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This study uses a simple solvent casting technique to offer an innovative, cost-effective synthesis of a cellulose-lactone hybrid material for Rhodamine 6G dye adsorption. The modified cellulose revealed superior adsorption competencies, triumphing a maximum dye removal efficiency of 97.8 % under neutral pH. Adsorption isotherms were best defined by the Langmuir model (R 2  = 0.999), signifying monolayer adsorption, while the Freundlich model (R 2  = 0.9714) suggested the existence of heterogeneous adsorption sites. Characterization methods, including FTIR, TGA, DSC, and SEM, confirmed the structural, thermal, and morphological changes induced by lactone modification, which enhanced the material's mechanical properties and adsorption efficiency. The hybrid material demonstrated excellent long-term stability, recyclability, and potential for large-scale water treatment applications. These findings emphasize the material's potential as a sustainable solution for removing organic pollutants from wastewater., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors emphasize once more that they are unaware of any financial or personal conflicts that might have looked to have an impact on the research disclosed in this work., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Cellulose acetate (CA) is an important cellulose derivative with a wide range of applications. To adopt a more efficient and environmentally friendly method to synthesize cellulose acetate, a binary ionic liquid mixture of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole chloride salt (BmimCl) and 1-butyl-3-methyldihydroimidazole phosphate (BmimH 2 PO 4 ) was used. Compared to the conventional methods, this approach didn't require pre-activation of cellulose and the process of homogeneous acetylation proceeded without a catalyst. By simply adjusting the reaction conditions, cellulose acetate with a degree of substitution (DS) in the range of 0.83-3.0 was produced by one-step homogeneous acetylation without hydrolysis. Furthermore, the cellulose acetate film produced by solvent casting exhibited smooth surface characteristics, 95 % transparency, and 57.9 MPa tensile strength. Therefore, this study highlights the importance of using binary ionic liquid mixtures for facile synthesis of cellulose acetate. Due to their excellent transparency and mechanical properties, newly synthesized cellulose acetate films could replace commercial films., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Microbial infection is a significant health issue for humans. Despite the development of numerous antibiotics, the continuous rise of drug-resistant bacteria highlights the urgent need for new materials to combat these problems. In this study, four water-soluble quaternized cellulose (QC) derivatives with degrees of substitution (DS) ranging from 0.23 to 0.45 were synthesized homogeneously from cellulose carbamate (CC) in NaOH/ZnO aqueous solution. The QC derivatives exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against gram-negative/positive bacteria, fungi and drug-resistance bacteria. Models of bacterial vaginitis (BV) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) were used to evaluate the application of QC derivatives visually. Secretion smears and tissue section staining revealed that treatment with QC derivatives led to a reduction in mycelia and spores in the vagina and secretions in the VVC model, along with improved inflammation. In the BV model, vaginal secretions were reduced, clue cells in smears significantly decreased, and inflammation markedly improved. Additionally, cell experiments and staining of mouse organ tissue sections demonstrated that QC derivatives exhibited good biocompatibility. Therefore, using QC derivatives in flushing douches represents a novel approach for treating vaginitis and could serve as a benchmark for addressing other infectious diseases., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Phosphoethanoamine (pEtN) cellulose is a chemically modified cellulose present in some bacterial biofilms. To deepen our understanding of this biopolymer and its biological function, access to chemically defined pEtN-cellulose oligosaccharides is desirable. Herein, we report an on resin protocol for the fast synthesis of tailor-made pEtN-celluloses. The cellulose backbone is prepared by automated glycan assembly and then specifically functionalized with pEtN groups, allowing for access to a collection of ten pEtN-cellulose oligomers with different amount and pattern of pEtN.

Cellulosic polysaccharides have increasingly been recognized as a viable substitute for the depleting petro-based feedstock due to numerous modification options for obtaining a plethora of bio-based materials. In this study, cellulose triacetate was synthesized from pure cellulose obtained from the waste lignocellulosic part of date palm ( Phoenix dactylifera L.). To achieve a degree of substitution (DS) of the hydroxyl group of 2.9, a heterogeneous acetylation reaction was carried out with acetic anhydride as an acetyl donor. The obtained cellulose ester was compared with a commercially available derivative and characterized using various analytical methods. This cellulose triacetate contains approximately 43.9% acetyl and has a molecular weight of 205,102 g·mol - 1 . The maximum thermal decomposition temperature of acetate was found to be 380 °C, similar to that of a reference sample. Thus, the synthesized ester derivate can be suitable for fabricating biodegradable and "all cellulose" biocomposite systems.

The need for biodegradable and biocompatible polymers is growing quickly, particularly in the biomedical and environmental industries. Cellulose acetate, a natural polysaccharide, can be taken from plants and modified with polycaprolactone to improve its characteristics for a number of uses, including biomedical applications and food packaging. Cellulose acetate-g-polycaprolactone was prepared by a three-step reaction: First, polymerization of ε-caprolactone via ring-opening polymerization (ROP) reaction using 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and functionalization of polycaprolactone(PCL) by introducing NCO on the hydroxyl end of the HEMA-PCL using hexamethyl lenediisocyanate(HDI) were carried out. Then, the NCO-HEMA-PCL was grafted onto cellulose acetate (using the "grafting to" method). The polycaprolactone grafted cellulose acetate was confirmed by FTIR, the thermal characteristics of the copolymers were investigated by DSC and TGA, and the hydrophobicity was analyzed via water CA measurement. Introducing NCO-PCL to cellulose acetate increased the thermal stability. The contact angle of the unreacted PCL was higher than that of cellulose acetate-g-PCL, and it increased when the chain length increased. The CA-g-PCL50, CA-g-PCL100, and CA-g-PCL200 showed very high inhibition zones for all three bacteria tested ( E. coli , S. aureus , and P. aeruginosa ).

