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A yellow-coloured, Gram-stain-positive, motile, aerobic and rod-shaped bacteria, designated DKR-3 T , was isolated from oil-contaminated experimental soil. Strain DKR-3 T could grow at pH 5.0-10.5 (optimum, pH 7.0-8.5), at 10-40 °C (optimum, 25-32 °C) and tolerated 3.5 % of NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain DKR-3 T formed a lineage within the family Cellulomonadaceae and was clustered with members of the genus Cellulomonas . Strain DKR-3 T had highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to Cellulomonas gelida DSM 20111 T (98.3 %), Cellulomonas persica JCM 18111 T (98.2 %) and Cellulomonas uda DSM 20107 T (97.8 %). The predominant respiratory quinone was tetrahydrogenated menaquinone with nine isoprene units [MK-9(H 4 )]. The principal cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C 15 : 0 , C 16 : 0 and anteiso-C 17 : 0 . The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. The cell-wall diamino acid was l-ornithine whereas rhamnose and glucose were the cell-wall sugars. The DNA G+C content was 74.2mol %. The genome of strain DKR-3 T was 3.74 Mb and contained three putative biosynthetic gene clusters. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization relatedness values between strain DKR-3 T and its phylogenetically related members were below the species threshold values. Based on a polyphasic study, strain DKR-3 T represents a novel species belonging to the genus Cellulomonas , for which the name Cellulomonas fulva sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DKR-3 T (=KACC 22071 T =NBRC 114730 T ).

Two Gram-stain-positive, facultatively anaerobic, motile, aerobic, rod-shaped and non-spore-forming actinobacteria, strains AO-9 T and AO-18, were isolated from paddy soil collected from Daejeon, Republic of Korea. Colonies were smooth, lemon-yellow and circular and 0.5-0.8×2.0-2.4 µm in diameter after 3 days of incubation at 28 °C on tryptic soy agar. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains AO-9 T and AO-18 belonged to the genus Cellulomonas , showing the highest sequence similarities to Cellulomonas marina FXJ8.089 T (96.6 %), Cellulomonas endophytica SYSUP0004 T (96.5 %), Cellulomonas gelida DSM 20111 T (96.2 %), Cellulomonas uda DSM 20107 T (96.1 %), Cellulomonas rhizosphaerae NEAU-TCZ24 T (96.1 %), Cellulomonas composti TR7-06 T (96.0 %), Cellulomonas persica JCM 18111 T (96.0 %) and less than 96 % to other closely related species. The DNA-DNA hybridization values between strains AO-9 T and AO-18 were 87 %. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain AO-9 T and type strains of related species of the genus Cellulomonas were 84.0-85.8 % and 20.3-20.9 %, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids are anteiso-C 15:0 (49.9 %), C 14:0 (12.9 %) and iso-C 14:0 (12.1 %). The predominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-9 (H 4 ). The polar lipid profile consists of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content was 72.9 mol%. Based on its distinctive phenotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, the two strains are considered to represent novel species of the genus Cellulomonas , for which the name Cellulomonas citrea sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AO-9 T (=KACC 19069 T =NBRC 112523 T ).

Aims: This study was done to obtain denitrifiers that could be used for bioaugmentation in woodchip bioreactors to remove nitrate from agricultural subsurface drainage water., Methods and Results: We isolated denitrifiers from four different bioreactors in Minnesota, and characterized the strains by measuring their denitrification rates and analysing their whole genomes. A total of 206 bacteria were isolated from woodchips and thick biofilms (bioslimes) that formed in the bioreactors, 76 of which were able to reduce nitrate at 15°C. Among those, nine potential denitrifying strains were identified, all of which were isolated from the woodchip samples. Although many nitrate-reducing strains were isolated from the bioslime samples, none were categorized as denitrifiers but instead as carrying out dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium., Conclusions: Among the denitrifiers confirmed by 15 N stable isotope analysis and genome analysis, Cellulomonas cellasea strain WB94 and Microvirgula aerodenitrificans strain BE2.4 appear to be promising for bioreactor bioaugmentation due to their potential for both aerobic and anaerobic denitrification, and the ability of strain WB94 to degrade cellulose., Significance and Impact of the Study: Denitrifiers isolated in this study could be useful for bioaugmentation application to enhance nitrate removal in woodchip bioreactors., (© 2020 The Society for Applied Microbiology.)

