cake. Additionally, the combined influence of these particle on enhancing the hydrophobic behavior of the shale sample was also investigated. Sample 4 with least particles concentration demonstrated a contact angle of 37.398°, while the highest contact angle of 86.792° was exhibited by sample with greater concentration of amine and PAC. The result showed that the high concentration of PAC and amine in the mud sample led to a substantial enhancement of the shale hydrophobic character. This shows that when PAC and amine interact with the shale pellets it reduces the affinity for water and thereby increases its resistance to water ingress, which play a pivotal role in wellbore stability. The study's outcomes underscore the remarkable efficacy of PAC and amine in considerably reducing the filtrate loss, thereby leading to enhanced drilling efficiency and operational performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study aims to formulate and evaluate Eudragit nanoparticles-laden hydrogel contact lenses for controlled delivery of acetazolamide (ACZ) using experimental design. Eudragit S-100 was selected for the preparation of nanoparticles. The optimization of Eudragit S100 concentration (X1), polyvinyl alcohol concentration (X2), and the sonication time (X3) was attempted by applying a central composite experimental design. Mean size of nanoparticles (nm), percent in vitro drug release and drug leaching from the ACZ-ENs laden contact lens were considered as dependent variables. Nanoparticles-laden contact lens was prepared through the direct loading method and characterized. Optimum check-point formulation was selected based on validated quadratic polynomial equations developed using response surface methodology. The optimized formulation of ACZ-ENs exhibited spherical shape with a size of 244.3 nm and a zeta potential of −13.2 mV. The entrapment efficiency of nanoparticles was found to be 82.7 ± 1.21%. Transparent contact lenses loaded ACZ-ENs were successfully prepared using the free radical polymerization technique. ACZ-ENs incorporated in contact lens exhibited a swelling of 83.4 ± 0.82% and transmittance of 80.1 ± 1.23%. ACZ-ENs showed a significantly lower burst release of the drug when incorporated in the contact lens and release was sustained over a period of 24 h. The sterilized formulation of ACZ-ENs laden contact lens did not show any sign of toxicity in rabbit eyes. ACZ-ENs incorporated in contact lens could be considered as a potential alternative in glaucoma patients due to their ability to provide sustained drug release and thus enhance patient compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The appropriate design of experiments (DoE) could support post-approval lean-stability approaches. A three-factor three-level face-centered design was constructed to evaluate the long-term stability of gliclazide (GLZ) alginate-gelatin beads. The formulation variables were GLZ%(X 1), alginate:gelatin ratio(X 2), and glutaraldehyde%(X 3). The studied responses included GLZ release at predefined intervals in 0.1 N HCl (2 h) followed by phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). Model-dependent and independent approaches were utilized for comparison. DoE-model validation and reduction were implemented. All the studied formulations showed non-significant changes in the particle size (p > 0.05) and most of them showed similar release profiles before and after storage. The directions of the relationships between the factors' main effects and the responses (Y 1 :Q 0.5 h , Y 2 :Q 2h, and Y 3 :Q 4h) remained unchanged after storage. The optimal factor settings based on the proposed optimization criteria were defined. The optimized formulations (OP-1 and OP-2) showed non-significant changes in the particle size after storage. The release profiles and kinetics of OP-1 and OP-2 remained unchanged after storage. No chemical change was indicated (FT-IR). DSC-thermograms of OP-1 indicated GLZ conversion to a more stable polymorph after storage. While OP-2 showed a change in GLZ crystallinity. The stored and fresh beads' surfaces after GLZ release were almost similar. DoE could be utilized to evaluate, optimize, and predict the effects of different formulation variables on the long-term stability of GLZ alginate-gelatin beads. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research was devoted to the optimisation of the sorption of Bemacid Blue Anthraquinone dye (BB) in a cupric medium by a magnetic bentonite intercalated with iron oxide 'Fe3O4' (M-Bt). The structural and morphological characteristics of adsorbent was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET specific surface area and Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. A quadratic model was applied to assess and correlate the influential experimental variables using the central composite design (CCD) method. The results of the batch design experiments indicated that the four factors studied initial pH of the solution (1–5), contact time (5–25 min), concentration of copper (1–25% by weight) and the nature of counter ions (Cl−, SO4−2, NO3−) play an important role in the sorption process. The R2 = 0.9945 showed the consistency of the model with the experimental data; the predicted (RPred2 = 0.9851) and fitted (RAdj2 = 0.9068) reflected the robustness of the model. