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BackgroundThe appropriate amount of cementation at the time of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty with significant proximal bone loss or resection is unknown. Extensive cementation of a humeral prosthesis makes eventual revision arthroplasty more challenging, increasing the risk of periprosthetic fracture. We analyzed the degree of subsidence and torque tolerance of humeral components undergoing standard cementation technique vs. our reduced polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) protocol. Reduced cementation may provide sufficient biomechanical stability to resist physiologically relevant loads, while still permitting a clinically attainable torque for debonding the prosthesis.MethodsA total of 12 cadaveric humeri (6 matched pairs) underwent resection of 5 cm of bone distal to the greater tuberosity. Each pair of humeri underwent standard humeral arthroplasty preparation followed by either cementation using a 1.5-cm PMMA sphere at a location 3 cm inferior to the porous coating or standard full stem cementation. A 6-degree-of-freedom robot was used to perform all testing. Each humeral sample underwent 200 cycles of abduction, adduction, and forward elevation while being subjected to a physiologic compression force. Next, the samples were fixed in place and subjected to an increasing torque until implant-cement separation or failure occurred. Paired t tests were used to compare mean implant subsidence vs. a predetermined 5-mm threshold, as well as removal torque in matched samples.ResultsFully and partially cemented implants subsided 0.49 mm (95% CI 0.23-0.76 mm) and 1.85 mm (95% CI 0.41-3.29 mm), respectively, which were significantly less than the predetermined 5-mm threshold (P

Objectives: To compare marginal gap width and depth with different cementation systems, excess removal, and after polishing. Method and materials: In total, 80 composite crowns were milled, divided into ten groups, and cemented on identical artificial teeth. Eight crowns per group were fixed with (i) zinc phosphate cement (ZnOPh), (ii) glass-ionomer cement (GIC), (iii) resin-reinforced glass-ionomer cement (GIC mod), (iv) dual-curing adhesive composite (Comp dual), or (v) dual-curing self-adhesive composite (Comp SE dual). Excess removal was performed with a scaler after brief light-cure (tack-cure), final light-cure, during rubber or gel phase or by wiping with foam pellet. Curing was completed in chemical, dark cure, or light-curing modus. The specimens were polished and stored in water (37°C). The margins were digitized using a 3D laser-scanning microscope (VK-X100 series, Keyence). The width and the depth of the marginal gap were measured at 10 points between the crown margin and the preparation margin. Results: The width after excess removal varied between 65.1 ± 15.7 µm (Comp dual, wipe, with polishing) and 208.6 ± 266.7 µm (Comp SE dual, dark cure, without polishing). The depth varied between 29.8 ± 22.2 µm (Comp dual, wipe, with polishing) and 89.5 ± 45.2 µm (Comp SE dual, dark cure, without polishing). The impact on gap width and depth was detected for fixation material, excess removal, and polishing. Conclusion: The gap depth and width depend on the luting material and the mode of access removal. Polishing can improve the gap quality, especially for GIC and resin-based systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excess cement around cement-retained implant crowns is associated with a higher incidence of peri-implantitis, but there are limited data to indicate which cement application technique minimizes excess cement. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the amount of excess cement that resulted from different cement application techniques. Fifty identical titanium custom abutments and monolithic zirconia crowns were digitally designed and milled in the shape of a maxillary first molar. Ten crowns were cemented by applying temporary cement only to the intaglio coronal surface of the crown; these specimens were used as a control group to determine the amount of cement to be used in all other groups. Four different cement application methods were evaluated (n = 10): wall layer technique, in which cement was brushed on the intaglio axial walls of the crown; precementation technique, in which cement was applied to the intaglio coronal aspect of the crown, and the crown was precemented on an abutment replica, quickly removed, and then repositioned on the milled abutment; rim application, in which cement was applied to the cervical marginal rim of the crown; and increased cement space, in which the cement space was increased to 60 pm (compared with 40 pm in other groups) and cement was brushed on the intaglio coronal surface. Digital photographs of the cemented crowns were taken, and image editing software was used to measure the displacement of excess cement, that is, the distance that it traveled below the finish line on the mesial, distal, buccal, and lingual surfaces. Excess cement was then removed from each specimen and weighed. An analysis of variance test was used to evaluate the difference among groups, and each pair of groups was compared with the t test. Compared with all of the other experimental groups, specimens cemented with the wall layer technique showed a significantly smaller amount of cement excess in terms of both the distance traveled and weight (P< 0.05). Based on the findings, the wall layer cementation technique, in which cement is brushed on the intaglio walls of the crown, is recommended to reduce excess cement around implant crowns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Die Orthopädie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different surface treatment methods on the shear bond strength (SBS) of metal brackets bonded to two types of CAD/CAM composite restorations: milled and 3D-printed. Materials and Methods: A total of 160 flat-shaped specimens (10 × 10 × 2 mm3) were prepared from four different CAD/CAM composites; two milled (Lava Ultimate™ [LU] and Grandio™ [GR]) and two 3D-printed (Crowntec™ [CT] and C&B Permanent™ [CB]). These specimens underwent thermocycling (5000 cycles at 5–55 °C), then were categorized based on the surface treatment into four groups (n = 10): Group C (control, no surface treatment), Group HF (treated with 9.6% hydrofluoric acid), Group DB (mechanical roughening by a diamond bur), and Group SB (sandblasting using aluminum oxide). Metal brackets were bonded using Transbond XT Primer and universal adhesive, stored in artificial saliva for 24 h, then thermocycled again. Shear bond strength (SBS) was tested using a universal testing machine until bracket debonding occurred. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) was assessed using a stereomicroscope to quantify the residual adhesive following debonding. Result: Regarding material, GR and LU restorations had significantly higher SBS values compared to CT and CB, ranging from 13.90 MPa to 20.35 MPa. Regarding surface treatment, SB and HF groups showed significantly higher SBS values. The ARI scores showed different adhesive modes of failure, with higher instances of scores 0 and 1, which indicate no or minimal adhesive remaining. Conclusions: Both milled and 3D-printed materials had adequate SBS for clinical use, with milled materials showing superior results. Surface treatments like sandblasting and HF significantly improved bond strength, with adhesive failure being common. