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This research presents for the first time a comprehensive study of charcoal directly related to the multiple burials interred in Tomb 2 of El Caño (Coclé province, Panama). This funerary context, which dates to between AD 880 to AD 1020, contained three different burial levels accompanied by substantial ceramic offerings and rich mortuary assemblages. The challenge of taxonomically identifying charcoal from tropical areas was addressed by combining standard procedures in tandem with chemical analysis (Py-GC-MS) of archaeological charcoal and fresh wood from the reference collection. Nine charcoal types were identified at the genus level: Avicennia spp., Rhizophora spp., Handranthus/Tabebuia, cf. Copaifera spp., Inga spp., Guettarda spp., Roupala spp., Allophylus spp. and cf. Ryania spp. Charcoal of cf. Copaifera spp., Roupala spp., Guettarda spp., and probably Handroanthus/Tabebuia might be related to their use as firewood for producing smoke. The presence of Copaifera and Roupala indicates the selection of odorous woods for burning in the sahumerios. Diverse habitats, such as coastal mangroves, riverine and dry forests, were exploited to obtain wood, highlighting the complex management of wild plant resources developed by the hierarchical societies of the Isthmo-Colombian area., This research has been funded by Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (SENACYT) (Contrato de Mérito n°80-2014-4-col12-005 signed between Julia Mayo and SENACYT). María Martín-Seijo was funded by a postdoctoral grant Plan I2C mod. B with the project ‘MATERIAL-Materiality and Material Culture: Wood and Other Plant-based Materials in Archaeological Contexts’.

The article is dedicated to the study of the details of the material culture of the monument of Khantepa, located in the ancient capital center of Sogd Erkurgan. Materials from the monument gave interesting data, confir-ming ethnocultural relationships of the ancient population of the Kashkadarya Oasis. Archaeological findings from the monument of Khantepa allow us to trace the influence of nomadic cultures on the culture of the agricultural oasis. Such influence can be traced in the ceramics of everyday life and for religious purposes, as well as in terracotta. A tripod leg is of particular interest among the findings. It is thought to be a portable altar or a censer. The study of portable altars and censers of Central Asia proves that finding to appear with the nomads coming from Eastern Europe. The article describes the history of appearance of portable altars and censers in Central Asia from the Bronze Age to the Early Middle Ages in order to confirm this theory. In addition, the remaining terracotta of the monument also requires a special scientific approach. An important place is given to one of such terracotta, which complements the history of the development of the worldview of the population of Southern Sogd.