Here, a facile method to fabricate cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with high yield from microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) at room temperature (RT) is achieved by using a new solvent system of zinc chloride (ZnCl 2 ) and a little amount of hydrochloric acid (HCl). Compared with sulphuric acid hydrolysis process, about one-fifth mole of acid is used for per gram of CNCs in our protocol. CNCs with rod-like morphology are regenerated with a maximum yield of 35.2% and high crystallinity of 73.8%. Moreover, with an additional 2 h of ball-milling, the yield of CNCs could significantly increase to 66.9% at RT. The possible formation mechanism for CNCs prepared by the solvent system of ZnCl 2 /HCl is proposed. As the first example of isolation of CNCs with high yield at RT using ZnCl 2 , this work provides a facile, energy-saving, and practical strategy for the preparation of cellulose nanomaterials., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In hemodialysis process, membrane serves as a barrier between blood and the dialysate. The barrier when contacted by blood accompanied activation of coagulation, immunity, and cellular passageways. In the recent years, hemodialysis membrane's biocompatibility has become a issue which leads to reduce the performance during the separation process. In previous work, we developed and evaluated a cellulose-based membrane blended with polyaziridine or polyetyleneimine in formic acid for hydrophilicity, pure water flux, surface morphology, and permeation efficiency. Biocompatibility was accessed, by conducting cellular viability and cellular attachments tests. In this study, the membrane compared to a non-treated control, and cell viability revealed active and growing cell cultures after 14 days. During the cellular attachment experiment, cell cultures attached to the fabricated membrane simulated the formation of cell junctions, proving that the membrane is non-toxic and biocompatible. CA + PEI + FA membrane tested with a blood mimic fluid having density identical to renal patient's blood. The BSA concentration in the feed solution was the same as that in the blood of the renal patient. The results revealed that the CA + PEI + FA membrane was able to reject 99% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 69.6% urea. Therefore, from biocompatibility and blood mimic fluid testing, it is confirmed that the CA + PEI + FA membrane is the finest implant for dialysis applications., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Ionic conductive hydrogels have been widely applied in sensors, energy storage and soft electronics recently. However, most of the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) based ionic hydrogels are mainly fabricated by soaking the hydrogels in high concentration electrolyte solution which can induce the waste of electrolyte and solvent. Herein, we have designed cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and ZnSO 4 reinforced PVA based hydrogels through a one-pot simple freezing-thawing method at low ZnSO 4 concentration without any soaking process. Furthermore, the hydrogel with 0.4% CNF exhibited stress up to 0.79 MPa (242% strain) and high ionic conductivity of 0.32 S m -1 (0.07 M ZnSO 4 ). Moreover, hydrogel sensor displayed high linear gauge factor 1.70 (0-200% strain), excellent stability, durability and reliability. The integrated hydrogel sensor also showed excellent sensor performance for human motion monitoring. This work provides a new prospect for the design of cellulose reinforced conductive hydrogels via a facile method., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Bacterial cellulose (BC) was produced via the static fermentation process using G. xylinus. Cellulose and diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAEC) were converted to carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and carboxymethylated diethylaminoethyl cellulose (CMDEAEC) while to prepare the composites, two different methods were used: by either direct addition of the materials to the fermentation medium or addition of the materials after the fermentation process. Structural characteristics of composites were determined using instrumental techniques. Potential application of BC, BC/CMC, and BC/CMDEAEC in drug delivery system was examined using methylene blue (MB) as a model drug where the loading capacity and swelling ratio for the samples were as follows: BC/CMC > BC/CMDEAEC > BC. The result of the in-vitro study was in favor of the release behavior of BC/CMDEAEC composite. The MB loading data were fitted using Langmuir and Freundlich equations and kinetic behavior of the release was described by Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas models., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Cellulose ester films were prepared by esterification of cellulose with a multibranched fluorinated carboxylic acid, "BRFA" (BRanched Fluorinated Acid), at different anhydroglucose unit:BRFA molar ratios (i.e., 1:0, 10:1, 5:1, and 1:1). Morphological and optical analyses showed that cellulose-BRFA materials at molar ratios 10:1 and 5:1 formed flat and transparent films, while the one at 1:1 M ratio formed rough and translucent films. Degrees of substitution (DS) of 0.06, 0.09, and 0.23 were calculated by NMR for the samples at molar ratios 10:1, 5:1, and 1:1, respectively. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the esterification. DSC thermograms showed a single glass transition, typical of amorphous polymers, at -11 °C. The presence of BRFA groups shifted the mechanical behavior from rigid to ductile and soft with increasing DS. Wettability was similar to standard fluoropolymers such as PTFE and PVDF. Finally, breathability and water uptake were characterized and found comparable to materials typically used in textiles., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Herein, a rapid approach toward the size/morphology-controlled synthesis of [Cu(L-mal)(bipy)·2H 2 O] (CuLBH) was developed by adjusting the concentrations of 2-methylimidazole (2-MI) and copper ions. The chiral separation efficiency test indicated that the nano-diameter CuLBH exhibited better selective potential towards (±)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethanol (NE) by providing more fully exposed recognition sites. In order to further improve the selectivity for NE enantiomers and avoid the aggregation of MOF nanoparticles, the nanosized CuLBH-decorated carboxylated cellulose (CC) composite CC-CuLBH was designed by controlling the ratio of the solvent and Cu 2+ , which exhibited much higher enantioselectivity than those of pristine CC and even nano CuLBH.