Plant material falling into the ultra-basic (pH 11.5-11.9) springs within The Cedars, an actively serpentinizing site in Sonoma County, California, is subject to conditions that mimic the industrial pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for biofuel production. We sought to obtain hemicellulolytic/cellulolytic bacteria from The Cedars springs that are capable of withstanding the extreme alkaline conditions wherein calcium hydroxide-rich water removes lignin, making cell wall polysaccharides more accessible to microorganisms and their enzymes. We enriched for such bacteria by adding plant debris from the springs into a synthetic alkaline medium with ground tissue of the biofuel crop switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) as the sole source of carbon. From the enrichment culture we isolated the facultative anaerobic bacterium Cellulomonas sp. strain FA1 (NBRC 114238), which tolerates high pH and catabolizes the major plant cell wall-associated polysaccharides cellulose, pectin, and hemicellulose. Strain FA1 in monoculture colonized the plant material and degraded switchgrass at a faster rate than the community from which it was derived. Cells of strain FA1 could be acclimated through subculturing to grow at a maximal concentration of 13.4% ethanol. A strain FA1-encoded β-1, 4-endoxylanase expressed in E. coli was active at a broad pH range, displaying near maximal activity at pH 6-9. Discovery of this bacterium illustrates the value of extreme alkaline springs in the search for microorganisms with potential for consolidated bioprocessing of plant biomass to biofuels and other valuable bio-inspired products.

A Gram-stain-positive, facultatively anaerobic and non-motile strain, designated SYSUP0004 T , was isolated from the tubers of Gastrodia elata Blume collected from Yunnan Province, PR China. The 16S rRNA gene sequence result showed that the strain SYSUP0004 T shared low similarity (97.7 %) with the type strain of Cellulomonas marina . SYSUP0004 T grew at pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 8.0), temperature 4-30 °C (optimum, 28 °C) and could tolerate NaCl up to 4 % w/v (optimum in the absence of NaCl). The cell-wall peptidoglycan type was A4 β with an interpeptide bridge l-ornithine-d-glutamic acid. Cell-wall sugars were mannose, ribose, glucose, galactose and fucose. The menaquinone was MK-9(H 4 ). The major fatty acids were anteiso-C 15:0, anteiso-C 15 : 1 A, C 16 : 0 and anteiso-C 17 : 0 . The polar lipids of SYSUP0004 T were diphosphatidylglycerol, unidentified phosphoglycolipid, phosphatidylinositol mannosides and unidentified glycolipid. The genomic DNA G+C content was 76.5 %. The average nucleotide identity values between SYSUP0004 T and members of the genus Cellulomonas were below the cut-off level (95-96 %) recommended as the ANI criterion for interspecies identity. Thus, based on the above results strain SYSUP0004 T represents a novel species of the genus Cellulomonas , for which the name Cellulomonas endophytica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain, SYSUP0004 T (=KCTC 49025 T =CGMCC 1.16405 T ).

Two Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive and oxidase-negative, aerobic, non-motile, cellobiose-utilizing, short-rod-shaped strains (Z28 T and Z29) were isolated from faeces of Tibetan antelope ( Pantholops hodgsonii ) collected on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Strain Z28 T shared 98.1, 98.0, 97.8 and 97.4 % 16S rRNA gene similarity, 24.1, 22.8, 23.2 and 26.3 % digital DNA-DNA hybridization relatedness and 80.8, 80.0, 80.7 and 80.9 % average nucleotide identity values with Cellulomonas oligotrophica DSM 24482 T , Cellulomonas flavigena DSM 20109 T , Cellulomonas iranensis DSM 14785 T and Cellulomonas terrae JCM 14899 T , respectively. Results from further phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene and 148 core genes indicated that strains Z28 T and Z29 were closest to C. oligotrophica DSM 24482 T and C. flavigena DSM 20109 T , but clearly separated from the currently recognized species of the genus Cellulomonas . The genomic DNA G+C content of strain Z28 T was 75.3 mol%. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso -C 15 : 0 , anteiso -C 15 : 1 A, C 16 : 0 and anteiso -C 17 : 0 . Ribose and mannose were detected as the whole-cell sugars. The major respiratory quinone was MK-9(H 4 ) and ornithine was the diamino acid of the cell wall. The polar lipids present in strain Z28 T were phosphatidylethanolamine, five phospholipids, two aminophospholipids, aminolipid and three unidentified lipids. Comparison of phenotypic and phylogenetic features between the two strains and the related organisms revealed that Z28 T and Z29 represent a novel species of the genus Cellulomonas , for which the name Cellulomonas shaoxiangyii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Z28 T (=CGMCC 1.16477 T =DSM 106200 T ).

A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic bacterium, designated CPCC 204705 T , was isolated from a desert soil sample, collected from the Badain Jaran desert. Growth of strain CPCC 204705 T was observed at pH 6.0-8.0 and 15-37 °C, with optimal growth at 28 °C and pH 7.0. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain CPCC 204705 T belonged to the genus Cellulomonas , showing the highest similarity (98.54 %) of 16S rRNA gene sequence to Cellulomonas oligotrophica JCM 17534 T . The peptidoglycan type was A4 β , containing d-ornithine and d-glutamic acids as diagnostic amino acids. Rhamnose and galactose were detected in the whole-cell hydrolysate as diagnostic sugars. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C 15 : 0 , anteiso-C 15 : 1 A, C 14 : 0 and C 16 : 0 . The major menaquinone was MK-9 (H 4 ) and the polar lipid system contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, one unidentified lipid, one unidentified aminolipid and two unidentified aminophospholipids. The DNA-DNA hybridization value between strain CPCC 204705 T and C. oligotrophica JCM 17534 T was 7.1±0.4 %, and the value of average nucleotide identity between these two strains was 79.8 %. The DNA G+C content of strain CPCC 204705 T was 75.4 mol%. Based on the results of physiological experiments, chemotaxonomic data, phylogenetic analysis and DNA-DNA hybridization value, strain CPCC 204705 T should be classified as a novel Cellulomonas species. The name Cellulomonas telluris sp. nov. is proposed, with strain CPCC 204705 T (=DSM 105430 T =KCTC 39974 T ) as the type strain.