Türk El Sanatları arasında önemli bir grup oluşturan madenieserler malzeme, form, kap türü, teknik ve süsleme bakımındançeşitliliğe sahiptir. Bu çeşitlilik içerisinde buhurdanlar önemli bir yertutmaktadır. Buhurdanın sözlük anlamı ateşe atılmak veya özel bir kapiçinde yakılmak sureti ile güzel kokulu dumanından faydalanılan madde,tütsü anlamına gelir. İnsanoğlunun var olmaya başladığı ilk çağlardangünümüze kadar değişik milletler, medeniyetler ve dinlerden olaninsanlar tarafından, yakıldığında güzel koku yayan karışım ve buhurdankullanılmıştır.Bu makalede, Diyarbakır Arkeoloji ve Etnografya Müzesi’ndedeposunda bulunan, satın alma yoluyla müzeye getirilen 4 adetbuhurdan incelenmiştir. Kitabesiz olan bu eserler, form ve süslemeözellikleri bakımından değerlendirilmiştir. 3 adet buhurdan 17.-19. yy.Osmanlı dönemine, 1 adet buhurdan ise 19. yy. - 20. yy.’a tarihlenmiştir.Bu eserler bakır malzemeden döküm tekniği ile yapılmış olup kapak,ateşlik ve kaide bölümlerinin ayrı ayrı imalatından sonra, bu parçalarınbirleştirilmesiyle meydana getirilmiştir. Süsleme tekniği olarak ajur,kazıma ve kabartma teknikleri kullanılmıştır. Süslemede bitkisel vegeometrik motifler işlenmiştir.Maden sanatı içerisinde önemli bir yere sahip olan buhurdanlarformveüzerindekisüslemeelemanlarıikonografikaçıdandeğerlendirilmeye çalışılarak Türk Sanatı ve kültürü içindeki yerleriüzerinde durulmuştur. Bilimsel olarak tanıtılacak olan buhurdanlarTürk maden sanatının gelişim çizgisine paralel üslup özelliklerini deyansıtarak ele alınmıştır. Among the Turkish Handicrafts, metal works which constitute an important group have variety in terms of material, form, container type, technique and ornament. In this diversity, censers have an important place. The meaning of the bureaucratic dictionary means being incinerated or burned in a special container, which is benefited from fragrant smoke, means incense. From the early ages when human beings began to exist, they were used by people from various nations, civilizations and religions as much as the day-to-day life. In this article, four incendiaries collected in the deposit in the Diyarbakir Archeology and Ethnography Museum were brought to the museum. These artifacts without paganism were evaluated in terms of their form and decoration characteristics. 3 censuses 17.-19. YY. In the Ottoman period, one censor was in the 19th century. - dated to the 20th century. These artifacts were made from copper material by casting technique and after the manufacture of cover, fire and base sections separately, they were brought to the market by assembling these parts. Opening, scraping and embossing techniques were used as decoration techniques. Decorated with herbal and geometric motifs. The clowns which have an important place in the art of mines and the decorating elements on them have been tried to be evaluated in terms of iconography and their place in Turkish art and culture has been emphasized. The censuses to be introduced scientifically are handled by reflecting the stylistic characteristics parallel to the development line of Turkish mine art.

Представлены результаты изучения материалов поселения раннего железного века, расположенного в правобережье Оби напротив г. Барнаула (Первомайский район Алтайского края). Аварийные раскопки памятника проводились А.Л. Кунгуровым в 1988 г. в связи с планируемым отводом участка под резерв грунта для строительства дороги. Всего было вскрыто 1722 кв. м. площади памятника. Зафиксированы остатки двух жилищных конструкций, 37 хозяйственных ям, 8 очагов, 19 вбитых в материк заостренных кольев, сгоревшее наземное сооружение. Материал представлен обломками не менее 300 сосудов, 1786 костными остатками 14 видов животных, изделиями из железа, кости, керамики и камня. Кроме поселенческого комплекса обнаружены пять погребений большереченской и одинцовской культур (Могильник 2 МГК 1). Поселенческий комплекс достаточно однороден, что позволяет считать поселение однослойным. Датировка памятника определяется особенностью керамической орнаментации и характером орудийного комплекса - IV – III вв. до н.э. В культурном плане памятник относится к периоду вхождения староалейской культуры в каменскую и размыванию ее специфики., The article presents the research results of materials of the Early Iron Age settlement, located on the right bank of the Ob River opposite the city of Barnaul (Altai Krai Pervomaisky district). Emergency excavation of the site was conducted by A.L. Kungurov in 1988 in connection with the planned using of the land as the soil reserve area for the road construction. A total of 1722 square kilometers of the site area were exposed. There have been recorded the remains of two housing structures, 37 middens, 8 fireplaces, 19 sharp pegs hammered into clayey soil, and a burnt above-ground building. The material is represented by fragments of more than 300 vessels, 1786 bone remains of 14 species of animals, iron wares, bone, ceramics and stone. In addition to the settlement complex, five burials of Bolsherechenskaya and Odintsovskaya cultures were found (burial ground 2 of MGK-1). The settlement complex is rather homogeneous, which makes it possible to consider the settlement as a single-layered one. The dating of the site is defined by the peculiarity of ceramic ornamentation and the character of tool complex – that is the 4th–3rd centuries BC. In cultural terms, the site refers to the period of Staroaleyskaya culture ingoing in Kamenskaya culture and dilution of its specifics.