Wood from invasive tree species Acacia dealbata and Ailanthus altissima was used to produce high value-added nanocellulose. Firstly, bleached pulps were produced from the wood of these tree species after kraft cooking. Afterwards, the resultant pulps were pre-treated by TEMPO-mediated oxidation (Acacia dealbata) or enzymatic hydrolysis (Ailanthus altissima) followed by high-pressure homogenization. Hydrogels were obtained and characterized for their main physical and chemical properties, including rheology measurements. After freeze-drying, the surface properties of the materials were evaluated by inverse gas chromatography. Results showed that nano/micro fibrils could be obtained from the wood of these invasive species. Rheometry studies showed that Acacia-TEMPO cellulose nanofibrils form strong gels with high yield stress point and viscosities (reaching ca. 100,000 Pa·s). Additionally, the surfaces of the obtained nanocelluloses showed a dispersive component of the surface energy near 40 mJ/m 2 and a prevalence of the Lewis acidic character over the basic one, as typical for cellulose-based materials. Finally, films with good mechanical and optical properties could be obtained from the cellulose hydrogels. Acacia-TEMPO film (produced by filtration/hot pressing) showed a tensile strength of 79 MPa, Young's modulus of 7.9 GPa, and a transparency of 88%. The water vapor barrier, however, was modest (permeability of 4.9 × 10 -6 g/(Pa·day·m))., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In the present study, the novel Ag/cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)-doped CeO 2 quantum dots (QDs) with highly efficient catalytic performance were synthesized using one pot co-precipitation technique, which were then applied in the degradation of methylene blue and ciprofloxacin (MBCF) in wastewater. Catalytic activity against MBCF dye was significantly reduced (99.3%) for (4%) Ag dopant concentration in acidic medium. For Ag/CNC-doped CeO 2 vast inhibition domain of G-ve was significantly confirmed as (5.25-11.70 mm) and (7.15-13.60 mm), while medium- to high-concentration of CNC levels were calculated for G + ve (0.95 nm, 1.65 mm), respectively. Overall, (4%) Ag/CNC-doped CeO 2 revealed significant antimicrobial activity against G-ve relative to G + ve at both concentrations, respectively. Furthermore, in silico molecular docking studies were performed against selected enzyme targets dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS), and DNA gyrase belonging to folate and nucleic acid biosynthetic pathway, respectively to rationalize possible mechanism behind bactericidal potential of CNC-CeO 2 and Ag/CNC-CeO 2 ., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In order to circumvent the water eutrophication caused by nitrogen loss in agriculture, slow-release and high-water containing fertilizers have captured much attention. Considering the unstable release of traditional slow-released fertilizers, novel strategies need to be designed to meet the steady release of fertilizers. Herein, by integrating cellulose-based hydrogel with MIL-100(Fe), a pH-sensitive Cellulose/MOFs hydrogel (CAM) with a high surface area (45.25 m 2 /g) was devised. The volume changes and the water adsorption of the hydrogels were uncovered from pH 3 to pH 11, where the highest water adsorption (100 g/g) was achieved at pH 11. Besides, a pH-sensitive urea slow release fertilizer (U-CAM) was also designed. The urea release of the U-CAM at pH 11 was much slower than that of the U-CAM at pH 3, which indicated its potential application in arid regions. In parallel with a favorable water-holding capacity, the totally loss of the soil moisture loaded with U-CAM was slowed down by 18 days as compared with the pure soil. The positive effect of the U-CAM on the growth of wheat was indexed with the germination rate, number of tillers, photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content of the crop, which verified their further application in irrigating farming., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Polysaccharide substrates loaded with antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds, effectively protected by cyclodextrin moieties, can be a long-lasting solution to confer certain properties to fabrics, paper and other materials. β-Cyclodextrin was attached to α-cellulose, bleached pulp and starch by a two-step esterification with a tetracarboxylic acid. The resulting derivatives were characterized by spectroscopy, thermal degradation analysis and capability of phenolphthalein inclusion. The carriers, containing between 89 and 171 μmol of β-cyclodextrin per gram, were loaded with carvacrol, cuminaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde and hydroxytyrosol. From a stoichiometric addition, the percentage of compound retained ranged from 49% (hydroxytyrosol in pulp-cyclodextrin) to 92% (carvacrol in starch-cyclodextrin). Finally, the release rate to aqueous ethanol was measured over eight days and fitted to kinetic models. From the analysis of the mean dissolution time, it can be concluded that inserting β-cyclodextrin units enhanced the long-term holding of phenolic active compounds in carbohydrate matrices., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Hydrogels based on cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) have been widely used as scaffolds for biomedical applications, however, the poor mechanical properties of CNF hydrogels limit their use as ink for 3D bioprinting in order to generate scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. In this study, a dual crosslinkable hydrogel ink composed of a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) star polymer and 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO)-oxidized nanocellulose fibers (CNFs) is presented. As the resulting hydrogel had low structural integrity, at first crosslinking of CNFs was introduced by Ca 2+ . Strong physical interactions between CNFs and Ca 2+ cations allowed easy regulation of the viscosity of the inks for extrusion printing raising the solution viscosity by more than 1.5 times depending on the amount of Ca 2+ added. The resulting hydrogel had high structural integrity and was further stabilized in a second step by photo crosslinking of PEG under visible light. In only a few seconds, hydrogels with Young's modulus between ∼10 and 30 kPa were obtained just by altering the CNF and Ca 2+ content. 3D printed hydrogels supported fibroblasts with excellent cell viability and proliferation. The dual crosslinkable hydrogel ink herein developed is versatile, easy to prepare, and suitable for 3D printing of bioscaffolds with highly tailored viscoelastic and mechanical properties applicable in a wide range of regenerative medicines.