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To compare the interfacial fracture toughness (IFT) with or without aging, of four different classes of CAD-CAM ceramic and composite materials bonded with self-adhesive resin cement to titanium alloy characteristic of implant abutments. High translucent zirconia (Katana; KAT), lithium disilicate-based glass-ceramic (IPS. emax.CAD; EMX), polymer-infiltrated ceramic network material (PICN) (Vita Enamic; ENA), and dispersed filler composite (Cerasmart 270; CER) were cut into equilateral triangular prisms and bonded to titanium prisms with identical dimensions using Panavia SA Cement Universal. The surfaces were pretreated following the manufacturers' recommendations and developed interfacial area ratio (Sdr) of the pretreated surfaces was measured. IFT was determined using the Notchless Triangular Prism test in a water bath at 36 °C before and after thermocycling (10,000 cycles) (n = 40 samples/material). IFT of the materials ranged from 0.80 ± 0.25 to 1.10 ± 0.21 MPa.m1/2 before thermocycling and from 0.71 ± 0.24 to 1.02 ± 0.25 MPa.m1/2 after thermocycling. There was a statistical difference between IFT of CER and the two top performers in each scenario: KAT and EMX before aging, and KAT and ENA after aging. Thermocycling significantly decreased IFT of EMX. The Weibull modulus of IFT was similar for all materials and remained so after thermocycling. Sdr measurements revealed that ENA (7.60)>Ti (4.97)>CER (2.85)>KAT (1.09)=EMX (0.96). Dispersed filler CAD-CAM composite showed lower performance than the other materials. Aging only affected IFT of Li-Si glass-ceramic, whereas zirconia and PICN performed equally well, probably due to their chemical bonding potential and surface roughness respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reservoir quality prediction in deeply buried reservoirs represents a complex challenge to geoscientists. In sandstones, reservoir quality is determined by the extent of compaction and cementation during burial. During compaction, porosity is lost through the rearrangement and fracture of rigid grains and the deformation of ductile grains. During cementation, porosity is predominantly lost through the growth of quartz cement, although carbonate and clay mineral growth can be locally important. The degree of quartz cementation is influenced by the surface area of quartz available for overgrowth nucleation and thermal history. Clay grain coats can significantly reduce the surface area of quartz available for overgrowth nucleation, preventing extensive cementation. Using a coupled-effect compaction and cementation model, we have forward-modelled porosity evolution of surface sediments from the modern Ravenglass Estuary under different maximum burial conditions, between 2000 and 5000 m depth, to aid the understanding of reservoir quality distribution in a marginal marine setting. Seven sand-dominated sub-depositional environments were subject to five burial models to assess porosity-preservation in sedimentary facies. Under relatively shallow burial conditions (<3000 m), modelled porosity is highest (34 to 36%) in medium to coarse-grained outer-estuary sediments due to moderate sorting and minimal fine-grained matrix material. Fine-grained tidal flat sediments (mixed flats) experience a higher degree of porosity loss due to elevated matrix volumes (20 to 31%). Sediments subjected to deep burial (>4000 m) experience a significant reduction in porosity due to extensive quartz cementation. Porosity is reduced to 1% in outer estuary sediments that lack grain-coating clays. However, in tidal flat sediments with continuous clay grain coats, porosity values of up to 30% are maintained due to quartz cement inhibition. The modelling approach powerfully emphasises the value of collecting quantitative data from modern analogue sedimentary environments to reveal how optimum reservoir quality is not always in the coarsest or cleanest clastic sediments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic technology has proven to be a reliable, economical, and clean energy source that is capable of adapting to diverse geographical conditions. However, factors such as soiling overshadow these qualities, thus leading to production losses and affecting the profitability of this technology. For these reasons, soiling is a highly studied topic, which involves considering the physicochemical characterization of the deposited material, mitigation strategies, effect predictions, and cleaning mechanisms. However, there is a relatively unexplored area related to the microbiological contribution to soiling. The surface of photovoltaic modules, along with the deposited material and local atmospheric factors, fosters favorable conditions for the colonization of microorganisms. These microorganisms influence the soiling mechanisms and optical properties of photovoltaic modules. This work presents a detailed characterization of the microbial diversity present in the soiling deposited on photovoltaic modules installed in the Atacama Desert. Two study sites were defined: Antofagasta and the Solar Platform of the Atacama Desert, which have warm and cold desert climates, respectively. Mineralogical characterization tests, heavy metal analyses, TOC, and inorganic element analyses were conducted on the deposited material. Additionally, the culturable isolates and the metagenomic DNA of the soiling samples and biofilms grown on standard PV glass were characterized using next-generation sequencing. The results show that the deposited soiling contained a microbiological component that had adapted to extreme desert conditions. The presence of the genera Arthrobacter, Kocuria, and Dietzia were identified in the culturable isolates from Antofagasta, while Arthrobacter and Dietzia were obtained from the Solar Platform of the Atacama Desert. The metagenomic DNA was mainly represented by the genera Pontibacter, Noviherbaspirillum, Massilia, Arthrobacter, Hymenobacter, and Deinococcus at Antofagasta. However, at the Solar Platform of the Atacama Desert, the analyzed samples presented DNA concentrations below 0.5 ng/µL, which made their preparation unviable. At the PSDA, the biofilms formed by the genera Peribacillus and Kocuria were identified, whereas the UA showed a greater abundance of bacteria that favored biofilm formation, including those that belonged to the genera Bacillus, Sporosarcina, Bhargavaea, Mesaobacillus, Cytobacillus, Caldakalibacillus, and Planococcus. Based on these results, we propose a soiling mechanism that considers the microbiological contribution to material cementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An alternative method based on cementation for the recovery of nickel from spent Ni/Al2O3 reforming catalyst pregnant leach solution (PLS) was proposed to overcome the limitations of traditional two-step extraction and precipitation processes. Thermodynamic analysis was used to evaluate the potential interference of key reactions, such as nickel and sacrificial metal leaching, with the selective cementation of nickel from the PLS. Key variables in the cementation process were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) combined with Box–Behnken design (BBD). Under optimal conditions—pH 2.2 ± 0.1, processing time of 15 min, and Al/Ni molar ratio of 2.65—a maximum nickel recovery of 73.2% was achieved. Extensive characterization confirmed the high quality of the cemented nickel product: (i) ICP-OES indicated nickel purity of 99.47%, (ii) XRD patterns verified the presence of pure face-centered cubic nickel, (iii) SEM-EDS and vibrating sample magnetometry confirmed the high purity of the metallic nickel particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the impact of nitrate ions on the efficiency of cementing noble metals from diluted waste solutions at a temperature of 30 °C. The research involved measuring the effectiveness of different cementing metals (such as Zn, Al, Mg, and Fe) in the presence of nitrate ions by assessing the change in metal ion concentrations before and after the cementation process using spectrometric analysis. Initial concentrations of noble metals ware Pt = 5 ppm, Au = 7.5 ppm, Pd = 5 ppm, and Rh = 1 ppm. Kinetic studies revealed that 24 h is adequate to achieve apparent equilibrium in solutions with pH 2 and 1 M nitrate ion content. The study identified significant recovery losses for gold and platinum in nitrate solutions, underlining the necessity of nitrate-free solutions in recycling. Zinc and magnesium were effective in cementing Pd and Rh, while aluminum was efficient for Pt reduction in each condition. Complete removal of Au was not achieved with any tested metal, indicating a