本稿では、近年安価になり身の回りで利用されているコンピュータとインターネットとセンサーを利用して、どのような教育が可能かを研究するため、情報学研究所で行ってきた講演会・研究会・ワークショップについて述ベた。また、他大学においてサマーキャンプで行った内容について述ベた。さらに、獨協大学大学祭で予定されている企画について述ベた。これらの実際の内容から、今後教育にどのように利用できるかの可能性を探った。, In this paper, in order to study what kind of education is possible using the computer, the internet, and the sensor which become cheap in recent years and are used by personal appearance, the lecture meeting, the study group, and the workshop held at the institute of informatics, Dokkyo University were described. Moreover, the contents performed in other universities in the summer camp were described. Furthermore, the plan planned at the Dokkyo University campus festival was described.

Desde aproximadamente el año 100-1250, variedades de Potosí Aplicado fueron fabricados y consumidos en ambos sectores del norte (Nicaragua) y el sur (Costa Rica) de la Gran Nicoya. Estos objetos de cerámica consisten de dos partes, una base en forma de plato y una tapa alta, generalmente en forma de campana. El nombre del tipo cerámico toma su descriptor del uso generoso de la decoración del apliqué que adorna el cuerpo del recipiente. Estos objetos fueron utilizados para quemar incienso, y la tapa del recipiente se entiende típicamente para representar una característica real del paisaje, tal como una montaña o un volcán, proporcionando el contexto físico para las figuras modeladas vistas encima de la tapa. Los ejemplos publicados tienden a presentar cocodrilos fantásticos, humanos sentados o, menos frecuentemente, jaguares, y todos los cuales han estado relacionados con aspectos rituales de la transformación chamánica en la Gran Nicoya. Aquí, argumento que las interpretaciones tradicionales de Potosí Aplicado son limitadas en su enfoque y por lo tanto su capacidad de profundizar nuestra comprensión de la clase del recipiente sí mismo, así como el rango de imágenes rituales y los mensajes culturales que probablemente comunicada en la antigüedad. Al mismo tiempo que se mantiene el enfoque en aspectos importantes del ritual y la relación entre la transformación sobrenatural y espiritual, este re análisis preliminar indica que la cerámica Potosí Aplicado presentan representaciones importantes e inexploradas de la flora. Las plantas y todos sus componentes (flores, hojas, frutos, semillas, etc.), ya sean ofrecidos, ingeridos o quemados con fines ceremoniales, probablemente desempeñaron un papel importante en diversos tipos de ceremonias, incluyendo la mortuoria, la curación y la transformación, entre otros, y se discuten aquí como posibles vías para investigaciones futuras. From approximately AD 100–1250, Potosí Applique varieties were manufactured and consumed in both the northern (Nicaragua) and southern (Costa Rica) sectors of Greater Nicoya. These two-part ceramic objects consist of a dish-form base and a tall, generally ‘bell-shaped’ lid. The ceramic type name takes its descriptor from the generous use of plastic applique decoration adorning the vessel bodies. These objects were used for burning incense, and the lid portion of the vessel is typically understood to represent an actual landscape feature, such as a mountain or volcano, providing physical context for modelled figures seen frequently atop the lid. Published examples tend to feature fantastic crocodiles, seated humans or, less frequently, jaguars, and all of which have been linked with ritual aspects of shamanic transformation in Greater Nicoya. Here I argue that traditional interpretations of Potosí Applique are limited in their focus and thus their ability to deepen our understanding of the vessel class itself, as well as the wide array of ritual imagery and cultural messages it likely communicated in ancient times. While maintaining focus on important aspects of ritual practice and the relationship between the supernatural and spiritual transformation, this preliminary re-analysis indicates that Potosí vessels present important and unexplored representations of flora. Plants, and all their component parts (flowers, leaves, fruit, seeds, etc.)—whether offered, ingested, or burned for ceremonial purposes—likely played an important role in various types of ceremonies including mortuary, healing, and transformation, among others, and are discussed here as potential avenues for future research.