Targeted delivery and controlled release of drugs are attractive methods for avoiding the drug's leakage during blood circulation and burst release of the drug. We prepared a nano cellulose-based drug delivery system (DDS) for the effective delivery of curcumin (CUR). In the present scenario, the role of nanoparticles in fabricating the DDS is an important one and was characterized using various techniques. The drug loading capacity was high as 89.2% at pH = 8.0, and also the maximum drug release takes place at pH = 5.5. In vitro cell viability studies of DDS on MDA MB-231; breast cancer cells demonstrated its cytotoxicity towards cancer cells. The prepared DDS was also examined for apoptosis, hemocompatibility, and Chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) studies to assess its pharmaceutical field application and the investigation results recommended that it may serve as a potential device for targeted delivery and controlled release of CUR for cancer treatment., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Due to the unique properties of cellulose-based materials, they are attractive to be developed in industrial pharmaceutics and biomedical fields. Carboxymethyl-diethyl amino ethyl cellulose scaffold (CM-DEAEC) has been synthesized in the current work as a smart novel derivative of cellulose with a great functionality in drug delivery systems. The scaffolds were well cross-linked with 2% (v/v) epichlorohydrin (ECH), loaded with curcumin (Cur), and then were analyzed by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and mechanical strength. While developing the ideal delivery platform, curcumin (an important chemotherapeutic agent) was chosen due to its hydrophobicity and poor bioavailability. Thus, we developed a novel scaffold for efficient loading and controlled releasing of curcumin. The swelling ratio of 136%, high curcumin entrapment efficiency (up to 83.7%), sustained in vitro drug release profile, and appropriate degradability in three weeks confirmed significant properties of the CM-DEAEC scaffold. More than 99% antibacterial activity has been observed by the cross-linked curcumin loaded CM-DEAEC scaffolds. Cytotoxicity studies using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining showed that cross-inked curcumin loaded CM-DEAEC scaffolds did not show any toxicity using L929 cells. All experiments were compared with CMC scaffolds and better characteristics of the novel scaffold for drug delivery have been confirmed., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Removal of toxic metal ions using adsorbents is a well-known strategy for water treatment. While chitosan and cellulose can adsorb weakly some types of metals, incorporating thiols as metal chelating agents can improve their sorption behaviors significantly. Presented in this review are the various chemical modification strategies applicable for thiolation of chitosan and cellulose in the forms of mercaptans, xanthates and dithiocarbamates. Moreover, much attention has been paid to the specific strategies for controlling the thiolation degree and characterization approaches for establishing the structure-property relationship. Also, the kinetics and isotherm models that elucidate the adsorption processes and mechanisms induced by the thiomers have been explained. These thiomers have found great potentials in the applications associated with metal removal, metal recovery and metal detection., (© 2021 The Chemical Society of Japan & Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

We prepared a self-dispersed cellulose-based microgel via chemically bonding hydrophilic gelatin peptide chain onto cellulose glucose chain. Following, a variety of highly transparent, foldable, and writable photoluminescent polymer films was obtained through loading organic dyes and inorganic pigments onto cellulose-based microgel matrix, respectively. Benefiting from the coupling sites and network effect of microgel as well as the abundant hydroxyl, amino, and imino groups in its structure, the microgel containing organic dyes and inorganic pigments exhibit good dispersion and stability, and the resultant photoluminescent films emit bright yellow, orange, yellow-green, and blue-green fluorescence under UV light, respectively, especially the cellulose-based microgel stabilized inorganic alkaline earth aluminate hybrids exhibit continuous luminescence for a long time in the dark. Compared with the existing regenerated cellulose or CNCs-based fluorescent films, the cellulose-based microgel fluorescent films present higher transmittance and good biodegradability. This study can bring new ideas for the development of flexible luminescent devices., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Facile preparation of functional hydrogel materials for environmental catalysis is a hot research topic of soft materials science and green catalysis. In this study, a carboxylcellulose hydrogel confined Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles composite catalyst (Fe 3 O 4 @CHC) with magnetic recyclability has been synthesized by taking the advantages of the newly developed cellulose solution in tetramethyl guanidine/DMSO/CO 2 through in situ acylation using mixed cyclic anhydrides and ion exchange reaction. The achieved Fe 3 O 4 @CHC hydrogel catalyst was shown to be an more efficient and better Fenton-like catalyst for decomposition of the organic dye rhodamine B (RhB) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, with almost complete decomposition occurring within 180 min, in comparison with Fe 3 O 4 @cellulose hydrogel (CH) with excellent recyclability. This work provided a facile strategy for the preparation of hydrogel-based functional composite green catalytic materials, which has potential applications in green catalysis., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Toxic compounds in pineapple peel waste hydrolysate (PPWH), namely formic acid, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and furfural, are the major predicament in its utilization as a carbon source for bacterial cellulose (BC) fermentation. A rapid detoxification procedures using atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) technique were employed to reduce the toxic compounds. ACP treatment allows the breakdown of toxic compounds without causing excessive breakdown of sugars. Herein, the performance of two available laboratory ACP reactors for PPWH detoxification was being demonstrated. ACP-reactor-1 (R1) runs on plasma power of 80-200 W with argon (Ar) plasma source, while ACP-reactor-2 (R2) runs at 500-600 W with air plasma source. Treatment in R1, at 200 W for 15 min, results in 74.06%, 51.38%, and 21.81% reduction of furfural, HMF, and formic acid. Treatment in R2 at 600 W gives 45.05%, 32.59%, and 60.41% reductions of furfural, HMF, and formic acid. The BC yield from the fermentation of Komagateibacter xylinus in the R1-treated PPWH, R2-treated PPWH, and untreated-PPWH is 2.82, 3.82, and 2.97 g/L, respectively. The results show that ACP treatment provides a novel detoxified strategy in achieving agricultural waste hydrolysate reuse in fermentation. Furthermore, the results also imply that untreated PPWH can be an inexpensive and sustainable resource for fermentation media supplementation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are a series of cyclic oligosaccharides formed by amylose under the action of CD glucosyltransferase that is produced by Bacillus. After being modified by polymerization, substitution and grafting, high molecular weight cyclodextrin polymers (pCDs) containing multiple CD units can be obtained. pCDs retain the internal hydrophobic-external hydrophilic cavity structure characteristic of CDs, while also possessing the stability of polymer. They are a class of functional polymer materials with strong development potential and have been applied in many fields. This review introduces the research progress of pCDs, including the synthesis of pCDs and their applications in analytical separation science, materials science, and biomedicine.