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the quadratic model showed that the model is highly significant and its percentage contribution in descending order is as follows: contact time (28%) > pH (27%) > nature of counter ions (23%) > copper concentration (15%). Applying the desirability function, an optimal removal efficiency of the BB dye by the Fe3O4/bentonite nanocomposite of 93.28% was obtained for a contact time of 21.49 min, a pH of 1.38 and a mass percentage of 12.97% Cu(cl)2. The three-dimensional graphs confirmed the relationships between the sorption of the BB dye and the factors studied, describing the behaviour of the sorption system in a batch process. However, the synthesis of bentonite intercalated with Fe3O4 could be considered as a potential adsorbent for the removal of Bemacid Blue dye in wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming, driven by greenhouse gases like CH4 and CO2, necessitates efficient catalytic conversion to syngas. Herein, Ni containing different molecular sieve nanomaterials are investigated for dry reforming of methane (DRM). The reduced catalysts are characterized by surface area porosity, X-ray diffraction, Raman infrared spectroscopy, CO2 temperature-programmed desorption techniques, and transmission electron microscopy. The active sites over each molecular sieve remain stable under oxidizing gas CO2 during DRM. The reduced 5Ni/CBV10A catalyst, characterized by the lowest silica–alumina ratio, smallest surface area and pore volume, and narrow 8-ring connecting channels, generated the maximum number of active sites on its outer surface. In contrast, the reduced-5Ni/CBV3024E catalyst, with the highest silica–alumina ratio, more than double the surface area and pore volume, 12-ring sinusoidal porous channels, and smallest Ni crystallite, produced the highest H2 output (44%) after 300 min of operation at 700 °C, with a CH4:CO2 = 1:1, P = 1 atom, gas hour space velocity (GHSV) = 42 L gcat−1 h−1. This performance was achieved despite having 25% fewer initial active sites, suggesting that a larger fraction of these sites is stabilized within the pore channels, leading to sustained catalytic activity. Using central composite design and response surface methodology, we successfully optimized the process conditions for the 5Ni/CBV3024E catalyst. The optimized conditions yielded a desirable H2 to CO ratio of 1.00, with a H2 yield of 91.92% and a CO yield of 89.16%, indicating high efficiency in gas production. The experimental results closely aligned with the predicted values, demonstrating the effectiveness of the optimization approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glioblastoma (GBM) conventional treatment is not curative, and it is associated with severe toxicity. Thus, natural compounds with anti-cancer properties and lower systemic toxicity, such as gallic acid (GA), have been explored as alternatives. However, GA's therapeutic effects are limited due to its rapid metabolism, low bioavailability, and low permeability across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). This work aimed to develop poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) modified with folic acid (FA), as its receptor is overexpressed in BBB and GBM cells, for GA delivery to enhance its therapeutic efficacy. The preparation of NPs was optimized by a central composite design (CCD). The obtained NPs showed physicochemical features suitable for drug internalization in BBB and tumor cells (sizes below 200 nm, monodispersity, and negative surface charge) and the ability to maintain a slow and sustained release for 40 days. In vitro studies using a human GBM cell line (U215) revealed the NPs' ability to accumulate in the target cells, further promoting GA antiproliferative activity by inducing the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, GA encapsulation in the developed nanosystems conferred higher protection to healthy cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gummy candy is one of the main snacks for children, and conventional samples with high calorie illustrate no nutritional value; therefore, the aim of present research was to develop functional product on priority. Celery (Apium graveolens) puree (25%–50%), boswellia gum (10%–20%), lemon essential oil (0.25%–0.50%), and sugar (10%–20%) in two levels were considered for vegan gummy candy production. Based on central composite design, the 30 types of gummy candies were prepared; afterward, response surface methodology was applied to optimize results determined by texture (hardness, springiness, adhesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, and elasticity characteristics), physicochemical attributes (pH, sugar content, water activity, antioxidant function, and calorie restriction), and also sensory evaluation. In general, elevated concentration of celery puree and boswellia gum‐enhanced hardness, chewiness, and also gumminess for treated products. On the other hand, higher sugar with lemon essential oil improved adhesion, springiness, and elasticity features. More boswellia gum, celery, lemon essential oil, and reduction in sugar elevated water activity and also declined pH for treated samples. The celery puree, boswellia gum, and lemon essential oil significantly enhanced antioxidant function of treated gummy candies. According to attained results, sugar had a remarkable influence on acceptability and in treated samples calorie decreased. Based on all investigated factors, optimal formulation was achieved including 25% celery puree, 20% boswellia gum, 0.450% lemon essential oil, and 13.55% sugar. Regarding the results, obtained gummy candy with high nutritional value and low calorie demonstrated the potential to produce extensively in food sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research delves into a systematic Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) approach to develop and validate a stability-indicating robust RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of Rutin and Curcumin, compounds known for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and