need for alternative methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The currently accepted narrative on the prehistory of bronze alloying technology follows deterministic, outdated assumptions of technological progression that ignore the role of contextual and performance factors in the decision-making processes, thus neglecting human agency. In essence, it is expected that newer techniques were overarchingly more advanced than older ones and hence replaced them. The validity of this narrative should be challenged and revised. A critical analysis of worldwide literature exposed that, contrary to predictions of the accepted theory, (1) the oldest alloying techniques persisted for centuries after newer ones were invented, and (2) several techniques usually coexisted in the same contexts. We hypothesised that these counterintuitive findings could be explained by differences in performance between techniques, (dis)advantageous at different settings. To obtain empirical information on the performance of techniques and test for behaviourally relevant performance differences between them, a series of alloying experiments were conducted. The results show that all techniques can produce objects of broadly equivalent quality while offering different trade-offs during production. Therefore, every technique—or a combination—can be advantageous under certain conditions, and there are no grounds to support a linear trajectory of substitution. These results debunk the traditional narrative and predict that co-smelting and cementation techniques were more frequently practiced in the past than hitherto assumed. Our propositions prompt a readjustment of explanatory models of bronze production organisation, trade, and consumption while opening unexplored research paths for archaeology and the history of technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carbonate reservoirs of Cenomanian–Early Turonian in the northeastern Central Arabian Basin hold considerable oil reserves and are great contributors to oil production. Diagenesis have a great impact on carbonate reservoir petrophysical properties, microstructure, and heterogeneity. By integrating cores, cast thin sections, regular core analysis, CT, and isotopes, this study provides an improved understanding of diagenesis in the Cenomanian–Early Turonian and its effect on carbonate reservoirs. The results showed that three diagenetic environments were identified in the Cenomanian–Early Turonian based on texture, structure, cement, crystal form, and crystal size, which were marine environment, meteoric environment, and burial environment. Six diageneses were identified based on residual bioclastic, secondary pores, calcite quantity, dolomite size, and stylolite, namely dissolution, cementation, micritization, dolomitization, compaction, and pressure solution. A micritization model in high energy sediment, a dolomitization model in burrows, and a comprehensive diagenetic model were established. It concluded that dissolution during meteoric environment is most favorable to reservoir physical properties, while cementation is least favorable. The cement content controls the microstructure and petrophysical property. Micritization is detrimental to the petrophysical properties, and the micrite it forms are distributed in the interparticle pores, reducing the reservoir property deposited in high energy environment. Dolomitization is less developed in substrate but widely developed in burrows, which result in the physical properties of the burrows being higher than those of substrate. Compaction and pressure solution have a negative impact on reservoir physical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Having well-aligned and brightly white teeth are the two most preeminent components of an appleaing smile. During the 1980s, John Calamia introduced porcelain laminate veneers at New York University in the United States. Currently, Indirect restoration has become a common method for reconstructing damaged teeth. This involves using dental cement to attach the restoration to the tooth and fill the gap, preventing any displacement. The cementation process of ceramic laminates is a critical final step that requires careful handling. Cement thickness is one factor that influences the shear bond strength of luted veneers. Many factors govern cement thickness, one of them being the cement space provided either digitally or by the die spacer thickness and the number of coats applied. Success in this process has been attributed to a clinician's skill in proper case planning, selecting the appropriate ceramics, materials, and methods for cementation, conservative tooth preparation, impeccable finishing and polishing, and effective planning for ongoing restoration maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed and compared the physicochemical and mechanical properties of preheated resin composite with light-cured resin cement for luting indirect restorations. 210 specimens of resin cement/resin composite were prepared according to preheating treatment heated (Htd) or not (NHtd). Light-cured resin cement (Variolink Veneer, Ivoclar), and resin composite (Microhybrid—Z100, 3 M; Nanohybrid—Empress direct, Ivoclar; and Bulk fill–Filtek One, 3 M) were used (n = 10). Resin cement specimens were not preheated. The response variables were (n = 10): film thickness, microhardness, liquid sorption and solubility. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD post-test (α = 0.05). Bulk fill NHtd resin had the highest film thickness values (p < 0.001). Microhybrid and nanohybrid Htd resins had the smallest thicknesses and did not differ from the cement (p > 0.05). The highest microhardness values were found for Bulk fill NHtd and Bulk fill Htd resins. The nanohybrid and microhybrid Htd resins showed the lowest microhardness values, with no difference in cement (p > 0.05). For liquid sorption, there was no significant difference between the groups (p = 0.1941). The microhybrid Htd resin showed higher solubility values than the other materials (p = 0.0023), but it did not differ statistically from resin cement (p > 0.05). Preheating composite resins reduced the film thickness. After heating, nanohybrid and Bulk fill resins retained stable microhardness, sorption, and solubility values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of the Study: This study aims to provide a comprehensive comparison of different inorganic dental cements by reviewing existing literature, discussing their properties, applications, and advancements, and outlining future prospects in this field. Introduction: Dental cements play a critical role in restorative dentistry, providing essential properties like adhesion, biocompatibility, and mechanical strength necessary for the success and longevity of dental restorations. Among the inorganic dental cements, zinc phosphate, glass ionomer, and resin-modified glass ionomer cements are widely used due to their distinct advantages and specific applications. Methods and Materials: A thorough literature review was conducted, analyzing peer-reviewed studies and clinical reports on zinc phosphate, glass ionomer, and resin-modified glass ionomer cements. The analysis focused on comparing their chemical compositions, mechanical properties, adhesion capabilities, biocompatibility, and clinical performance. Results: Zinc phosphate cement is noted for its high compressive strength but lacks adhesion to tooth structures and can cause postoperative sensitivity. Glass ionomer cement offers fluoride release and good adhesion but has lower mechanical strength. Resin-modified glass ionomer cement combines the benefits of both, providing enhanced mechanical properties, moisture resistance, and fluoride release. Conclusions: Inorganic dental cements each present unique benefits and limitations. Zinc phosphate is best for its mechanical strength, glass ionomer for caries prevention, and resin-modified glass ionomer for a balanced performance. Future advancements in nanotechnology and adhesive formulations promise further improvements in dental cement