Aminated cellulose nanofibers (A-CNF) with high thermostability (>350 ℃), high crystallinity (81.25 %), and high dispersion stability were extracted from "biological grinding" biomass through one-pot microwave-hydrothermal synthesis. Worm-eaten wood powder (WWP) as the product of "biological grinding" by borers is a desirable lignocellulose for fabricating A-CNF in a green and cost-effective way since it is a well-milled fine powder with dimension of dozens of microns, which can be used directly, saving energy and labor. Generated A-CNF proved to be an excellent reinforcing and curing agent for constructing high performance epoxy nanocomposites. The nanocomposites exhibited a thermal conductivity enhancement of about 120 %, coefficient of thermal expansion reduction of 78 %, and Young's modulus increase of 108 % at a low A-CNF loading of 1 wt.%, demonstrating their remarkable reinforcing potential and effective stress transfer behavior. The process proposed herein might help to bridge a closed-loop carbon cycle in the whole production-utilization of biomass., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Superdisintegrants have an important function in Fast dissolving tablets (FDT). It's believed that an increase in surface to the mass (size reduction) can enhance their performance. Due to the obligation of pharmaceutical excipients being in GRAS (generally recognized as safe) list, we've devoted our research to modify one of the routinely used and important natural polymer, cellulose, as superdisintegrant. Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was extracted from microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) via the sulfuric acid hydrolysis process. NCC derivatives have been synthesized by Itaconic acid/Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (IA/HEMA) via maleic anhydride (MA) to acquire unique swellability properties in to achieve superabsorbent cellulose-based nano hydrogel with the cross-linking system. The disintegration performance of prepared tablets was compared with tablets composed of sodium starch glycolate (SSG) and MCC as positive and negative controls. The results show that the disintegration time of tablets formulated with synthesized modified NCC (m-NCC) decreased dramatically compared to other disintegrants. The dissolution analysis showed suitable condition for complete drug release in a shorter time. The in vitro cytotoxic experiments proved the biocompatibility of newly synthesized superdisintegrant. The dissolution Analysis findings suggest that our developed novel superdisintegrant paves the way for the formulation of fast dissolving tablets containing rapidly acting medicines such as zolpidem., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The present study focused on coupling cellulose nanofibers (alternative materials for plastics and metals) with a magnetic ionic liquid (synthesized by a microwave-assisted method) through mixing to yield magnetic cellulose nanofibers (MCNFs) that can be recycled by attracting them to a magnet. Accordingly, two types of ionic liquids were synthesized: (a) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate(III) {[bmim] FeCl 4 } and (b) 1-glycidyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate {[glmi]FeCl 4 }, which were characterized by the fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) technique. Impregnation of the cellulose nanofibers with the {[bmim]FeCl 4 } ionic liquid caused the latter to be physically adsorbed onto the nanofibers to produce {MCNF@{[bmim]FeCl 4 }, whereas the corresponding {[glmi]FeCl 4 } ionic liquid was chemically bonded to the cellulose nanofibers to yield magnetic {MCNF@[glmi]FeCl 4 } nanofibers. Under the experimental conditions used, the corresponding magnetic moments were 0.222 A m 2 kg -1 for {MCNF@ {[bmim]FeCl 4 } and 0.095 A m 2 kg -1 for {MCNF@[glmi]FeCl 4 }.

This work reports on the valorization of Tempranillo vine shoots for the development of bio-based packaging materials. Cellulose (F3) and nanocellulose (NANO F3) were produced by the conventional method, while less purified cellulosic fractions (F2A) and nanocrystals (NANO F2A) were extracted by simplified protocols (omitting Soxhlet and alkaline treatments) to reduce production costs and environmental impact and evaluate the potential added functionalities of these less purified materials. Although most of the hemicelluloses in F2A were digested upon acid hydrolysis, a small fraction remained in NANO F2A. On the other hand, the presence of a minor xylan fraction in F3 limited the access of sulphuric acid towards the cellulose microfibrils, hindering hydrolysis and producing heterogeneous fibrillar structures in NANO F3. The obtained materials were used to produce cellulosic films, as well as blends with agar, and their performance properties were evaluated. Overall, NANO F2A films showed the best compromise between performance and sustainability and presented additional antioxidant capacity. The properties of the films could be adjusted by the incorporation of agar, improving their ductility and water permeability., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Synthesis of nanoparticle from biopolymers present in agricultural waste residue is significant as they are eco-friendly and serve as alternative to unrenewable petroleum resources. This research focuses on utilizing Corn cob, a lignocellulosic biomass for the simultaneous production of cellulose and hemicellulose using an energy efficient method. A sequential process of microwave irradiation and ultrasound technique is carried out to obtain cellulose and hemicellulose at a faster rate. Microwave assisted delignification showed that delignification of about 97.31% was achieved at an optimum condition of 180 W power, 12.86% Sodium chlorite and 16 min reaction time. Ultrasound assisted alkali extraction resulted in a yield of 0.445 g of cellulose /g of corn cob and 0.327 g of hemicellulose /g of corn cob at an optimum condition of 41 °C, 14% NaOH for 46 min. The extracted cellulose and hemicellulose were converted into nanoparticles as they show unique properties in nanoscale size. Acid hydrolysis was found to reduce the average particle size of cellulose from 894 nm to 131.4 nm and alkylation and nanoprecipitation was shown to decrease the size of hemicellulose from 876.9 nm to 130.4 nm. Nano Cellulose structure with a crystallinity index of 72.36% was retained which increases their applications as reinforcement material in polymer matrices., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Hydrogel is considered as a promising candidate for bioink in terms of biocompatibility, biodegradability, printability and supporting cellular behavior. Recently, carbohydrates derivatives containing alkyne and azide pendant functional groups have been used in medical applications due to their improved chemical, biological, functional properties, and their amenability for chemical reactions under mild conditions. In this work, a novel bioink was developed based on azide and alkyne of cellulose derivatives. Azido-hydroxyethyl cellulose (D.S azido  = 0.04) was synthesized via open-ring reaction of 1-azido-2,3-epoxypropane and characterized spectroscopically and titrimetrically. Alkyne derivative, propargyl carboxymethyl cellulose (D.S propargyl  = 1.72) was synthesized through coupling reaction with propargylamine in the presence of EDC and NHS. The click-gel scaffold was obtained by mixing the two novel candidates in the presence of copper (I) catalyst. Extrusion bio-plotting experiment was successfully conducted of the two solutions into coagulant Cu (I)/DMSO solutions and demonstrated the possibility of using the clickable cellulose derivatives as bioink precursors. Chemical and physical properties of the click-gel were demonstrated. The biocompatibility assay of the prepared click-gels showed high level of viability in the human skin fibroblast cells (HFB4) at concentration 100 μg/mL., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have declared no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Bacterial cellulose (BC), prepared from two recently developed thermotolerant bacterial strains (Komagataeibacter xylinus C30 and Komagataeibacter oboediens R37-9), were used as a raw material to synthesize nanofibril films. Field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) observations confirmed the ultrafine nano-structure of BC pellicle (BCP) with average fibril widths between 50 and 60 nm. The BC was directly oxidized in a TEMPO/NaBr/NaClO system at pH of 10 for 2 h. TEMPO-oxidized bacterial cellulose nanofibrils (TOBCN) were obtained by a mild mechanical treatment and the TOBCN films were prepared through heat-drying. The oxidation yielded a recovery ratio between 70 and 80% by weight with an increase in the carboxylate content of 0.9-1.0 mmol g -1 . Nanofibrillation yields