wound-healing properties. Utilizing QbD principles, critical method parameters (CMPs) were identified and screened using design of experiments (DoE) and optimized via response surface methodology (RSM) with Central Composite Design (CCD). The optimized chromatographic separation used a Phenomenex Luna C18 column with gradient elution, using methanol and 0.1% formic acid, a flow rate of 1 ml/min, and detection at 345 nm (isosbestic point). The retention times were 5.63 mins for Rutin and 17.01 mins for Curcumin. The stability indication of the developed HPLC method was performed, and validation parameters were meticulously conducted following the ICH Q2(R1) guidelines, demonstrating linearity over 2-10 μg/ml for Rutin and 5-25 μg/ml for Curcumin, with correlation coefficients of 0.9999 and 0.9998, respectively. Precision studies showed %RSD within acceptable limits, and accuracies ranged between 97-100%. This validated HPLC method offers a reliable, sensitive approach for simultaneous quantifying Rutin and Curcumin, suitable for routine analysis in pharmaceutical laboratories and quality control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analytical quality by design and Response Surface Methodology based UPLC procedure has been developed for the concurrent quantification of four oral anti-diabetic drugs Metformin, Vildagliptin, Dapagliflozin and Sitagliptin in bulk and tablets. ANOVA was applied for responses statistical analysis. Retention times and peak resolutions were selected as critical quality attributes. The Critical method parameters (CMPs) considered for the Response surface methodology were the organic composition of the mobile phase (%), pH of the buffer, and flow rate. CMPs of the UPLC procedure were optimized employing a 16-runs 53 Central-composite design. The optimized procedure suggested by the desirability functions approach utilizing 49.3 volumes ethanol and 50.7 volumes pH 3.73, 0.1% Triethylamine buffer with 0.26 mL/min flow rate as mobile phase, Shield RP-18 (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) column as a stationary phase with 4 min run time resulted in maximum desirability, 1.000. At 0.737 min, 1.425 min, 1.929 min and 2.645 min Metformin, Vildagliptin, Dapagliflozin and Sitagliptin retention times were observed respectively with acceptable resolution. The optimized procedure was validated and stress studies were executed following the ICHQ2(R1) and ICHQ1A, ICHQ1B guidelines respectively. The proposed technique was evaluated employing greenness assessment tool and 0.86 was the observed greenness score. In accordance with the literature, it is evident that this is the initially reported green UPLC procedure for Metformin, Vildagliptin, Dapagliflozin and Sitagliptin concurrent estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc oxide (ZnO) powder synthesized by microwave irradiation method was used as photocatalyst for optimization of the photocatalytic degradation conditions of Rhodamine B dye under UV irradiation. The structural, morphological and optical characterizations of elaborated ZnO were performed by infrared spectroscopy, UV spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Bruner-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis. Plackett–Burman design was first used to evaluate the effects of five parameters (initial dye concentration, contact time, lamp height, material dose and initial pH of the solution) on the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of the dye. The obtained results showed that contact time and initial dye concentration are the parameters that influence the photocatalytic degradation yield. The effects in decreasing order of the five factors were as follows: contact time (46.597) > initial dye concentration (− 29.149) > lamp height (− 8.419) > ZnO mass (7.263) > pH (1.0072). Subsequently, a central composite design for the two influencing parameters was performed to optimize the dye photodegradation process. It was found that the effect of contact time on the photodegradation efficiency was the highest, followed by the effect of initial dye concentration, and the interactions between initial dye concentration and contact time. The predicted and the experimental values were found to be in good agreement; the coefficient of determination value 0.996 and the adjusted coefficient of determination value 0.993 indicated that the model was significant. First‐order kinetic model successfully fitted the experimental data. The synthesized photocatalyst was found to be photostable during at least five regeneration cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the degradation of trimethoprim using Eosin Y-sensitized ZnFe2O4-g-C3N4 photocatalyst under natural sunlight using a parabolic trough reactor. The photocatalyst performance was optimized for three independent variables: pollutant dosage (10–25 mg/l), catalyst dose (0.4–1.2 g/l), and solution pH (4–10). The central composite design (CCD) was used to generate the design matrix and the response surface for degradation and total organic carbon (TOC) removal as the responses. Multiple regression techniques for each response generated two quadratic polynomial models. The coefficient of determination (R2) for trimethoprim degradation and TOC removal was 0.99 and 0.96, respectively, and these models could explain the variability in response surface. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the initial pollutant dose and catalyst dose were most significant (p < 0.05) in contributing to both degradation and TOC removal. The optimum parameters obtained by desirability function for pollutant concentration, pH, and catalyst concentration were 10 mg/l, 7.19, and 0.72 g/l. This yielded an optimum degradation and TOC removal of 89.52% and 49.12%, respectively. Validation studies using optimized conditions for single-factor experiments had negligible variation from the predicted values, with actual degradation and TOC removal being 87.02% and 46.33%, respectively. Considering the good predictability and validity of the models, Response Surface Methodology is a potential mathematical tool for modeling the photodegradation of different antibiotics in aquatic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Core – shell magnetic nanoparticles MCM-41 and nano-clays are working absorbents for elimination of heavy metal ions. Nanoparticles Fe3O4 are made by sol- gel method and are covered by silica and their surfaces are modified with suitable organic compounds. Organic clays also are one of usual absorbents which absorb diverse spectrum of organic pollutants and adsorption function of these compounds is relating to interlayer structure and their surface modification. In present research, for the first time, Kaolinite-NH2@thiazolidinone and Fe3O4@MCM-41-NH2@thiazolidinone nanocomposites were prepared and after structural approval by FTIR, VSM, XRD, SEM, TGA, BET, EDX technics, were used for adsorption of Pb 2 + and Cd2+ from aqueous medium as an active absorbent. to urgent elimination and active heavy metal ions in aqueous solutions, MCM-41 and Kaolinite were modified with (3-aminopropyl) trietoxysilane (APTES) and then during a three-step reaction in condition without solvent with thioglycolic acid and benzaldehyde were reacted and finally, thiazolidinone was synthetized on their surfaces. Adsorption process and different conditions of absorbent dose, metal ion concentration, time and pH have been studied. For optimization conditions, method of response surface (RSM) has been used. 120 tests with two synthetic absorbents were performed for adsorption of Pb2+ and Cd2+, which most capacity of adsorption with the use of Fe3O4@MCM-41-NH2@thiazolidinone was 768.25 mg/g in pH = 5 and 341.5 mg/g in pH = 7.5, respectively. Also, results indicated that most capacity of adsorption with the use of Kaolinite-NH2@Thiazolidin for elimination of Pb2+ and Cd2+ were 552.81 mg/g in pH = 6.5 and 393.21 mg/g in pH = 7.5. Effect of pH, time, absorbent dose, and initial concentration of cations lonely and effect of their simultaneously in adsorption capacity and elimination percentage were evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One interesting method for environmental remediation is the use of ZnO/ZrO2 composites in the photocatalytic degradation of lead (Pb) in wastewater. Several studies have investigated different types of composites for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater. However, the efficiency of these composites in removing the heavy metals remains debatable. Hence, this study investigated the potential of using a ZnO/ZrO2 composite for the removal of Pb from wastewater. Response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized in this work to maximize the Pb photocatalytic removal over ZnO/ZrO2 in simulated wastewater. Based on a central composite design (CCD), the experimental design included adjusting critical process parameters such as catalyst dosage, initial Pb concentration, and pH. The ZnO/ZrO2 composite was synthesized using a physical mixing technique, and its physicochemical properties were studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Under visible light irradiation, photocatalytic Pb removal tests were carried out in a batch reactor. The findings showed that a ZnO/ZrO2 dose of 100 mg/L, a pH of 10, and an initial Pb content of 15 ppm were the optimal conditions for maximal Pb removal (above 91.2%). The actual Pb removal obtained from the experimental runs was highly correlated with that predicted using the RSM quadratic model. The usefulness of ZnO/ZrO2 composites for photocatalytic Pb removal is demonstrated in this work, which also emphasizes the significance of RSM in process parameter optimization for improved pollutant degradation. The models that have been proposed offer significant perspectives for the development and scalability of effective photocatalytic systems intended to remove heavy metals from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discuss, and give examples of, methods for randomly implementing some minimax robust designs from the literature. These have the advantage, over their deterministic counterparts, of having bounded maximum loss in large and very rich neighbourhoods of the, almost certainly inexact, response model fitted by the experimenter. Their maximum loss rivals that of the theoretically best possible, but not implementable, minimax designs. The procedures are then extended to more general robust designs. For two-dimensional designs we sample from contractions of Voronoi tessellations, generated by selected basis points, which partition the design space. These ideas are then extended to k-dimensional designs for general k. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of heavy metals and pollutant dyes can have detrimental effects on aquatic ecosystems and compromise aquatic aesthetics. This study investigates the use of unprocessed waste gem meerschaum powder as a new adsorbent in the removal of both Cu(II) and methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions to reduce water pollution. The structure of the waste powder was characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM and BET methods. Optimization of Cu(II) and MB dye removal was carried out using design of experiment technique. Under optimum conditions, remarkable removal efficiencies of 95.5% (± 3.7) for Cu(II) and 97.8% (± 0.4) for MB were achieved. The removal of Cu(II) followed the Freundlich isotherm model, while the removal of MB dye adhered to the Langmuir isotherm model. Both adsorption processes obeyed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and occurred spontaneously. This innovative approach offers a promising solution to water pollution by highlighting the importance of sustainable and cost-effective waste use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals, a major source of pollution in the environment, pose a substantial threat due to their non‐biodegradability and ability to accumulate in living organisms, causing health problems. Recently, researchers have been searching for cost‐effective and safe ways to remove heavy metals from polluted waterways using agricultural waste substitutes. The present study focused on the low‐cost treatments for the reduction of chromium Cr+6 metal from the effluent, wherein it has been found that chemically and bacterially treated agro‐waste had increased heavy metal ion adsorption capabilities. A sequential optimization of the process parameters was attempted using Plackett–Burman design (PBD) and central composite design of response surface methodology (CCD‐RSM) for the maximum reduction of the chromium metal from the effluent. A total of eight parameters were screened out using a 12‐run PBD experiment. Out of the eight parameters, time, HCl, NaOH, and bacterial treatments were found to be significantly affecting the maximum reduction of Cr+6 from the effluent. To investigate the interactions' effects of the chosen parameters, they were evaluated using CCD‐RSM. Maximum 74% Cr+6 reduction was achieved under the optimum treatment to rice husk of HCl 4.52 N, NaOH 3.53 N, bacterial suspension 7.41%, and with an interaction time 14.32 min using 30 run CCD‐RSM experiment. A scanning electron microscope was used to confirm the effects of selected variables on the agro‐waste for the Cr+6 reductions, as well as a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of methylene blue (MB) dye in wastewater has raised concern about human health and environmental ecology due to potential carcinogenic, and mutagenic effects. Therefore, this work aims to remove MB dye from wastewater using γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles synthesized from aluminum scrap via simple electrolytic method. The successful synthesis of the adsorbent was confirmed by a range of spectroscopy and microscopy techniques, including XRD, SEM, FTIR, and BET. The central composite design (CCD) of the response surface methodology (RSM) method was used to optimize the processing parameters such as solution pH, contact time, initial MB concentration, and adsorbent dose. The ANOVA results clearly shows that the quadratic model (p < 0.0001) was sufficient to the best predicting of the removal performance of MB dye (R2 = 0.9862). The optimum condition for the maximum MB dye removal (98.91%) was achieved at solution pH of 8.298, initial MB concentration of 31.657 mg/L, adsorbent dose of 0.387 g/L, and contact time of 46.728 min. Nano-γ-Al2O3 was shown to have a good surface area of 59 mg2/g by BET analysis. The adsorption kinetics follows the pseudo-second-order model (R2 = 0.997). With a maximum adsorption capacity of 137.17 mg/g, the Langmuir isotherm model (R2 = 984) provides the best fit to the adsorption isotherm data, indicating a monolayer adsorption process. Furthermore, thermodynamic analysis demonstrated that the adsorption of MB dye was an endothermic and spontaneous process. The reusability study showed that γ-Al2O3 nano-adsorbent retained 85.08% of its original removal efficiency after five cycles. According to the findings of the study, MB dye molecules were taken up by γ-Al2O3 nano-adsorbent via hydrogen bond formation, Van der Waals interaction, and electrostatic attraction. Therefore, γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles can be used as a potentially eco-friendly and low-cost adsorbent for the removal of MB dye from aqueous solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) methodology extends the application of Quality by Design (QbD) principles to the management of the analytical procedure life cycle, encompassing method creation, optimization, validation, and continuous improvement. AQbD assists in creating analytical procedures that are robust, reliable, precise, and cost-efficient. Opdualag™ is a combination of Nivolumab and Relatlimab, which are antibodies that block programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) and lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) receptors, used to treat advanced melanoma. This work aims to develop and validate a reversed-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography (RP-UPLC) method using AQbD principles to determine NLB and RTB in pharmaceutical products. Results: A central composite design (CCD) comprising three factors arranged in five distinct levels was implemented via Design-expert® software to optimize the chromatographic conditions. A mathematical model was constructed and the effects of three independent factors namely flow rate (X1), percentage of methanol in the mobile phase (X2), and temperature (X3) on responses including retention time (Y1–2), resolution factor (Y3), theoretical plates (Y4–5), and tailing factor (Y6–7) were investigated. The software determined the optimal chromatographic conditions for the separation of NLB and RTB, which were as follows: 32.80% methanol in the mobile phase, 0.272 mL/min flow rate, 29.42 °C column temperature, and 260 nm UV detection. The retention time for NLB and RTB were 1.46 and 1.88 min, respectively. The method exhibited linearity across