properties, enhancing restorative dentistry outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyse the influence of cementing and thermal insulation on the pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) behaviour of crude oil during production. The idea is to identify the key parameters that have an impact on the PVT behaviour and to develop a model that accurately predicts the PVT behaviour of crude oil in offshore horizontal wells. The methods used will include numerical simulations and analysis of field data from well EKM-032 in the RIO DEL REY region of Cameroon. The results, taking into account the various intrinsic parameters, will provide a complete understanding of the PVT behaviour of crude oil in offshore horizontal wells and the development of a predictive model that can be used to optimise crude oil production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of China University of Petroleum is the property of China University of Petroleum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Railway Construction Technology is the property of Railway Construction Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nuclear energy production generates nuclear waste. Nuclear and radioactive waste, especially high level waste (HLW) and intermediate level waste (ILW), require special long-term safe management solutions. One part of the solution involves recycling through reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel. Recycling reduces the volume of nuclear waste and allows for the reuse of some of its components. This can be achieved through methods such as adsorption, ion exchange, coagulation, flotation, filtration, chemical precipitation, reverse osmosis, and solvent extraction, like the PUREX process. Another possible future solution involves partitioning and transmutation technology, which can reduce the production of nuclear waste. The best long-term solution is the immobilisation of HLW and ILW in a solid matrix. Materials used for this purpose include glasses, cements, bitumen, geopolymers, concrete, and ceramics as a promising material. While cementation is still the most commonly used immobilisation method due to its low cost and simplicity, vitrification is a more permanent long-term solution. Deep geological disposal in combination with vitrification and a robust multi-barrier system is considered the most acceptable solution for safe nuclear waste isolation. This review provides insight into the mostly commonly used and promising immobilisation materials, as well as the most effective methods and technologies currently in use and under development for the management of HLW and ILW in nuclear waste management.

Background: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of vent hole or peripheral groove on retention of differently angled (15 ° and 30 o) abutments in of cement retained implant supported restorations. Methods: A total of sixty standart implant abutments were used. Abutments were divided into two groups at 15 ° and 30 ° angles on CNC. According to the modification, each group were divided into 3 subgroups; (1) no modifications, (2) with peripheral groove and (3) with vent hole. Sixty metal frameworks were prepared using laser sintering to fit all abutments. All laser sintered frameworks were cemented with eugenol-free provisional cement. Then, all specimens were thermocycled. The frameworks were removed from the abutments by using the universal test machine and the peak removal force was recorded. Statistical analysis were performed with two-way ANOVA, post hoc Tukey’s (HSD) test-adjusted independent samples t-tests. Results: According to the results, there were significant differences between 15 ° and 30 ° groups in terms of retention values (p < 0.001). Additional hole and grooves enhanced retention in both groups. The highest mean value of vertical pull-out strength (185.00 ± 23.08 N) was showed in 15 ° additional grooves group, and the lowest mean value of vertical pull-out strength (27.60 ± 14.84 N) was showed in 30° control group. Means values of additional groove specimens had the highest scores in both groups. In all groups, there were significant differences between all subgroups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Increased abutment angle decreases retention, while addition of hole and groove increases.

The study investigates the application of steel slag as an innovative material for compaction piles in the stabilization of soft soils, offering an eco-friendly alternative to conventional gravel compaction piles (GCPs). Through a comprehensive series of laboratory tests, field experiments, and numerical simulations, this study evaluated the performance, environmental impact, and long-term behavior of steel slag compaction piles (SSCPs). The key findings revealed that steel slag not only provides immediate soil improvement comparable to gravel but also exhibits significant time-dependent increases in strength and stiffness. Standard Penetration Test (SPT) N-ratios (N1/N0, where N1 = N value after improvement and N0 = N value before improvement) were similar for soils reinforced with SSCPs and GCPs after 0 months, but were about 30 % higher in SSCP-reinforced soils after 3 months. This increase was attributed to the cementation of steel slags, suggesting that the compaction pile with increased stiffness due to cementation acts as a compaction pile with an increased area replacement ratio (α). Environmental assessments confirmed that steel slag meets regulatory standards for soil contamination, positioning it as a sustainable option. Settlement analysis after embankment construction showed reduced and more uniform settlements with SSCPs, suggesting superior load distribution capabilities. Finite element analysis compared the behavior of SSCP-reinforced soils at varying α and stiffness of compaction piles, confirming that the cementation of steel slag produces an effect equivalent to increasing α in uncemented piles, thus enhancing the reinforcement effect.

Background: Infection rates post-surgery differ markedly between routine orthopaedic procedures and bone tumor surgeries, the latter significantly raising morbidity rates. Numerous strategies are being employed to decrease the infection rate in bone tumor surgeries. This study evaluates the effectiveness of antibiotic-loaded bone cement (ALBC) in reducing infection rates after curettage and cementation. Material and methods: This was a retrospective cohort study, including patients who were diagnosed with bone tumors and underwent curettage and cementation with or without fixation. Patient characteristics and perioperative specifics were collected from medical records, laboratory reports, operation reports, and outpatient follow-up databases. Surgical site infection (SSI) was defined following the criteria outlined by the Centers for Disease Control. Robust Poisson regression models, a frequently used multivariate technique under Generalized Linear Models with the Iterated Reweighted Least Squares algorithm, were used to measure the causal relationship. Results: In the cohort of 144 patients, six individuals (4.1%) developed SSI. Among them, 4 cases were superficial SSIs treated with antibiotics, and 2 cases were deep SSIs requiring surgical intervention. There was a significant difference in the incidence of SSI observed when comparing plain bone cement with ALBC, the latter showed a reduced risk, with a risk ratio of 0.06 (95% confidence interval: 0.006–0.61). Four factors were associated with SSI, including giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB), smoking, distal tumor location, and low serum albumin level. The type of antibiotic (Cefazolin vs. Clindamycin plus ceftazidime vs. Ceftriaxone) or the duration of intravenous antibiotic prescription did not impact the prevention of SSI. Conclusions: Our study reveals that ALBC may reduce the risk of SSI in curettage and cementation procedures. Additionally, the study identified independent risk factors for SSI, including GCTB, smoking, distal tumor location, and low serum albumin levels. Level of evidence: III.