were more than 90% and the resulting high aspect ratio TOBCNs were ~6 nm in average width with >800 nm in lengths, when observed under transmission electron microscope (TEM). TOBCN film of K. xylinus C30 exhibited high transparency (79%), tensile strength (142 MPa), Young's modulus (7.13 GPa), elongation around failure (3.89%), and work of fracture (2.29 MJ m -3 ), when compared to the TOBCN films of K. oboediens R37-9 at 23 °C and 50% RH. Coefficients of thermal expansion of both the TOBCN films were low at around 6 ppm K -1 ., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A new type of double-network hydrogel, cross-linked with microcrystalline cellulose grafted with ε-polylysine (MCC-PL) and N,N-methylene bisacrylamide/acrylic acid, was synthesised to efficiently inhibit bacterial proliferation and remove heavy metals. The physicochemical properties of the MCC-PL hydrogel (MCC-PLH) were characterised using scanning electronic microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential thermogravimetric analysis. The adsorption results showed that the optimal adsorption conditions were temperature of 313 K at pH of 5 and 6 of Pb 2+ and Cu 2+ , respectively. The adsorption mechanism of MCC-PLH5 was successfully determined using Freundlich isotherm, pseudo-second kinetics, and intra-particle diffusion model, in conjunction with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Adsorption thermodynamic studies indicated that the process was spontaneous and endothermic. Antibacterial experiments showed that PL-grafted MCC hydrogel exhibited more efficient and durable antibacterial activity than MCC, indicating its potential for water decontamination., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Uranium extraction from seawater is considered as an efficient strategy to meet the increasing demands of uranium. Amidoxime has been reported as one of the most efficient groups for uranium affinity. Herein, amidoximated cellulose fibers were synthesized by grafting polyacrylonitrile (PAN) onto cellulose fibers followed by amidoxime modification. The amidoximated cellulose fibers showed maximum adsorption capacity of 52.88 mg g -1 (pH = 5.0), and its static adsorption process was well fitted with Langmuir model and Pseudo-second-order kinetics. The adsorption mechanism was attributed to the chelating reaction between uranyl complexes and amidoximated cellulose fibers. The prepared fibers were further fabricated into nonwoven membrane for dynamic adsorption, and the breakthrough curves were well fitted to Dose-Response model. The amidoximated cellulose fiber membrane showed a good adsorption capacity of 1.22 mg g -1 at pH 8.0 after filtrating 10.0 L simulated seawater, demonstrating promising efficient engineering materials for uranium extraction from seawater., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Preparation of pharmaceutical nanosuspensions is a popular technique to increase the dissolution velocity of poorly water-soluble drugs. Subsequent drying into a compaction-ready powder or granule is a critical process due to possible adverse solid characteristics and the risk of growth of nanoparticles. This work evaluated the drying of nanosuspensions via fluid bed granulation with focus on the binder selection and used concentrations, as well as the parameters spray rate and atomization pressure. Design of experiments was used to identify significant parameters. Indomethacin nanosuspensions were prepared by wet media milling and dried on a carrier consisting of lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, and crospovidone with and without additional binder during granulation. Resulting granules were compacted into tablets and their in vitro dissolution performances were characterized. A higher content of binder PVP and a higher spray rate led to less growth of resuspended nanoparticles. Finally, indomethacin nanoparticle tablets showed a superior dissolution performance in contrast to raw indomethacin tablets., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The increasing amount of dye discharge is imposing more stringent requirements on dye removal than ever before. In this work, a three-dimensional network structured cationic cellulose foam (CCF) with high dye adsorption capability and highly selective adsorption of anionic dyes is prepared through grafting and chemical crosslinking. It exhibits a maximum anionic dye Eosin Y (EY) adsorption capacity of 364.22 mg/g and a corresponding removal efficiency as high as 99.58 %. Besides, results indicate that the obtained CCF displays superior adsorption capability for anionic dyes, environmental adaptability, as well as high recyclability. The isothermal and kinetics of the dye adsorption highly match Langmuir and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, suggesting that anionic dyes are absorbed on CCF through chemical and monolayer action. All these merits demonstrate a simple, feasible and effective approach for the design and fabrication of cellulose foams with selective adsorption of anionic dyes from wastewater., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Hydrosilylation catalyzed by the rhodium(I) complex [Rh(acac)(CO) 2 ] or platinum(0)-based Karstedt's catalyst was employed to combine hydrophilic propargylated hydroxyethyl cellulose and hydrophobic hydride-terminated polydimethylsiloxane to give polymer hybrid structures. The final polymers were characterized by FTIR, solid state 1 H, 13 C and 29 Si NMR, contact angle, microcalorimetry and thermogravimetry measurements. The grafting degree was controlled by the catalyst choice and by the reagent load variations; an increase of the polysiloxane load and a change from Karstedt's to the rhodium catalyst led to a higher (from 2 to 7%) silicon content in the glycosilicones. The glycosilicones were insoluble in water, but swelled in organic solvents (DMSO, DMF, and chloroform). The hydrophilicity of the glycosilicones decreased with incrementing silicon content: the contact angles increased from 30 (cellulose) to 103-131° in the hybrids. The glycosilicones obtained via the hydrosilylation are less toxic toward algae Chlorella vulgaris and infusoria Paramecium caudatum than those obtained with CuAAC., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In this study, we developed an easy process for the production of cellulose hydrogels over a wide concentration range by using an ionic liquid/DMSO mixed solution that can easily be recycled at room temperature and has low environmental impact. Cellulose was completely dissolved at 6 to 20 wt% with respect to the [BMIm][OAc]/DMSO mixed solution at room temperature and ambient pressure. Placing the cellulose solution in a mold and immersing it in deionized water caused solvent replacement of the [BMIm][OAc]/DMSO mixed solution with deionized water, making it easy to obtain a cellulose hydrogel without using a crosslinking agent. Approximately 80% of the ionic liquid could be reused by constructing a system that recovers the ionic liquid discharged from the cellulose solution during solvent replacement. The pore size, water content and mechanical strength of the cellulose hydrogel strongly depended on the concentration of the cellulose solution prepared using the [BMIm][OAc]/DMSO mixture. However, the crystallinity and thermal stability did not show a concentration dependence., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Water pollution arising from pharmaceuticals has raised great concerns about the potential risks for biosphere and human health. However, rapid and efficient removal of pharmaceutical contaminants from water remains challenging. Wood sawdust, a byproduct of the wood-processing industry, is an abundant, cost-effective, and sustainable material with a unique hierarchically porous microstructure. These features make wood sawdust quite interesting as a filtration material. Here, we report a novel cross-flow filtration composite based on β-cyclodextrin-polymer-functionalized wood sawdust (β-CD/WS) in which the pharmaceutical contaminant water flows through the sawn-off vessel channels and the micropores on the surface of the cell walls, generating the turbulence. Such water flow characteristics ensure full contact between pharmaceutical pollutants and β-CD grafted on the cellulose backbone of wood sawdust, thereby enhancing the water treatment efficiency. Consequently, the β-CD/WS filter device shows a high removal efficiency of over 97.5% within 90 s for various pharmaceutical contaminants including propranolol, amitriptyline, chlortetracycline, diclofenac, and levofloxacin, and a high saturation uptake capacity of 170, 156, 257, 159, and 185 mg g -1 , respectively. The high-performance wood-sawdust-based cross-flow filtration opens new avenues for solving the global water pollution issues, especially those caused by pharmaceutical contaminants.