A Gram-stain positive, facultatively aerobic, motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated THG-SMD2.3 T , was isolated from a soil sample collected in a tangerine field, Republic of Korea. According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, the isolate was identified as a member of the genus Cellulomonas and to be closely related to Cellulomonas fimi ATCC 484 T (98.5%), Cellulomonas biazotea DSM 20112 T (98.3%), Cellulomonas chitinilytica X.bu-b T (98.0%), Cellulomonas xylanilytica XIL11 T (97.2%), Cellulomonas humilata ATCC 25174 T (97.1%) and Cellulomonas composti TR7-06 T (97.0%). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with other current species of the genus Cellulomonas were in the range 95.4-96.6%. Catalase and oxidase tests were found to be positive. The DNA G+C content was determined to be 73.0 mol%. DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain THG-SMD2.3 T and C. fimi ATCC 484 T , C. biazotea DSM 20112 T , C. chitinilytica X.bu-b T , C. xylanilytica XIL11 T , C. humilata ATCC 25174 T and C. composti TR7-06 T were 58.1 ± 1.6%, 56.7 ± 0.8%, 30.3 ± 1.6%, 22.8 ± 1.6%, 19.9 ± 1.6%, and 13.5 ± 3.0%, respectively. Strain THG-SMD2.3 T was also found to be able to grow at 20-42 °C, at 0-3% NaCl and at pH 5.5-10. The major fatty acids were identified as anteiso-C 15:0 , iso-C 15:0 , anteiso-C 17:0 and iso-C 14:0 . The predominant menaquinone was identified as tetrahydrogenated menaquinones with nine isoprene units [MK-9(H 4 )]. The polar lipids were found to be diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified aminolipids and two unidentified phospholipids. Based on these phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic characterisations strain THG-SMD2.3 T (= KACC 19341 T  = CGMCC 1.16303 T ) is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Cellulomonas, for which the name Cellulomonas aurantiaca sp. nov. is proposed.

An actinomycete strain, TKZ-21 T , was isolated from a freshwater alga ( Chetophoraceae ) collected from the Takizawa River, Yamanashi, Japan, and examined using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cells were Gram-stain positive, aerobic, non-sporulating, motile, and coccoid or short rod-shaped. The strain grew in the presence of 0-4 % (w/v) NaCl, between pH 6-9.4, and over a temperature range of 15-40 °C, with optimum growth at 30 °C. The peptidoglycan type of strain TKZ-21 T was A4β, containing l-ornithine as diagnostic diamino acid and d-glutamic acid as the interpeptide bridge. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H 4 ). The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, ninhydrin-positive glycolipid, and unidentified phospholipids. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C 15 : 0 and anteiso-C 17 : 0 , and the DNA G+C content was 75.6 mol%. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain TKZ-21 T was closely related to Cellulomonas fimi (98.5 % sequence similarity) and Cellulomonas biazotea (98.3 %). The genome orthoANI value between strain TKZ-21 T and C. biazotea and C. fimi were 84.7 and 84.2 %, respectively. On the basis of fatty acid and MALDI-TOF MS profile analysis, phylogenetic analyses, genomic analysis, and phenotypic data, it is proposed that the isolate be classified as a representative of a novel species of the genus Cellulomonas , with the name Cellulomonas algicola sp. nov. The type strain is TKZ-21 T (=NBRC 112905 T =TBRC 8129 T ).

A novel actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-TCZ24 T , was isolated from soil and characterized using a polyphasic approach. The results of phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that the organism should be assigned to the genus Cellulomonas and formed a stable clade with its closest relatives Cellulomonas terrae JCM 14899 T (98.4 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Cellulomonas xylanilytica JCM 14281 T (97.9 %) and Cellulomonas humilata JCM 11945 T (97.7 %). The major menaquinones were identified as MK-9(H4) and MK-8(H4). The phospholipid profile was found to contain diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositolmannoside, a ninhydrin-positiveglycolipid, an unidentified phosphoglycolipid, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified lipid. The major fatty acids were identified as anteiso-C15 : 0, C18 : 1ω9c, C16 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. Moreover, morphological and chemotaxonomic properties of NEAU-TCZ24 T also confirmed the affiliation of the isolate to the genus Cellulomonas. However, multilocus sequence analysis based on five other house-keeping genes (gyrB, rpoB, recA, relA and atpD), DNA-DNA relatedness, physiological and biochemical data indicated that NEAU-TCZ24 T could be distinguished from its closest relatives. Therefore, it is proposed that NEAU-TCZ24 T represents a novel species of the genus Cellulomonas, for which the name Cellulomonas rhizosphaerae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-TCZ24 T (=CCTCC AA 2018042 T =JCM 32383 T ).