Nuclear energy production generates nuclear waste. Nuclear and radioactive waste, especially high level waste (HLW) and intermediate level waste (ILW), require special long-term safe management solutions. One part of the solution involves recycling through reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel. Recycling reduces the volume of nuclear waste and allows for the reuse of some of its components. This can be achieved through methods such as adsorption, ion exchange, coagulation, flotation, filtration, chemical precipitation, reverse osmosis, and solvent extraction, like the PUREX process. Another possible future solution involves partitioning and transmutation technology, which can reduce the production of nuclear waste. The best long-term solution is the immobilisation of HLW and ILW in a solid matrix. Materials used for this purpose include glasses, cements, bitumen, geopolymers, concrete, and ceramics as a promising material. While cementation is still the most commonly used immobilisation method due to its low cost and simplicity, vitrification is a more permanent long-term solution. Deep geological disposal in combination with vitrification and a robust multi-barrier system is considered the most acceptable solution for safe nuclear waste isolation. This review provides insight into the mostly commonly used and promising immobilisation materials, as well as the most effective methods and technologies currently in use and under development for the management of HLW and ILW in nuclear waste management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of platinum extraction from a low-concentration platinum-nitrate solution using sulfide precipitation and cementation methods are presented. The problem of the study was the question of the possibility of extracting platinu (IV) from nitrate mother liquors of refining of complex ionic and quantitative composition. During the work, it was found that the best result of platinum extraction of 99.9% was achieved with zinc cementation, and subsequent nitrate treatment of the cake makes it possible to obtain a platinum-palladium concentrate with a platinum content of at least 96.1%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global community is moving towards reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions resulting from the production and use of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in construction while also promoting the use of waste materials as alternatives and environmentally friendly construction materials. This approach enhances the sustainable use of natural aggregates which are being rapidly depleted due to the rising construction activities, driven by the demand for housing and infrastructure linked to an exponentially growing population. Therefore, research into de-carbonizing in construction using supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) that are eco-friendly and, the utilization of the accelerated carbonation technique (ACT) as a curing regime for developing green construction components cannot be overemphasized. This write-up aims to review the current state of knowledge on the use of SCMs as alternatives to OPC, highlight construction practices that encourage carbonation, and expatiate the use of ACT for the cementation of granular materials to produce green construction elements. With the possible barriers to their implementation being highlighted, investigations such as these will help researchers and practitioners better understand the potential of ACT and the use of SCMs as the solution to the sustainability challenges facing the construction industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the effect of preheating resin‐based materials and ultrasound application on the failure load of a lithium disilicate glass‐ceramic. Materials and methods: Ninety ceramic specimens were produced (14×12×1.0 mm) and divided into 9 groups (n = 10) to be bonded to a dentin analog (Nema G10) with light‐cured luting agent (LC), flowable resin composite (FL), and supra‐nano filled resin composite (SN), as follows: LC/R – LC at room temperature; LC/P – preheated LC; LC/P/U ‐ preheated LC and Ultrasound; FL/R ‐ FL at room temperature; FL/P ‐ preheated FL; FL/P/U – preheated FL and Ultrasound; SN/R – SN at room temperature; SN/P ‐ preheated SN; SN/P/U ‐ preheated SN and Ultrasound. The failure load test was performed in a universal testing machine with the aid of acoustic detection. The data was analyzed with two‐way ANOVA (for failure load) and Weibull statistics (Weibull modulus ‐ m and characteristic strength, based on 95% confidence intervals ‐ CI). Results: The analyses of failure load revealed no statistically significant difference among groups considering the type of luting agent (P = 0.075; F = 2,673), the application method (P = 0.772; F = 2,259), and the interaction between them (P = 0.297; F = 1,248). The characteristic strength did not show differences among groups (95% CI). The m, which indicates structural reliability, showed lower values for SN/P/U and SN/P, with a difference from other selected groups (95% CI). Conclusion: Preheating of resin‐based materials and ultrasound application did not affect the failure load of lithium disilicate glass‐ceramic. Lower reliability was observed with supra‐nano filled resin composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic manufacturing industries use copper in highest proportion in metals due to its unique properties. But there is a gap in demand and supply of this metal to the industry due to its huge requirement and lack of its proper recycling of copper containing equipments. Also, effluent generated from these industries carries substantial amount of this metal, which get discharged, and loss of metals to the environment. Present paper discusses about valuable copper metal recovery from industrial effluent in powder form using novel process flow-sheet. At start, bio-adsorptiontechnique was used to recover copper from industrial effluent due to its advantages like low cost, feasible method showing faster kinetics. Datura root powder was found to be potential bio-adsorbent for copper recovery from effluent having 997 mg/g adsorption capacity. It follows second-order rate reaction and Freundlich adsorption isotherm with 0.9711 regression coefficient. Further, copper-enriched solution obtained from this technique was subjected to cementation process using scrap iron rods to get copper powder. This can be used to produce value added products using its ingots. This is one of the approaches towards waste to wealth creation having tremendous potential to get commercialized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Craniocervical tumors lead to cervical pain, instability, and neurological symptoms, reducing the quality of life. Effective surgical intervention at the craniocervical junction (CCJ) is critical and complex, involving comprehensive approaches and advanced reconstructive techniques. This study, conducted at Mexico City's National Institute of Cancerology, focused on three surgical cases that occurred in 2023 involving tumors at the CCJ: two chordomas and one prostate adenocarcinoma. We utilized a specialized technique: clivus-cervical stabilization reinforced with a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)-filled cervical mesh. Postoperatively, patients showed marked neurological recovery and reduced cervical pain, with enhanced Karnofsky and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) scores indicating improved life quality. The surgical