Twin-screw extrusion (TSE) is a rather recent method to produce cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) at a high solid content under continuous feeding. Here, never-dried commercial eucalyptus pulp was used as starting material to produce CNFs by TSE after a chemical pretreatment to introduce carboxylic groups via TEMPO-mediated oxidation and carboxymethylation. Five samples with a carboxyl content ranging from 800 to 1300 μmol.g -1 were produced to explore how the carboxyl content affects the aptitude of cellulose fibers to be broken down to nanoscale. The properties of the resulting CNFs in terms of nanosized fraction, morphology and rheological properties were investigated. A critical carboxyl content of 700 μmol.g -1 was a prerequisite for the successful conversion of cellulose fibers into a CNF gel by TSE, regardless the pretreatment method. The degree of swelling of the fibers was put forward to account for this critical parameter., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Mimicking the morphological structure of native blood vessels is critical for the development of vascular grafts. Herein, small-diameter composite vascular grafts that integrate the nanofibrous bacterial cellulose (BC) and submicrofibrous cellulose acetate (CA) were fabricated via a combined electrospinning and step-by-step in situ biosynthesis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation shows the nano/submicro-fibrous morphology and well-interconnected porous structure of the BC/CA grafts. It is found that the BC/CA graft with a suitable BC content demonstrates lower potential of thrombus formation and enhanced endothelialization as compared to the BC and CA counterparts. Western blotting and RT-qPCR results suggest that the BC/CA-2 graft promotes endothelialization by improving expressions of genes vWF-1 and CD31 and protein CD31. The in vivo tests demonstrate much lower inflammatory response to the BC/CA graft. These results suggest that the BC/CA graft shows a great potential as an artificial graft for rapid formation of an endothelial cell monolayer.

The objective of this study was to investigate cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) as a carrier for extended-release alcohol-resistant matrix tablet. Powder blends were either directly compressed or granulated before compression. The drug release from CAB matrix tablet was robust to formulation/process parameters such as compression force (10-20 kN), granular size (0.15-1.40 mm), and drug content (50-70%). In addition, release medium variables such as ionic strength, pH, and agitation rate had no effect on the drug release. CAB matrix tablet was more robust than ethylcellulose matrix tablet; the release from CAB matrix tablet was not affected by ethanol content (up to 20% v/v) in the release medium irrespective of agitation. CAB is a promising polymer for formulating of alcohol-resistant extended-release matrix tablet.

Highly monodisperse spherical nanocrystalline cellulose (SNCC) was prepared via a rapid single-step heterogeneous hydrolysis technique. The production process was observed to follow first-order kinetics with the reaction rate constant of 42.88 × 10 -2  min -1 and the reaction rate of 10.08 × 10 -5  mol·L -1 ·min -1 . An inverse correlation was noticed, in the reaction medium, between hydronium ion concentration and MCC concentration. Microscopic analysis showed highly monodisperse nanospheres with an average diameter of 36 nm. The TGA thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD), revealed significant improvement in crystallinity and crystal size. Increased resistance to thermal degradation was observed for SNCC compared to MCC, producing a final residue three times higher, with a maximum decomposition temperature of 391 °C. As a result, the heterogeneous acid-catalyzed method demonstrated an eco-friendly, effective, and rapid approach for producing nanocellulosic materials with improved crystallinity, morphological and thermal properties., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Friction and wear are the main factors in the failure of the piston in automobile engines. The objective of this work was to improve the tribological behaviour and lubricant properties using hybrid Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNC) and Copper (II) oxide nanoparticles blended with SAE 40 as a base fluid. The two-step method was used in the hybrid nanofluid preparation. Three different concentrations were prepared in a range of 0.1% to 0.5%. Kinematic viscosity and viscosity index were also identified. The friction and wear behavior were evaluated using a tribometer based on ASTM G181. The CNC-CuO nano lubricant shows a significant improvement in term of viscosity index by 44.3-47.12% while for friction, the coefficient of friction (COF) decreases by 1.5%, respectively, during high and low-speed loads (boundary regime), and 30.95% during a high-speed, and low load (mixed regime). The wear morphologies results also show that a smoother surface was obtained after using CNC-CuO nano lubricant compared to SAE 40., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Hypothesis: The water absorption capacity of nanocellulose (NC) foam is tailored by crosslinking with polyethyleneimine (PEI) and hexamethylenediamine (HMDA). The interaction of amine groups in PEI and HMDA with the carboxylic groups (COO - ) of NC affects the foam structure which reduces its swelling capacity., Experiments: Functionalised NC foams were prepared by TEMPO (2,2,6,6,-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl) oxidation of bleached pulp, followed by fibrillation into a hydrogel, adding a crosslinker and freeze drying the hydrogel into a foam. The structure of the NC foam characterised by rheology, SANS (Small Angle Neutron Scattering), SAXS (Small Angle X-ray Scattering) and cryo-SEM (cryo-Scanning Electron Microscopy) was related to absorption and swelling properties., Findings: The NC foam has the highest water absorption capacity at 132 g water/g foam. PEI-NC foam has a water absorption capacity of 71 g water/g foam, which further decreases to 47 g water/g foam for the HMDA-NC foam. Small angle scattering reveals the elementary fibril of NC is 3-5 nm thick and forms fiber bundles. In water, these bundles swell differently for the different types of foam which affects the water absorption capacity of the network. The structural analysis of the foam was related to the swelling capacity. The structure of NC foam can be engineered for specific applications for biomedical, agriculture or food industries., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Crown Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Cyanoethyl cellulose (CEC)/ magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) flexible composite film with enhanced dielectric and magnetic properties was successfully prepared. CEC has been synthesized from micro crystalline cellulose (MCC). The effects of magnetite mass fraction on the morphology, microstructure, thermal stability, and antimicrobial activity of the as-prepared composite films were investigated. The Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and broadband dielectric spectrometer was also employed to study the magnetic and dielectric properties, respectively. In addition to study the computational calculation of MCC, and CEC by DFT/ B3LYP/6-31G (d) basis sets. The results showed that, the sample that is magnetite free has a diamagnetic response to the applied magnetic field, however the other samples that is loaded with magnetite show super-paramagnetic behavior indicating that the particles' sizes of the magnetite mostly below 20 nm. Also, antimicrobial activities of composite films against (G + ve), (G-ve), were investigated., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict to interests., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