Besides Ottoman Metallic Art continues the traditions of Seldjuk Sultanate it keeps many changes within. Like all of the art branches of the Ottoman Empire metallic art works like silver cencers show lots of variety in form, techics and beautification. In this case four silver cencers which belong to the collection of Turkish and Islamic Art Works Museum in İstanbul are tried to be established, compared and assessed. In this connection, it’s been tried to show silver cencer’s place in Turkish Metallic Art. Osmanlı Maden Sanatı, Selçuklu geleneklerini devam ettirmek yanı sıra birçok yenilikleri de bünyesinde barındırır. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun bütün sanat dalları gibi zirveye ulaşan madeni eserleri arasında yer alan, gümüş buhurdanlar, kap türü, form, teknik ve süsleme özellikleri bakımından pek çok zenginlik sunar. Bunlar arasında yer alan İstanbul Türk ve İslâm Eserleri Müzesi koleksiyonuna ait gümüş malzemeden oluşan dört adet buhurdan, fiziki ve süsleyici özellikleri ayrıntılarıyla tanıtılarak çeşitli bakımlardan karşılaştırma ve değerlendirmelerle tanıtılmış ve Türk maden sanatı içindeki konumu aydınlatılmaya çalışılmıştır.

La fonction des quatre sphéroïdes en tôle de bronze de France et de Suisse connus, souvent décrits, n’a jamais été établie. En raison de leur mode de façonnage, de leur technique de montage et du style de leur décoration, ils sont rapprochés ici des sphéroïdes italiens qui sont généralement complets. Ces derniers, découverts en général dans des sépultures, étant interprétés comme des encensoirs, il est proposé de considérer comme tels, avec des réserves du fait de leur état fragmentaire, les exemplaires de France et de Suisse. Ces récipients, datés en France du Bronze final IIIb, connaissent en Italie une évolution qui se prolonge jusqu’au début du VIIe s. av. J.-C. Although the four known sheet-bronze spheroids from France and Switzerland have often been described, their function has not been established. Here they are associated with Italian spheroids, which are generally complete, on account of the method by which they were crafted, the manner with which they were assembled, and the style of their decoration. As the Italian spheroids have generally been discovered in graves, it is proposed that their interpretation as censers be extended to the specimens found in France and Switzerland, though with some reserve due to their fragmentary state. The recipients – dated in France to the Final Bronze Age IIIb – were continued in Italy until the start of the 7th c. BC. Die Funktion der vier oft beschriebenen Bronzeblechsphäroide aus Frankreich und der Schweiz wurde noch nicht ermittelt. Aufgrund ihrer Formgebung, Montagetechnik und ihres Dekors werden sie hier mit den italienischen Sphäroiden in Verbindung gebracht. Diese überwiegend vollständigen Gefäße wurden in Gräbern entdeckt und als Räuchergefäße gedeutet. Deshalb wird vorgeschlagen, die Exemplare aus Frankreich und der Schweiz trotz eines auf ihren fragmentarischen Zustand zurückzuführenden Vorbehalts ebenfalls als Räuchergefäße anzusehen. Diese in Frankreich in die Spätbronzezeit IIIb datierten Gefäße entwickeln sich in Italien bis in das frühe 7. Jh. v. Chr. weiter.