To investigate the symbiotic roles of the gut microbiota in the fungus-growing termite Macrotermes barneyi, a novel strain with chitinolytic and cellulolytic activity, designated strain an-chi-1 T , was isolated from the hindgut of M. barneyi. Strain an-chi-1 T grows optimally at 28-30 °C, pH 8.0 in PYG medium. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, this isolate belongs to the genus Cellulomonas with high sequence similarity to Cellulomonas iranensis (99.4%), followed by Cellulomonas flavigena (98.4%), Cellulomonas phragmiteti (97.4%), Cellulomonas oligotrophica (97.2%) and Cellulomonas terrae (97.0%). The DNA-DNA relatedness between an-chi-1 T and the type strains of C. iranensis and C. flavigena DSM20109 T are 35.4% and 23.7%, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids are anteiso-C 15:0 and C 14:0 . The polar lipid profile consists of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides, phosphatidylinositol dimannosides and one unidentified phospholipid. The cell-wall sugar is ribose. The peptidoglycan contains glutamic acid, aspartic acid and alanine. The DNA G+C content is 67.3 mol%. Based on its distinctive phenotypic, phylogenetic, and chemotaxonomic characteristics, an-chi-1 T represents a novel species of the genus Cellulomonas, for which the name Cellulomonas macrotermitis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is an-chi-1 T (= JCM 31923 T  = CICC 24195 T ).

We evaluated the Bruker Biotyper matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) for the identification of 97 Corynebacterium clinical in comparison to identification strains by Api Coryne and MALDI-TOF-MS using 16S rRNA gene and hypervariable region of rpoB genes sequencing as a reference method. C. striatum was the predominant species isolated followed by C. amycolatum. There was an agreement between Api Coryne strips and MALDI-TOF-MS identification in 88.65% of cases. MALDI-TOF-MS was unable to differentiate C. aurimucosum from C. minutissimum and C. minutissimum from C. singulare but reliably identify 92 of 97 (94.84%) strains. Two strains remained incompletely identified to the species level by MALDI-TOF-MS and molecular approaches. They belonged to Cellulomonas and Pseudoclavibacter genus. In conclusion, MALDI-TOF-MS is a rapid and reliable method for the identification of Corynebacterium species. However, some limits have been noted and have to be resolved by the application of molecular methods., (Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier SAS.)

A rod-shaped, motile, facultatively anaerobic and moderately halotolerant plant-growth-promoting actinobacterial strain, designated NCCP-11(T), was isolated from paddy grains. To delineate its taxonomic position, the strain was subjected to a polyphasic characterization. Cells of strain NCCP-11(T) grew at 10-37 °C (optimum 28-32 °C), at pH 6-9 (optimum pH 7) and in 0-12% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 1-2%) in broth medium. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain NCCP-11(T) showed highest similarity to the type strains of Cellulomonas hominis (98.99%) and Cellulomonas denverensis (98.09 %) and less than 97 % with other closely related taxa. The chemotaxonomic data [major menaquinone: MK-9(H4); cell-wall peptidoglycan: type A4β; major fatty acids: anteiso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0, C14 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0; major polar lipids: diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositolmannosides and two unknown polar lipids] also supported the affiliation of strain NCCP-11(T) to the genus Cellulomonas. The level of DNA-DNA relatedness between strain NCCP-11(T) and the two type strains mentioned above was less than 42.7%. On the basis of DNA-DNA relatedness, physiological and biochemical characteristics and phylogenetic position, strain NCCP-11(T) can be differentiated from species of the genus Cellulomonas with validly published names and thus represents a novel species, for which the name Cellulomonas pakistanensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NCCP-11(T) ( = DSM 24792(T) = JCM 18755(T) = KCTC 19798(T))., (© 2014 IUMS.)

Cellulomonas is a rare but emerging human pathogen, causing infection in only 4 reported cases in the literature. We present the first case of ascending cholangitis with Cellulomonas bacteremia and sepsis, as well as a brief review of the literature. We summarize every case of Cellulomonas reported in the medical literature, including treatments and outcomes.