the concentration ranges of 4–24 µg/mL for RTB and 12–72 µg/mL for NLB. The limits of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for NLB and RTB, respectively, were 0.89 µg/mL, 2.69 µg/mL and 0.15 µg/mL and 0.46 µg/mL. The percentage relative standard deviation (%RSD) of intraday and interday precision for NLB and RTB was below 2. The recovery percentages for NLB and RTB were determined to be 99.57–100.43% and 99.59–100.61%, respectively. Both drugs were found to be susceptible to oxidative and photolytic degradation in forced degradation studies. Conclusions: Employing the AQbD-based methodology, a straightforward, fast, accurate, precise, specific, and stability-indicating RP-UPLC method has been established for the quantitative analysis of NLB and its RTB in pharmaceutical formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design and optimization are pivotal in a pharmaceutical company's formulation and manufacturing process. Various approaches and methodologies are employed in formulation design. A quantitative adjustment to a component, ingredient, or process variable is made while maintaining control over other independent components to monitor their influence on quality attributes. However, investigating these components together poses challenges, potentially leading to misinterpretation of experimental results. To resolve this, simultaneous design and development process modification can be achieved using the design of experiment methodologies, such as Central Composite Design (CCD). CCD effectively evaluates the interaction effects of numerous elements on product quality and outcomes. It has been successfully applied across various studies to develop and enhance formulations. This review provides insights into CCD, including its varieties, a comparison with other experimental designs, applications in pharmaceutical formulation, experimental design data analysis, optimization techniques, benefits and advantages, case studies, integration with Quality by Design (QbD) and regulatory considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the limited reserves of uranium, the abundance of thorium compared to it and other advantages, the development of the thorium fuel cycle is of interest in different countries. The optimization of thorium extraction from a feed solution produced by Saghand ore with bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinic acid (Cyanex 272) on a laboratory scale was evaluated by response surface method. The operating variables include Cyanex 272 concentration of 0.001 to 0.2 mol/L, pH of 0 to 2, equilibrium time of 5 to 60 min and aqueous to organic phase ratio of 0.5 to 2.5 were conducted. The value of R2 = 0.9695 and an error of less than 4% indicate the validity of the model. Therefore, the model is in good agreement with the experimental results. It can be said that there are significant interactions between operational parameters, which vindicate different feedbacks of the system in different operational conditions. The results showed that the 4 mol/L sulfuric acid was a suitable agent for recovering thorium ions from the loaded organic phase. In optimum conditions, the thorium purity percentage and thorium stripping efficiency were obtained 98.99 and 94.12%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the spoke structure of a non-pneumatic tire is optimized. The finite element model of the spoke structure is created and structural dynamic analysis is made using ABAQUS. The optimization goal is to simultaneously reduce three characteristics of the spoke structure, the mass, vertical displacement and acceleration. Simulations are performed according to the center composite design table, and the objective function is estimated using response surface analysis (RSA), random forest regression (RFR), gradient boosting regression (GBR) and artificial neural network (ANN). The genetic algorithm is used for minimization, and the optimization results of each objective function are analyzed through verification simulation. As a result of the optimization, the error between the predicted value and the actual value is 18.6% for RSA 3.1% for RFR, 1.7% for GBR, and 15.0% for the ANN. The ANN proposes the optimum design variables which derive output values smaller than the current minimum value because the ANN properly represents the nonlinear characteristics of the spoke model generated in this study. Highlights Simulation based optimization of the spoke structure of a non-pneumatic tire Various regression models are used and their accuracy is compared A two-step genetic algorithm is used for optimization [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diacerein (DCN) is used mainly to treat degenerative diseases, such as osteoarthritis. DCN is marketed commercially in solid dosage forms. Liquid formulations of diacerein (DCN) have been hindered by its poor chemical stability in aqueous media. This work aims to develop a novel, stable, oral, liquid preparation of DCN having a concentration of 50 mg/5 ml. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of DCN were prepared using cetyl alcohol as the lipid matrix and Tween 80® as a surfactant. A quality-by-design approach was utilized to optimize DCN-SLNs. The optimum DCN-SLNs were dispersed in a structured vehicle to formulate the liquid dosage form. This liquid preparation was subjected to accelerated stability studies at 40 °C and 75% RH for 6 months. The potential of the liquid preparation to minimize the diarrheal effect of DCN was assessed. Optimum concentrations of cetyl alcohol (2%) and Tween 80® (0.9%) were chosen to obtain the desired characteristics of SLNs. Interestingly, we determined that 0.05% of citric acid was the maximum concentration that can be added to the liquid preparation of diacerein to modify its pH without compromising its stability. The results of the stability studies show that the liquid preparation was robust and it withstood storage conditions (40 °C, 75% RH) for 6 months. The encapsulation of diacerein helps to protect it from degradation and significantly reduced the occurrence of diarrhea as a side effect (p < 0.0001). Liquid preparations of DCN-SLNs can thus be marketed as a new dosage form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dye releases from the textile industry disrupt the ecosystem by causing environmental pollution. Our study focused on the degradation of synthetic triphenyl methane, Malachite Green dye by isolating native microorganisms from textile effluents. Among 150 bacterial colonies, two dye-degrading bacteria were selected for the study. The selected bacteria were characterized using different techniques including morphology, biochemical tests, and antibiotic susceptibility testing and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Based on all test results, the isolates were confirmed as Bacillus cereus and Bacillus licheniformis species. Bacillus cereus was selected for further study based on the percentage of dye decolorization assay. The optimal dye degradation parameters were determined by the Central Composite Design (CCD). Experimentally 99.35% of dye degradation was obtained for Bacillus cereus, at a dye concentration of 1500 mg/L at pH 7.5, temperature 40 °C and 300 mg/L of which is the optimal condition for effective dye degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By employing Plackett–Burman design (PBD) to investigate the qualitative interactions between eleven parameters [potato shell weight, incubation time, glucose, lactose, baker's yeast, peptone, (NH4)2SO4, CuSO4, FeSO4, CaCl2, KCl], and central composite design (CCD), the production of α-amylase by a local bacterial isolate Bacillus spp. NRC1 using agro-industrial wastes was improved. Using a variety of waste materials, including corn cobs (CC), onion peels (OP), rice straw (RS), potato shells (PS), Molokhia stem (MS), okra suppression (OS), lemon peels (LP), and pea peels (PP), Bacillus spp. NRC1 was tested in the production of amylase. Out of the eight agro-industrial wastes tried, the highest amylase yield (6.99 U/ml) was reached using potato peels. The statistical optimization of enzyme production was carried out using PBD followed by CCD design, causing 2.06-fold and 1.51-fold increase, respectively. The overall increase was 3.11-fold. In PBD design, potato peels, peptone and (NH4)2SO4 were positive factors for amylase production. The crude enzyme was tested for its ability to desize cotton fabric and subsequently studying its effect on fabric dyeability. The produced amylase proved its potentials in textile industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research was carried out with the objectives of isolating fungal strains capable of exhibiting inulinase activity from a novel source, then optimizing solid state fermentation for the inulinase production and characterizing crude enzyme. Production of inulinase is first reported in this study with a novel substrate, banana plant shoot powder, using newly isolated fungal strain Nothophoma anigozanthi JAM through solid state fermentation. The fungal strain was isolated from the root soil of a white Jamun (Syzygium cumini) tree. Optimization of the solid state fermentation was carried out by central composite design for determining the interaction and impact of the influential process on inulinase production. A mathematical model was developed based on the statistical analysis and recommended optimal process conditions of 2 g of substrate, 5 mL of moistening media, 5 mL of inoculum volume, and 96 h of fermentation time for enhanced production (2.578 U/gds). Crude inulinase enzyme exhibited an 8.0-fold increase in activity after optimization, in comparison with the activity under unoptimized conditions. The optimum pH (5.0), temperature (60 °C) for the enzyme activity, and Km (0.205 mM) and Vmax (0.333 µM/min) were determined based on the biochemical and inulin hydrolytic properties of the crude inulinase enzyme. The production of inulinase was further validated by using TLC, osazone, and Seliwanoff tests. Hence, the inulinase enzyme produced by Nothophoma anigozanthi JAM can be successfully utilized for the production of edible sugar fructose from non-edible polysaccharide inulin, present in agricultural residues such as banana shoot by solid state fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the design and fabrication of a hybrid electrospun scaffold of nylon 6 (N6)/Zn-doped hydroxyapatite (ZH) nanoparticles for the absorption of lysozyme (LYZ) protein. The effects of electrospinning parameters were investigated by the central composite design method to introduce a roadmap to synthesize a promising hybrid electrospun polymer/ceramic scaffold for protein absorption. A quadratic model based on the coded factors indicated that the concentration of the electrospinning solution was the most effective parameter on the morphology and microstructure of the electrospun scaffold among the other parameters namely distance of needle to the collector, high voltage, and flow rate. The results of the suggested model were evaluated by SEM and TEM microscopies, and it was found that the model was also valid in the actual conditions. The practical hybrid scaffold was electrospun via 16.58 kV high voltage, 0.34 mL.h−1 flow rate, 12.44 cm distance, 17.21 wt.% of N6, and 2.13 wt.