Ένα ορειχάλκινο θυμιατήριο στη Συλλογή Malcove εξετάζεται σε αυτό το άρθρο. Συγκρίσεις με γερμανικά θυμιατήρια του 12ου αιώνα επιτρέπουν τη διατύπωση υποθέσεων για νέα προέλευση και ασφαλέστερη χρονολόγησή του. Ο διάκοσμος του αντικειμένου μαρτυρεί σαφώς βυζαντινή επίδραση. Οι διπλοί εγχάρακτοι κύκλοι με στιγμές στο κέντρο αντιγράφουν συνηθισμένο βυζαντινό μοτίβο που απαντά συχνά σε σταυρούς και οικιακά σκεύη από διάφορα υλικά και ίσως έχει αποτροπαϊκό χαρακτήρα. Τα ανοίγματα σε σχήμα κλειδαριάς απαντούν σε βυζαντινά ορειχάλκινα στηρίγματα σταυρών λιτανείας και συχνά παραπέμπουν σε αρχιτεκτονικά στοιχεία. Αυτό το μοτίβο εντοπίζεται σε πολλά γερμανικά θυμιατήρια και αποτελεί πιθανώς επιβίωση από τη βυζαντινή επίδραση κατά την οθωνική περίοδο., A bronze censer in the Malcove collection is examined in this article. Comparisons to German censers of the twelfth century allow for a new place of origin and firmer dating. The decoration of the piece clearly displays Byzantine influence. Double incised circles with central dots have been copied from a common Byzantine decorative device found on crosses and household items in various materials; it may have apotropaic purpose. The keyhole-shaped openings can be found on Byzantine bronze stands for processional crosses and often has a kind of architectural reference. This motif may be seen in a number of German censers, and is probably a holdover from the Byzantine influence brought in during Ottonian times.

This book presents the results of the archaeological investigations that were conducted along then Light Rail route before and during its construction. As with any project that receives federal funding, METRO was legally required to undertake archaeological investigations along the project corridor; but production of this volume reflects not only METRO's commitment to legal compliance with environmental laws, but also the commitment of the cities of Phoenix, Tempe, and Mesa to preserve and protect the rich prehistoric and historic heritage upon which they are built— a heritage that is reflected in the very name of Phoenix. As a result of our investigations, we encountered a wealth of archaeological materials, investigated 1,049 features, and recovered over a quarter of a million artifacts— not surprising given that the Light Rail route traverses numerous prehistoric villages that were occupied by the Hohokam about 1,000 years ago. While only a very few of these artifacts can be described in this volume, most of them are curated (stored under controlled conditions so they can be preserved for future generations of researchers) at three local museums— Pueblo Grande Museum in Phoenix, the Tempe Historical Museum in Tempe, and the Arizona Museum of Natural History in Mesa. Here we discuss some of the more interesting prehistoric and historic artifacts and features that we found, and relate how their analysis has advanced what we know about the prehistoric and early historic occupations of the Phoenix metropolitan area.

Northland has completed cultural resources testing at two parcels. During the project, 83 trenches were mechanically excavated, totaling 1,613.3 meters. Trenches were roughly 20 m long, 65 cm wide, and 1.5 m deep. They were laid out in a checkerboard pattern across both loci, with trenches spaced 40 m apart east-west. This equates to approximately a 1.25 percent subsurface sample of the 20.7 acre project area. Testing confirmed the presence of features associated with Las Canopas (AZ T:12:137[ASM]), a large Hohokam village. In total, Northland identified 141 prehistoric cultural features, including habitation structures, extramural features, irrigation canals, and human burials. Basic descriptive information was collected on the location and distribution of all features identified. All human remains disturbed during testing were documented and removed. During testing, 20 human burial features were encountered. A map of the location of trenches and features was also prepared. The results of the Northland testing project indicate a lengthy prehistoric occupation within the tested parcels. Diagnostic ceramics ranging from the early Pioneer period, ca. A.D. 500 to 750, through late Classic period, ca. A.D. 1300 to 1450 were collected or noted during fieldwork. The temporal and spatial distribution of features across the tested parcels confirms the presence of intact prehistoric features. High densities of subsurface features, including human mortuary features, are present in multiple areas within the project area. Northland recommends that additional cultural resources investigations be conducted prior to any future ground disturbing activities within the project area. Las Canopas is eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places based on its potential to contribute significant information to the prehistory of the region. Results of Northland's testing project indicate numerous additional intact features associated with the site will be encountered by any future ground disturbance activities. Of particular significance, it is highly probable that multiple human burial features remain undisturbed within the parcels. The site contains significant information potential and can address many important research questions pertaining to Hohokam occupation in the area. Indeed, there are few remaining sites in the Phoenix Basin with as much research potential. Therefore, prior to any future ground disturbance, Northland recommends that a research plan and plan of work for data recovery be prepared and implemented.