A bacterial strain FXJ8.089(T) was isolated from deep-sea water collected from the southwest Indian Ocean (49° 39' E 37° 47' S) at a depth of 2800 m, and its taxonomic position was investigated by a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain FXJ8.089(T) belonged to the genus Cellulomonas and had the highest similarities with Cellulomonas oligotrophica (96.9 %) and Cellulomonas aerilata (96.6 %). It contained MK-9(H4) as the predominant menaquinone. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol mannosides. The cell-wall peptidoglycan type was A4β with an interpeptide bridge L-Orn-D-Glu. The cell-wall sugars were glucose, mannose and ribose. The DNA G+C content was 70.3 mol%. The strain also showed a number of physiological and biochemical characteristics that were distinct from the closely related species. Based on phenotypic and genotypic data, strain FXJ8.089(T) (= CGMCC 4.6945(T) = DSM 24960(T)) represents a novel species of the genus Cellulomonas, for which the name Cellulomonas marina sp. nov. is proposed.

Cellulomonas spp. are often believed to be of low virulence. There are only a few reports of human infections. We report the first case of endocarditis caused by Cellulomonas in an intravenous drug abuser. The diagnosis of infective endocarditis (IE) in this case was definite using the Duke criteria. The course of the disease was complicated with a heart failure and possible mycotic aneurysm in the left leg. After the end of antimicrobial therapy aortic valve replacement was done because of severe heart failure.

Two novel bacterial strains, designated Kc1(T) and Kc5(T), were isolated from soil in Japan. Cells of the novel strains were Gram-reaction-positive, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, motile rods. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that both strains belonged to the genus Cellulomonas. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains Kc1(T) and Kc5(T) showed closest similarity to that of Cellulomonas terrae DB5(T) (98.1 % and 98.4 % similarity, respectively), and the 16S rRNA gene similarity between the two novel strains was 97.8 %. In both strains, the major menaquinone was MK-9(H(4)), the predominant polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol mannosides, and the peptidoglycan contained ornithine and glutamic acid. Cell-wall sugars were identified as rhamnose, galactose and mannose in strain Kc1(T) and rhamnose and glucose in strain Kc5(T). The DNA G+C contents of strains Kc1(T) and Kc5(T) were 73.6 mol% and 75.8 mol%, respectively. Based on the chemotaxonomic and physiological data and the results of DNA-DNA hybridizations, the two strains represent two novel species within the genus Cellulomonas, for which the names Cellulomonas soli sp. nov. (type strain Kc1(T) =DSM 24484(T) =JCM 17535(T)) and Cellulomonas oligotrophica sp. nov. (type strain Kc5(T) =DSM 24482(T) =JCM 17534(T)) are proposed.

A Gram-positive, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain T26(T), was isolated from subsurface soil of Tianjin coal mine, China. Colonies were yellow-white, convex, circular, smooth and non-transparent on R2A agar. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain T26(T) was closely related to members of the genus Cellulomonas and a member of the genus Actinotalea with 96.8-94.7% and 96.7% gene sequence similarities, respectively. The peptidoglycan type of strain T26(T) was A4β, containing l-ornithine-d-glutamic acid as the interpeptide bridge. The cell-wall sugars were rhamnose, galactose, xylose and inositol. The major fatty acids (>10%) were anteiso-C(15:0) (33.6%), anteiso-C(15:1) A (22.1%), C(16:0) (14.4%) and C(14:0) (12.1%). The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-9(H(4)) and the genomic DNA G+C content was 74.4 mol%. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol-mannosides and phosphatidylinositol. Comparison of phenotypic and phylogenetic characteristics between strain T26(T) and related organisms revealed that the new isolate represented a novel species of the genus Cellulomonas, for which the name Cellulomonas carbonis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is T26(T) ( = CGMCC 1.10786(T) = KCTC 19824(T) = CCTCC AB2010450(T)).

Microbially reduced iron minerals can reductively transform a variety of contaminants including heavy metals, radionuclides, chlorinated aliphatics, and nitroaromatics. A number of Cellulomonas spp. strains, including strain ES6, isolated from aquifer samples obtained at the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford site in Washington, have been shown to be capable of reducing Cr(VI), TNT, natural organic matter, and soluble ferric iron [Fe(III)]. This research investigated the ability of Cellulomonas sp. strain ES6 to reduce solid phase and dissolved Fe(III) utilizing different carbon sources and various electron shuttling compounds. Results suggest that Fe(III) reduction by and growth of strain ES6 was dependent upon the type of electron donor, the form of iron present, and the presence of synthetic or natural organic matter, such as anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) or humic substances. This research suggests that Cellulomonas sp. strain ES6 could play a significant role in metal reduction in the Hanford subsurface and that the choice of carbon source and organic matter addition can allow for independent control of growth and iron reduction activity.