technique provided excellent exposure and effective tumor resection, utilizing PMMA-filled cervical mesh for stability. Tumoral lesions at the CCJ causing instability can be surgically treated through a transoral approach. This type of approach should be performed with precise indications to avoid complications associated with the procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with typical and clay loess, sandy loess has a higher sand content and poor geotechnical engineering properties, and it easily causes geological disasters. Sandy loess reinforced with a mixture of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) + polyacrylamide (PAM) was proposed to improve the structural stability of sandy loess and reveal the curing mechanism of cellulose curing agents. The variations in the shear strength of sandy loess before and after reinforcement were analyzed through a direct shear test. The effects of the concentration of the CMC + PAM curing agent on the shear strength of sandy loess were examined. Subsequently, the soil mass before and after the reinforcement were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Xray diffraction to reveal the micromechanism of sandy loess reinforced by the CMC + PAM curing agent. Results showed that with the increase in curing agent concentration, the shear strength of sandy loess increased considerably and gradually stabilized. When the CMC + PAM curing agent was added to natural sandy loess, the abundant hydrophilic groups in CMC and PAM bonded and adsorbed the sand particles in the soil through intermolecular forces. Large aggregates were formed after compact inlaying in the face-to-face contact mode. The porosity of sandy loess decreased, and its structural stability improved. These research conclusions can provide theoretical references for sandy loess reinforcement by cellulose curing agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the distribution of marginal excess cement in vented and non‐vented crowns and evaluate the effect of clinical cleaning procedures on the reduction of excess cement. Materials and methods: Forty models with implant analogs in the position of the right maxillary first molar were divided into four groups (n = 10/group, vented/non‐vented crowns with or without cleaning procedures). The abutment finish lines were placed 1 mm below the artificial gingiva buccally, mesially, and distally and at the gingival level palatally. A standardized amount (20 mg) of resin cement was applied in a thin layer to the intaglio surface of zirconia vented and non‐vented crowns. The excess cement was removed by a dental explorer in groups with cleaning procedures. The distribution (area and depth) of the marginal excess cement was measured at each quadrant (buccal, mesial, palatal, and distal) for all study samples. The data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics (ɑ = 0.05). Results: The area and depth values of the excess cement in each quadrant in the vented group were significantly smaller than that in the non‐vented group, both with and without cleaning (p < 0.001). Cleaning procedures significantly reduced the area of excess cement in both vented and non‐vented groups (all, p < 0.001 except for p < 0.05 at the buccal aspect of the vented group). The depth of excess cement in the vented group was significantly decreased with cleaning in the buccal quadrant compared with that without cleaning (p < 0.01). However, the depth of excess cement of the non‐vented group was significantly increased with cleaning in all quadrants compared with that without cleaning (all, p < 0.001 except for p < 0.05 at the distal aspect). Conclusions: Crown venting significantly reduced the area and depth of the marginal excess cement in vitro. Cleaning procedure with a dental explorer significantly reduced the area of marginal excess cement in vitro; however, the excess cement can be pushed deeper in the non‐vented group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different surface treatment methods on the shear bond strength (SBS) of metal brackets bonded to two types of CAD/CAM composite restorations: milled and 3D-printed. Materials and Methods: A total of 160 flat-shaped specimens (10 × 10 × 2 mm3) were prepared from four different CAD/CAM composites; two milled (Lava Ultimate™ [LU] and Grandio™ [GR]) and two 3D-printed (Crowntec™ [CT] and C&B Permanent™ [CB]). These specimens underwent thermocycling (5000 cycles at 5–55 °C), then were categorized based on the surface treatment into four groups (n = 10): Group C (control, no surface treatment), Group HF (treated with 9.6% hydrofluoric acid), Group DB (mechanical roughening by a diamond bur), and Group SB (sandblasting using aluminum oxide). Metal brackets were bonded using Transbond XT Primer and universal adhesive, stored in artificial saliva for 24 h, then thermocycled again. Shear bond strength (SBS) was tested using a universal testing machine until bracket debonding occurred. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) was assessed using a stereomicroscope to quantify the residual adhesive following debonding. Result: Regarding material, GR and LU restorations had significantly higher SBS values compared to CT and CB, ranging from 13.90 MPa to 20.35 MPa. Regarding surface treatment, SB and HF groups showed significantly higher SBS values. The ARI scores showed different adhesive modes of failure, with higher instances of scores 0 and 1, which indicate no or minimal adhesive remaining. Conclusions: Both milled and 3D-printed materials had adequate SBS for clinical use, with milled materials showing superior results. Surface treatments like sandblasting and HF significantly improved bond strength, with adhesive failure being common.

Reservoir quality prediction in deeply buried reservoirs represents a complex challenge to geoscientists. In sandstones, reservoir quality is determined by the extent of compaction and cementation during burial. During compaction, porosity is lost through the rearrangement and fracture of rigid grains and the deformation of ductile grains. During cementation, porosity is predominantly lost through the growth of quartz cement, although carbonate and clay mineral growth can be locally important. The degree of quartz cementation is influenced by the surface area of quartz available for overgrowth nucleation and thermal history. Clay grain coats can significantly reduce the surface area of quartz available for overgrowth nucleation, preventing extensive cementation. Using a coupled-effect compaction and cementation model, we have forward-modelled porosity evolution of surface sediments from the modern Ravenglass Estuary under different maximum burial conditions, between 2000 and 5000 m depth, to aid the understanding of reservoir quality distribution in a marginal marine setting. Seven sand-dominated sub-depositional environments were subject to five burial models to assess porosity-preservation in sedimentary facies. Under relatively shallow burial conditions (4000 m) experience a significant reduction in porosity due to extensive quartz cementation. Porosity is reduced to 1% in outer estuary sediments that lack grain-coating clays. However, in tidal flat sediments with continuous clay grain coats, porosity values of up to 30% are maintained due to quartz cement inhibition. The modelling approach powerfully emphasises the value of collecting quantitative data from modern analogue sedimentary environments to reveal how optimum reservoir quality is not always in the coarsest or cleanest clastic sediments.