Northland Research, Inc. (Northland) has completed archaeological data recovery within the prehistoric site of La Villa [AZ T:12:148(ASM)], in downtown Phoenix, for SCS Engineers. Archaeological investigations occurred between May 21 and July 23, 2003. A total of 351 historic and prehistoric cultural features were exposed as a result of investigations. A total of 110 of these features were either completely excavated, or sample excavated, during Northland’s investigations; a total of 31% of the features exposed were thus systematically treated. On the basis of these investigations, human use of the area where the prehistoric site of La Villa is located spanned the prehistoric period from ca. A.D. 500 to A.D. 950. Modern use of the site further spanned the period from the early 1900’s to the latter decades of the 20th century.

The Roosevelt Community Development Study (RCD) involved the testing and excavation of 27 sites in the Lower Tonto Basin of central Arizona. This is one of three related data recovery projects undertaken in the Tonto Basin for the Bureau of Reclamation prior to the raising of the Roosevelt Lake dam. The results of the RCD project are presented in four Anthropological Papers of the Center for Desert Archaeology: Anthropological Papers No. 12 is the research design; Anthropological Papers No. 13 (two volumes) contains background information and the site descriptions; Anthropological Papers No. 14 (three volumes) includes the artifact and environmental analyses; and Anthropological Papers No. 15 presents the synthesis and conclusions. The project was situated within the Tonto National Forest and covered a four-mile, continuous area along the north bank of the Salt River. Sites within the project area exhibited a great range of functional, temporal, and, possibly, cultural diversity. These included two sites with platform mounds (the Meddler Point and Pyramid Point sites); a 10Q-room masonry pueblo (the Griffin Wash site); smaller masonry compounds (e.g., the Porcupine site); and pithouse hamlets and farmsteads (e.g., the Hedge Apple and Eagle Ridge sites). Temporal components ranged from the Early Ceramic period (A.D. 100-600), at Locus B of the Eagle Ridge site, through the Roosevelt phase (A.D. 1250-1350) of the Classic period. The Early Ceramic component of the Eagle Ridge site is now the earliest documented ceramic period site in the Tonto Basin and provides definitive evidence for an indigenous ceramic-using population. The project area was inhabited most intensively during the Roosevelt phase, when platform mounds, pueblo room blocks, and small masonry compounds were occupied. Architectural and artifact variability suggest the presence of several different cultural groups co-residing in the Tonto Basin at this time, and migration is believed to have been a significant process in Tonto Basin prehistory. The RCD project area was largely abandoned by A.D. 1325, prior to the large-scale aggregation that occurred during the Gila phase; very few Gila Polychrome sherds were recovered from project area sites. The mandate of the RCD project, as spedfied by the Bureau of Reclamation, was to investigate the temporal and developmental sequence of the prehistoric populations within this area. To meet these goals, six sites were intensively examined through full-scale excavation, and an extensive data set was gathered from the remaining 21 sites. The three volumes in Anthropological Papers No. 14 contain the artifact and environmental analyses. More than 150,000 artifacts were recovered from the RCD excavations. This volume (Volume 3) presents the paleobotanical and osteological data. Included are analyses of the pollen (Chapter 18), flotation (Chapter 19), faunal (Chapter 20), and mortuary (Chapter 21) assemblages. Data from the subsistence analyses are combined and synthesized in Chapter 22. Volume 1 of Anthropological Papers No. 14 presents the analyses of the chipped stone, ground stone, jewelry and personal ornament, and shell assemblages. The ceramic artifact assemblage is examined in Volume 2 More spedfic information on the individual sites and the project background can be found in Anthropological Papers No. 13. Anthropological Papers No. 15 integrates and synthesizes these data to provide a more inclusive view of the prehistoric occupation of the RCD project area and the Tonto Basin.