An alkalitolerant and moderately halophilic strain, designated KB23(T), characterized by optimal growth at pH 8.0-9.0 and in the presence of 5-7 % (w/v) NaCl, was isolated from a reed (Phragmites australis) periphyton sample originating from an extremely shallow, alkaline soda pond located in Hungary. Cells of strain KB23(T) were Gram-stain-positive, motile straight rods. Strain KB23(T) was facultatively anaerobic, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative and contained peptidoglycan type A4β (L-Orn-D-Asp). MK-9(H4) was the predominant isoprenoid quinone and anteiso-C(15 : 0), C(16 : 0) and anteiso-C(15 : 1) were the major cellular fatty acids. The DNA G+C content of strain KB23(T) was 74.8 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that this strain belongs to the genus Cellulomonas and that it is related most closely to Cellulomonas flavigena DSM 20109(T) (97.35 % similarity), Cellulomonas terrae DB5(T) (96.81 %), Cellulomonas iranensis O(T) (96.75), Cellulomonas chitinilytica X.bu-b(T) (96.60 %), Cellulomonas persica I(T) (96.53 %), Cellulomonas composti TR7-06(T) (96.45 %), Cellulomonas biazotea DSM 20112(T) (96.34 %) and Cellulomonas fimi DSM 20113(T) (96.20 %). According to these results, together with DNA-DNA hybridization and physiological data, strain KB23(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Cellulomonas, for which the name Cellulomonas phragmiteti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KB23(T) ( = DSM 22512(T)  = NCAIM B002303(T)).

A cellulase-producing bacterium was isolated from soil and identified as Cellulomonas sp. YJ5. Maximal cellulase activity was obtained after 48 h of incubation at 30 degrees C in a medium containing 1.0% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), 1.0% algae powder, 1.0% peptone, 0.24% (NH4)2SO4, 0.20% K2HPO4, and 0.03% MgSO(4).7H2O. The cellulase was purified after Sephacryl S-100 chromatography twice with a recovery of 27.9% and purification fold of 17.5. It was, with N-terminal amino acids of AGTKTPVAK, stable at pH 7.5-10.5 and 20-50 degrees C with optimal pH and temperature of 7.0 and 60 degrees C, respectively. Cu2+, Fe2+, Hg2+, Cr3+, and SDS highly inhibited, but cysteine and beta-mercaptoethanol activated, its activity. Substrate specificity indicated it to be an endo-beta-1,4-glucanase.

Cellulomonas spp. are often believed to be of low virulence and have never been reported as a pathogen causing human disease before. We report the first case of endocarditis caused by Cellulomonas and complicated with osteomyelitis of the lumbar spine in a 78-year-old woman. General weakness and aggravated lower back pain followed by sudden-onset of fever and chills were the major presentation. The diagnosis of infective endocarditis in this case was definitely using the Duke criteria. The magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine revealed infective spondylodisciitis at an early stage. After a full course of antibiotics treatment, the patient's fever subsided but her lower back pain persisted. A slow clinical response to appropriate antimicrobial agents was characteristic of Gram-positive bacillary endocarditis.

Cellulomonas denverensis is a small and thin gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium that was proposed as a new species in 2005. Here we report a female case of acute cholecystitis and sepsis in which C. denverensis was determined to be causative.

A bacterial strain, designated X.bu-b T, with chitin-, xylan-, cellulose- and starch-degrading activities, was isolated from compost at a cattle farm near Daejeon, Republic of Korea. The strain comprised Gram-positive, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacteria. On the basis of an analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences, the phylogenetic position of X.bu-b T was within the genus Cellulomonas, and the strain exhibited relatively high sequence similarities with respect to Cellulomonas biazotea DSM 20112T (98.1 %), C. cellasea DSM 20118T (98.1 %), C. fimi DSM 20113T (98.0 %), C. terrae DB5T (97.9 %), C. humilata ATCC 25174T (97.7 %), C. xylanilytica XIL11 T (97.5 %), C. uda DSM 20107T (97.4 %), C. gelida DSM 20111 T (97.3 %), C. iranensis OT (97.3 %) and C. flavigena DSM 20109T (97.0 %). The phylogenetic distance from other Cellulomonas species with validly published names was greater than 3 % (i.e. less than 97.0 % sequence similarity). Chemotaxonomic data also supported the classification of strain X.bu-b T within the genus Cellulomonas: L-ornithine was the cell-wall diamino acid, anteiso-C15:0 and anteiso-C17:0 were the major fatty acids, rhamnose, galactose, xylose and ribose were the cell-wall sugars, MK-9(H4) was the predominant menaquinone and diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol were present in the polar lipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 73.6 mol%. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments showed that the values for DNA-DNA relatedness between strain X.bu-b T and the phylogenetically closest neighbours were below 23 %. On the basis of its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain X.bu-b T represents a novel species of the genus Cellulomonas, for which the name Cellulomonas chitinilytica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is X.bu-b T (=KCTC 19133T =DSM 17922T).

Sequestration of bacteria within the capsular fornices after cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation can cause both acute and chronic inflammation. A case of persistent postoperative endophthalmitis caused by capsular sequestration of Cellulomonas is described. The patient underwent uncomplicated cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation and subsequently developed acute postoperative endophthalmitis. Inflammation persisted despite several vitreous taps and the injection of intravitreal antibiotics. Definitive treatment required pars plana vitrectomy, intraocular lens explantation, capsular bag removal, and intravitreal and parenteral antibiotics. In patients with postoperative endophthalmitis, one must consider atypical organisms as the source and should consider explantation of the intraocular lens with capsular bag removal.