Photovoltaic technology has proven to be a reliable, economical, and clean energy source that is capable of adapting to diverse geographical conditions. However, factors such as soiling overshadow these qualities, thus leading to production losses and affecting the profitability of this technology. For these reasons, soiling is a highly studied topic, which involves considering the physicochemical characterization of the deposited material, mitigation strategies, effect predictions, and cleaning mechanisms. However, there is a relatively unexplored area related to the microbiological contribution to soiling. The surface of photovoltaic modules, along with the deposited material and local atmospheric factors, fosters favorable conditions for the colonization of microorganisms. These microorganisms influence the soiling mechanisms and optical properties of photovoltaic modules. This work presents a detailed characterization of the microbial diversity present in the soiling deposited on photovoltaic modules installed in the Atacama Desert. Two study sites were defined: Antofagasta and the Solar Platform of the Atacama Desert, which have warm and cold desert climates, respectively. Mineralogical characterization tests, heavy metal analyses, TOC, and inorganic element analyses were conducted on the deposited material. Additionally, the culturable isolates and the metagenomic DNA of the soiling samples and biofilms grown on standard PV glass were characterized using next-generation sequencing. The results show that the deposited soiling contained a microbiological component that had adapted to extreme desert conditions. The presence of the genera Arthrobacter, Kocuria, and Dietzia were identified in the culturable isolates from Antofagasta, while Arthrobacter and Dietzia were obtained from the Solar Platform of the Atacama Desert. The metagenomic DNA was mainly represented by the genera Pontibacter, Noviherbaspirillum, Massilia, Arthrobacter, Hymenobacter, and Deinococcus at Antofagasta. However, at the Solar Platform of the Atacama Desert, the analyzed samples presented DNA concentrations below 0.5 ng/µL, which made their preparation unviable. At the PSDA, the biofilms formed by the genera Peribacillus and Kocuria were identified, whereas the UA showed a greater abundance of bacteria that favored biofilm formation, including those that belonged to the genera Bacillus, Sporosarcina, Bhargavaea, Mesaobacillus, Cytobacillus, Caldakalibacillus, and Planococcus. Based on these results, we propose a soiling mechanism that considers the microbiological contribution to material cementation.

Objectives: To compare, in vitro, resin cement excess removal techniques at the veneer-tooth interface. Materials and methods: Anterior human teeth were restored with ceramic veneers and randomly divided according to the following techniques (n = 10): removal of excess resin cement with brush and dental floss, followed by light-curing with Valo (Group 1) or Elipar (Group 2) for 1 min and 40 s; tack-curing with Valo (Group 3) or Elipar (Group 4) for 1 s; and tack-curing with Valo (Group 5) or Elipar (Group 6) for 5 s. The tack-curing was followed by removal of excess with probe and dental floss and light-curing for 1 min and 40 s. The area of excess resin cement (mm2) was measured in micro-CT images using AutoCAD program. The failures at the cervical margin in the X, Y, and Z axes (µm) of greater value were measured using the DataViewer program. The specimens were submitted to microleakage with 2% basic fuchsin. Results: According to the Kruskal–Wallis and multiple comparison test, the highest area of excess resin cement was found in Group 1 (5.06 mm2), which did not differ statistically from Groups 2 (3.70 mm2) and 5 (2.19 mm2). Groups 2, 3 (1.73 mm2), 4 (1.14 mm2), and 5 (2.18 mm2) did not differ statistically. Group 6 (0.77 mm2) obtained the lowest value, which did not differ statistically from Groups 3 and 4. According to the Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn test, there was no significant difference in failures in X (p = 0.981), Y (p = 0.860), and Z (p = 0.638) axes and no significant difference in microleakage (p = 0.203) among the groups. Conclusions: Tack-curing for 1 s or 5 s, followed by removal of excess resin cement using a probe and a dental floss, tended to result in a lower amount of excess material around the margin. Clinical relevance: The technique used for resin cement excess removal influences the amount of excess leaved at the veneer-tooth interface. Tack-curing for 1 s or 5 s is recommended to mitigate the excess resin cement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major problematic soils in semi-arid regions include expansive soils and collapsible soils. These two types of soils cause problems and are hazardous for buildings when moisture is introduced following a dry or semi-dry season. In order to assess the risk and damage likely to occur, a protocol of investigation needs to be considered by geotechnical engineers to quantify and assess the possible heave or collapse that may occur. The characterization and prediction of unsaturated soil behavior in semi-arid areas can now be enabled following the advancement of unsaturated soil mechanics. Heave is associated with the wetting of expansive soils, while excessive settlement or the sudden loss of support may occur when water is introduced to collapsible soils. This work calls for more than one parameter for the assessment of problematic soils to avoid misleading predictions based on a single test. This study presents an investigation of two sets of soil samples obtained from semi-arid areas in Saudi Arabia known for their collapsible or expansive nature. Tests under controlled suction and variable effective stress were conducted. The air entry values, inflection points, and residual points were established and compared for the two problematic soils. A series of oedometer tests was conducted for typical soils, and settlement and collapse were measured and assessed. The swell potential for the tested clays varied from 4% to 22%. It is possible to integrate the data from the soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC) and compressibility tests with any project specification and applied stresses to produce reliable recommendations for the construction and protection of structures in hazardous soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To determine what thickness of 5 mol% yttria zirconia (5Y-Z) translucent crowns cemented with different cements and surface treatments would have equivalent fracture resistance as 3 mol% yttria (3Y-Z) crowns. Methods: The study included 0.8 mm, 1.0 mm, and 1.2 mm thickness 5Y-Z (Katana UTML) crowns and 0.5 and 1.0 mm thickness 3Y-Z (Katana HT) crowns as controls. The 5Y-Z crowns were divided among three treatment subgroups (n = 10/subgroup): (1) cemented using RMGIC (Rely X Luting Cement), (2) alumina particle-abraded then luted with the same cement, (3) alumina particle-abraded and cemented using a resin cement (Panavia SA Cement Universal). The 3Y-Z controls were alumina particle-abraded then cemented with RMGIC. The specimens were then loaded in compression at 30° until failure. Results: All 5Y-Z crowns (regardless of thickness or surface treatment) had a similar to or higher fracture force than the 0.5 mm 3Y-Z crowns. Only the 1.2 mm 5Y-Z crowns with resin cement showed significantly similar fracture force to the 1 mm 3Y-Z crowns. Conclusion: In order to achieve a similar fracture resistance to 0.5 mm 3Y-Z crowns cemented with RMGIC, 5Y-Z crowns may be as thin as 0.8 mm. To achieve a similar fracture resistance to 1.0 mm 3Y-Z crowns cemented with RMGIC, 5Y-Z crowns must be 1.2 mm and bonded with resin cement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cement film thickness may have an impact on the shear bond strength (SBS) of lithium disilicate dental ceramics luted to human enamel with resin cement. The objective of this study was to evaluate SBS of lithium disilicate ceramics adhered to enamel using resin cement at different thicknesses. In total, 50 ceramic specimens (3 × 3 × 3 mm) and 50 premolar teeth were prepared and randomly assigned to 5 groups (n = 10 each). Ceramic specimens were designed with five