An end-to-end continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing process was developed for the production of conventional direct compressed tablets on a proof-of-concept level for the first time. The output reaction mixture of the flow synthesis of acetylsalicylic acid was crystallized continuously in a mixed suspension mixed product removal crystallizer. The crystallizer was directly connected to a continuous filtration carousel device, thus the crystallization, filtration and drying of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) was carried out in an integrated 2-step process. Steady state was reached during longer operations and the interaction of process parameters was evaluated in a series of experiments. The filtered crystals were ready for further processing in a following continuous blending and tableting experiment due to the good flowability of the material. The ASA collected during the crystallization-filtration experiments was fed into a continuous twin-screw blender along with microcrystalline cellulose as tableting excipient. After continuous blending Near-Infrared spectroscopy was applied to in-line analyze the drug content of the powder mixture. A belt conveyor carried the mixture towards an eccentric lab-scale tablet press, which continuously produced 500 mg ASA-loaded compressed tablets of 100 mg dose strength. Thus, starting from raw materials, the final drug product was obtained by continuous manufacturing steps with appropriate quality., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Carbon aerogels are 3D hierarchical multiscale porous materials with outstanding physicochemical properties such as high specific surface area, low density, high porosity, excellent electrical conductor, good chemical stability, hydrophobicity, and adjustable surface chemistry among others. Unlike conventional carbon aerogels, biomass-based carbon aerogels are economical, environmentally friendly and have nigh inexhaustible precursors, which have generated extensive interest and exhibited outstanding electrocatalysis and adsorption/absorption performance. In this review, we mainly summarized the four main kinds of biomass (cellulose, chitosan, lignin and tannin) as carbon aerogel precursor, and discussed in detail their resource, constitute and optimized synthesis mechanism. Further advice was also given for better utilization of biomass as carbon aerogel precursors., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The Used Disposal Paper Cups (UDPCs) have become a concern to the solid waste management sector as scientists triggered the problems in recent years, to proceed forward in developing the process for this issue. Based on this concern, the present study emphasizes on the isolation of a novel bio-eco based Cellulose NanoCrystals (CNCs) from UDPCs through citric acid hydrolysis. The effect of acid concentration on microstructure and yield of CNCs are highlighted. The optimized yield (55 wt.%) has an appearance of rod-like structure with a width of 13.7 ± 0.6 nm which results due to 76 wt.% of acid hydrolyzed CNCs. The colloidal stability, crystallinity index, presence of functional groups and elemental composition in CNCs (76 wt.%) were identified by employing zeta potential, XRD, conductometric test and FTIR techniques. Finally, the thermal stability of CNCs (76 wt.%) was investigated by thermo-gravimetric analysis., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Capping as well as lamination are two common problems, which affect the resulting product quality of the tablet. Usually, capping and lamination occur during or after tablet manufacturing, and may therefore influence follow-up processes such as the coating. In this context, there is an urgent need for approaches to overcome the occurrences of capping and lamination. In the present study, a novel lower punch vibration technique was used to decrease the capping or lamination tendency of different powder formulations. Different microcrystalline cellulose types, as well as an API (acetaminophen), were selected as model powders. The powders were investigated regarding their powder flow, density, particle morphology, and surface area. Moreover, the manufactured tablets were characterized regarding their tablet weight, tensile strength, and capping or lamination indices. It was shown that the capping or lamination tendency was strongly affected by the physical powder properties, the formulation composition, and the adjusted turret speed. In addition, the application of externally applied lower punch vibration led to a pronounced decrease of the capping or lamination tendency and improved mechanical stability of the manufactured tablets., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

We study the dilute solution properties and entangled dynamics of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), a semiflexible polymer, in aqueous solution. Intrinsic viscosity data are consistent with a polymer in θ solvent with a Kuhn length ≃22 nm. The overlap concentration, estimated as the reciprocal of the intrinsic viscosity scales with the degree of polymerisation as c* ∝ N -0.9 . We evaluate different methods for estimating the entanglement cross-over, following the de Gennes scaling and hydrodynamic scaling models, and show that these lead to similar results. Above the entanglement concentration, the specific viscosity, longest relaxation time and plateau modulus scale as η sp  ≃ N 3.9 c 4.2 , τ ≃ N 3.9 c 2.4 and G P  ≃ N 0 c 1.9 . A comparison with other polymers suggests that the rheological properties displayed by HPC are common to many polysaccharide systems of varying backbone composition, stiffness and solvent quality, as long as the effect of hyper-entanglements can be neglected. On the other hand, the observed scaling laws differ appreciably from those of synthetic flexible polymers in good or θ-solvent., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)