Two beta-1,4-glucanases (DI and DIII fractions) were purified to homogeneity from the culture filtrate of a cellulolytic bacteria, Cellulomonas sp. CS1-1, which was classified as a novel species belonging to Cellulomonas uda based on chemotaxanomic and phylogenetic analyses. The molecular mass was estimated as 50,000 Da and 52,000 Da for DI and DIII, respectively. Moreover, DIII was identified as a glycoprotein with a pI of 3.8, and DI was identified as a non-glycoprotein with a pI of 5.3. When comparing the ratio of the CMC-saccharifying activity and CMC-liquefying activity, DI exhibited a steep slope, characteristic of an endoglucanase, whereas DIII exhibited a low slope, characteristic of an exoglucanase. The substrate specificity of the purified enzymes revealed that DI efficiently hydrolyzed CMC as well as xylan, whereas DIII exhibited a high activity on microcrystalline celluloses, such as Sigmacells. A comparison of the hydrolysis patterns for pNP-glucosides (DP 2-5) using an HPLC analysis demonstrated that the halosidic bond 3 from the nonreducing end was the preferential cleavage site for DI, whereas bond 2, from which the cellobiose unit is split off, was the preferential cleavage site for DIII. The partial N-terminal amino acid sequences for the purified enzymes were 1Ala-Gly-Ser-Thr-Leu-Gln-Ala-Ala-Ala-Ser-Glu-Ser-Gly-Arg-Tyr15- for DI and 1Ala-Asp-Ser-Asp-Phe-Asn-Leu-Tyr-Val-Ala-Glu-Asn-Ala-Met-Lys15- for DIII. The apparent sequences exhibited high sequence similarities with other bacterial beta-1,4-glucanases as well as beta-1,4-xylanases.

A bacterial strain, TR7-06(T), which has cellulase and beta-glucosidase activities, was isolated from compost at a cattle farm near Daejeon, Republic of Korea. It was a Gram-positive, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that this strain belongs to the genus Cellulomonas, with highest sequence similarity to Cellulomonas uda DSM 20107(T) (98.5 %). Cell wall analysis revealed the presence of type A4beta, L-orn-D-Glu peptidoglycan. The cell-wall sugars detected were mannose and glucose. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H(4)); MK-8(H(4)) was detected in smaller quantities. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C(15 : 0), C(16 : 0), C(14 : 0) and C(18 : 0). The polar lipids detected were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol. The results of DNA-DNA hybridization and physiological and biochemical tests clearly demonstrated that TR7-06(T) represents a novel species. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data show that strain TR7-06(T) (=KCTC 19030(T)=NBRC 100758(T)) merits description as the type strain of a novel Cellulomonas species, Cellulomonas composti sp. nov.

Taxonomic studies were performed on 13 clinical isolates (ten of which were epidemiologically related) that had been previously identified as Oerskovia turbata. Comparative phylogenetic analysis, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, indicated that the isolates are closely related to Cellulosimicrobium cellulans with sequence similarity values ranging from 99.5 to 99.8 %. Chemotaxonomic results (fatty acid profiles and menaquinones) supported the inclusion of these isolates in the genus Cellulosimicrobium. The DNA G+C content was 74.5 mol%. The results of DNA-DNA reassociation, whole-cell sugars (with galactose as the characteristic whole sugar) and phenotypic properties, including antimicrobial resistance, indicated that these isolates are representatives of a novel species of the genus Cellulosimicrobium. The name Cellulosimicrobium funkei sp. nov. is proposed for the novel strains, with strain W6122T (=ATCC BAA-886T = DSM 16025T = CCUG 50705T) as the type strain. The definition of this novel Cellulosimicrobium species will assist in the understanding of the epidemiology and clinical significance of these micro-organisms.

A bacterial strain (DB5(T)), with polysaccharide-degrading activities, was isolated from garden soil in Daejeon, Republic of Korea. The cells were Gram-positive, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, non-motile straight rods. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that this strain belongs to the genus Cellulomonas and that it is most closely related to Cellulomonas xylanilytica LMG 21723(T) and Cellulomonas humilata ATCC 25174(T) (98.0 and 97.9% similarity, respectively). Chemotaxonomic data also supported the classification of strain DB5(T) in the genus Cellulomonas, i.e. L-ornithine as the cell-wall diamino acid, anteiso-C(15:0) and iso-C(15:0) as the major fatty acids, MK-9(H(4)) as the predominant menaquinone and the presence of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol mannosides in the polar lipid profile. The results of DNA-DNA hybridization in combination with chemotaxonomic and physiological data demonstrated that strain DB5(T) (=KCTC 19081(T)=NBRC 100819(T)) should be classified as the type strain of a novel species within the genus Cellulomonas, for which the name Cellulomonas terrae sp. nov. is proposed.