% of ZH. Furthermore, the kinetics of LYZ protein adsorption by pristine and hybrid electrospun scaffolds was studied. The results showed that the incorporation of Zn-doped HAp into N6 scaffolds could enhance the ability of protein adsorption 1.5 times more than the pristine N6 scaffold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing a flow rate model for the screw feeder and optimizing discharge performance are crucial for achieving automated intelligent precision feeding. This study constructs a mass flow rate model for screw conveyors, considering the coupled structural parameters of the hopper and screw conveyor. The model is developed using single-factor tests and central composite design (CCD) response surface tests and is validated through actual discharge tests. Results indicate that the discharge rate in the hopper–screw conveyor system is primarily influenced by the screw conveyor itself. Among the structural parameters, the hopper inclination angle and the hopper discharge opening length significantly affect the filling coefficient. Validation tests show an average error of 6.8% between the predicted and simulated mass flow rates and 5.0% with the actual mass flow rate, demonstrating the model's high precision and accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research employs response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize and model ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) formulations, integrating desert sand and varying proportions of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), specifically fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). By investigating the influence of desert sand and SCM contents, the study aims to discern their impact on the workability and 7-day compressive strength of UHPC. Employing a central composite design (CCD), thirteen separate mixes were formulated. Key responses, namely workability and compressive strength, were evaluated. The developed models underscore the enhancement in UHPC performance through the partial replacement of cement with SCMs. Notably, an optimal combination of 75% desert sand and 30% SCMs resulted in a workability of 69.4 mm and a 7-day compressive strength of 46.01 MPa. The findings emphasize the potential for eco-friendly concrete in the construction industry, also prompting further exploration into long-term strength and higher SCM concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the health-promoting properties of plant-derived compounds have garnered increasing scientific interest. Notably, tomatoes and pumpkins (Cucurbita moschata), renowned for their abundant phytochemicals and associated biological activities, have become focal points of research. This study investigated the extraction of phenolic compounds from tomatoes and pumpkins cultivated on Lemnos, an Aegean Island, aiming to enhance the nutritional profiles of food products. We established an extraction protocol for total phenolics and evaluated the antioxidant capacity using response surface methodology. Utilizing a central composite design, we optimized the extraction parameters, with time and ethanol concentration identified as critical factors (p < 0.05). The optimized extracts demonstrated substantial phenolic content (9.47 ± 0.08 and 4.52 ± 0.05 mg GAE/g for tomatoes and pumpkins, respectively) and antioxidant capabilities as determined by DPPH (7.65 ± 0.08 and 5.78 ± 0.05 μmol TE/g, respectively), ABTS (9.27 ± 0.02 and 3.95 ± 0.04 μmol TE/g, respectively), FRAP (5.25 ± 0.09 and 2.99 ± 0.03 μmol TE/g, respectively), and CUPRAC assays (2.3 ± 0.04 and 1.25 ± 0.03 μmol TE/g, respectively). Following extraction, the phenolic compounds were encapsulated using maltodextrin and subsequently freeze-dried, yielding high encapsulation efficiency. In alignment with a comprehensive strategy aimed at fostering functional snacks that enhance local economic and public health outcomes, vegetables sourced from local farms were employed to develop a savory cereal bar enriched with tomato extract and a sweet cookie infused with pumpkin extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concentration of persistent organic compounds, including pesticides, in aquatic environments is gradually increasing due to industrial discharge and uncontrolled runoff from agricultural fields. The advanced oxidation process is considered the most effective treatment method for the mineralization of persistent compounds. This research focused on the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide by a homogeneous process involving ultraviolet irradiation and H2O2 (UV–H2O2) and utilized response surface methodology (RSM) to analyzed influences of key factors involved in processes like 2,4-D concentration, H2O2 dose, pH, and nitrate amount in wastewater. Results showed that 90% of the 2,4-D herbicide was degraded within 5 min of UV-C radiation (253.7 nm wavelength) corresponding to the peroxide dose of 2 mol H2O2/mol 2,4-D at pH 5 and a nitrate concentration of 0.25 mM. A polynomial quadratic equation was developed to envisage both time- and fluence-based rate constants. All process parameters were found to significantly affect the degradation of the herbicide. Results indicated that an increase in initial 2,4-D and nitrate concentration in solution decreases the 2,4-D degradation rate. Higher H2O2 dosages and pH levels indicated an intensification in the rate constant up to an optimum value. Further, an increase in H2O2 dosage and pH resulted in a decrease in degradation rate. Further, the optimum conditions for 2,4-D degradation by the UV–H2O2 process were estimated. The findings of the present work will help to design the treatment process in real field conditions with variable water matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]