cement film thicknesses (50 μm; 100 μm; 150 μm; 200 μm; and 300 μm). Teeth surfaces (4 × 4 mm) were prepared with a high-speed handpiece mounted on a dental surveyor. Ceramic specimens were cemented to teeth with resin cement (3MTM RelyXTM U200, Resin-Self-Adhesive-Cement). The specimens were then thermocycled for 6000 cycles with a 30 s dwell time and a 5 s transfer time in water (5 °C and 55 °C). A Universal-Testing-Machine was used to measure SBS (MPa). Statistical analysis in SPSS included Anova and Tukey's tests. The SBSs of ceramics adhered to teeth revealed significantly different values across all test groups (p = 0.000). The findings showed that as cement layer thickness increased, so did the SBS. The cement spaces at 50 and 300 μm had the lowest SBS (9.40 + 1.15 MPa) and maximum SBS (21.98 + 1.27 MPa), respectively. The SBS of the lithium disilicate ceramic luted to natural human enamel increased along with the cement layer thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of carbonate petrography is essential for understanding reservoir properties and the quality of rock formations. High-resolution cathodoluminescence spectroscopy and optical microscopy were used to determine the impact of cement on the porosity evolution of carbonate rocks of the Kurra Chine Formation at Sirwan Valley, Northern Iraq. This study represents the first-ever attempt to investigate sedimentology at this location. A total, of 183 thin-section slides, 18 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) samples, 14 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) samples, and 6 Cathodoluminescence (CL) samples were analyzed from the outcrop section of the Kurra Chine Formation. Four types of dolomite textures are recognized and classified based on the crystal size distribution and crystalboundary shape. The porosity within Kurra Chine Formation includes primary and secondary porosity, with the majority of primary porosity being occluded by cementation. Cathodoluminescence analysis revealed two phases of calcite cement in the Kurra Chine Formation. The first phase (C1), is characterized by weak-zoned blocky calcite, displaying a dull luminescence with typical homogenous red color, which fills most of the interparticle and moldic pores. The second type of calcite cement (C2) is ghost-zoned calcite exhibiting red to slight orange luminesces interfingering with dolomite cement. XRD analysis indicated a predominant of calcite and common dolomite. SEM analysis revealed the predominance of secondary porosity occurring within fractures of the dolomite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the influence of different translucent resins (Z350 and Opallis) for customizing fiber posts and light-curing the cementation system using different LED equipment (V, Valo or R, Radii-Cal) on the bond strength and adhesive failure pattern at 24 h and 6 months. Eighty roots were prepared and divided into 4 groups (n=20): ZV (Z350 resin and LED Valo), ZR (Z350 resin and LED Radii-Cal), OV (Opallis resin and LED Valo), OR (Opallis resin and LED Radii-Cal). After post space preparation, the fiber post was customized and cemented with self-adhesive cement and light-curing using V or R LED equipment. Bond strength values were submitted to 2-way ANOVA test. ZV and ZR showed higher bond strength values than the other groups at 6 months of evaluation (p<0.05). The Z350 resin has a favorable influence on the bond strength of self-adhesive cement to root dentin, regardless of the LED polymerization equipment used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Selcuk Dental Journal is the property of Selcuk Dental Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cement mortars and compounds prepared in the course of the development of a process for solidification of the solution fraction of alkaline high-level waste (HLW) accumulated at the Mayak Production Association were studied. Only materials commercially available in Russia were included in dry mix formulations. The spread, bleeding, final setting, and heat release were determined for model inactive cement mortars, and the compression strength, frost resistance, and water resistance, for the compounds. The 137Cs leach rate was determined for the cement compounds with real solidified high-level solutions. The formulation meeting the whole set of regulatory and technological requirements to cemented radioactive waste, provided that the compound is placed in limited-volume containers (e.g., in NZK-type containers), was developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the effect of etch‐and‐rinse (ER) versus self‐etch (SE) strategies of a universal adhesive applied with a manual brush (MB) or rotary brush (RB) on the bonding interface of fiber post cementation. Methods: Forty bovine incisor roots were prepared and divided into four groups according to the methods of application and strategy of universal adhesive use (MB‐ER, RB‐ER, MB‐SE and RB‐SE). After 6 months, specimens from different thirds of the post space were evaluated of push‐out strength, analysis of adhesive failure patterns, and extent of tags. Results: The RB‐ER and RB‐SE groups showed the highest bond strength values in the cervical and middle thirds of the post space. Cohesive adhesive failure had the highest incidence in the different thirds of the post space in the ER strategy, regardless of the adhesive application method. The RB‐ER group showed the highest tag extensions. Conclusions: The protocols of universal adhesive application with RB provided the greater bond strength, but only the ER strategy favored the formation of a greater extension of tags at the adhesive interface. Clinical Significance: The application of universal adhesive with RB into the post space increases the strength of the post‐cemented fiber bond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Cu-Ni coated SiC composite samples were produced by electric current assisted sintering (ECAS) method by adding electroless nickel coated SiC powders to copper powders produced by cementation method at the ratios of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 wt%. The relative densities of the produced samples were measured by Archimedes' principle, their microstructures were examined by SEM-EDS, dominant phases were determined by XRD technique; microhardness and electrical conductivity measurements were made. The relative density of undoped copper was determined as 99.42% and the relative density value of Cu-Ni SiC composite samples decreased to 98.35% at most with increasing SiC ratio. The hardness values of Cu-Ni SiC composite samples increased from 120HV to 145HV with the addition of SiC; electrical conductivity values decreased from 90.41 IACS (International annealed copper standard) to 58.56 IACS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Die Orthopädie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Unconsolidated artificial ground is an ever‐increasing feature on the Earth's surface but it poses various challenges such as pollutant release and ground instability. The process of lithification could be an important factor in changing the properties of artificial ground and ameliorating these challenges. In this study, a lithified deposit of a furnace slag associated with a former iron and steel works in Scotland was analysed to determine the mechanisms and drivers of lithification. Scanning electron microscope analysis showed that Ca leached from around the edges of clasts of slag through reaction of the chemically unstable slag with water from an adjacent water body. Dissolution of Ca (and OH−) from the slag caused the water in contact with the slag to become hyperalkaline, facilitating ingassing and hydroxylation of CO2 from the atmosphere (fingerprinted through carbon isotope analysis). Reaction of the dissolved Ca and CO2 led to precipitation of calcite. Scanning electron microscope analysis showed the calcite is distributed between slag clasts, forming rims around clasts and cementing clasts together into a solid rock‐like mass. Understanding the mechanisms and drivers of lithification in artificial ground will be important, given its widespread nature particularly in urban areas where artificial ground is the substrate of most development.