CDC coryneform group A-3 bacteria are rare human pathogens. In this study, six group A-3 isolates (two from blood, one from cerebrospinal fluid, and one each from homograft valve, lip wound, and pilonidal cyst) were compared to the type strains of phenotypically related organisms, Cellulomonas fimi, Cellulomonas hominis, Oerskovia turbata, and Sanguibacter suarezii, and characterized by phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and genotypic studies. DNA-DNA reassociation analysis identified two genomic groups, and phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence identified the taxonomic positions of these groups to genus level. Two groups were defined, and both were more closely related to Cellulomonas species: one group of three strains, for which we propose the new species Cellulomonas denverensis sp. nov., with the type strain W6929 (ATCC BAA-788(T) or DSM 15764(T)), was related to C. hominis ATCC 51964(T) (98.5% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), and the second group of three strains was related to C. hominis ATCC 51964(T) (99.8 to 99.9% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). The definition of this new Cellulomonas species and the confirmation of three strains as C. hominis serve to further clarify the complex taxonomy of CDC coryneform group A-3 bacteria and will assist in our understanding of the epidemiology and clinical significance of these microorganisms.

Aims: To develop a plate assay for simultaneous screening of polysaccharide-degrading and protein-degrading micro-organisms., Methods and Results: A plate assay, based on the visible solubilization of small substrate particles and the formation of haloes on Petri dishes, containing a mixture of diversely coloured insoluble polysaccharides and dye-labelled collagen as chromogenic substrates, was developed. This method was successfully applied for isolating the diverse polysaccharide- and/or protein-degrading bacteria from soil and sludge samples. Selected strains were identified using 16S rDNA partial sequencing; most of them belong to the genera Bacillus, Cellulomonas and Cellulosimicrobium., Conclusions: This novel approach provides unique and valuable information for direct primary screening when the target of selection is micro-organisms exhibiting protein-degrading activity, polysaccharide-degrading activity or a specific combination of them., Significance and Impact of the Study: This plate assay is convenient and easy to perform, rapid, and more adaptable for screening of a large number of samples, compared with other existing methods in the literature.

A Gram-positive, aerobic, non-motile bacterium was isolated from a decayed elm tree. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequences revealed 99.0 % similarity to Cellulomonas humilata. Chemotaxonomic data that were determined for this isolate included cell-wall composition, fatty acid profiles and polar lipids; the results supported the placement of strain XIL11(T) in the genus Cellulomonas. The DNA G+C content was 73 mol%. The results of DNA-DNA hybridization with C. humilata ATCC 25174(T), in combination with chemotaxonomic and physiological data, demonstrated that isolate XIL11(T) should be classified as a novel Cellulomonas species. The name Cellulomonas xylanilytica sp. nov. is proposed, with strain XIL11(T) (=LMG 21723(T)=CECT 5729(T)) as the type strain.

The reduction of Cr(VI), Fe(III), and U(VI) was studied using three recently isolated environmental Cellulomonas sp. (WS01, WS18, and ES5) and a known Cellulomonas strain ( Cellulomonas flavigena ATCC 482) under anaerobic, non-growth conditions. In all cases, these cultures were observed to reduce Cr(VI), Fe(III), and U(VI). In 100 h, with lactate as electron donor, the Cellulomonas isolates (500 mg/l total cell protein) reduced nitrilotriacetic acid chelated Fe(III) [Fe(III)-NTA] from 5 mM to less than 2.2 mM, Cr(VI) from 0.2 mM to less than 0.001 mM, and U(VI) from 0.2 mM to less than 0.12 mM. All Cellulomonas isolates also reduced Cr(VI), Fe(III), and U(VI) in the absence of lactate, while no metal reduction was observed in either the cell-free or heat-killed cell controls. This is the first report of Cellulomonas sp. reducing Fe(III) and U(VI). Further, this is the first report of Cellulomonas spp. coupling the oxidation of lactate, or other unknown electron donors in the absence of lactate, to the reduction of Cr(VI), Fe(III), and U(VI).

We aimed to determine the types of corynebacteria isolated from the blood of patients at Gaziantep University Hospital, Turkey, and their antibiotic susceptibilities. Between February 1999 and June 2001, 3530 blood samples were cultured, of which 915 were found to be positive, and these were further investigated in the bacteriology laboratory. Among positive blood cultures, coryneform bacteria were identified in 31 (3.4%) isolates. Of these, 16 (51.6%) were Corynebacterium jeikeium, six (19.4%) were Corynebacterium striatum, four (12.9%) were Corynebacterium amycolatum, two (6.5%) were Cellulomonas species, two (6.5%) were Corynebacterium afermentans and one isolate (3.2%) was Corynebacterium propinquum. Antibiotic susceptibility tests showed that C. jeikeium was resistant to various antibiotics, whereas all isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and teicoplanin. This study illustrates the importance of taking coryneform bacteria into consideration when culturing blood samples. The need to identify the species and determine its antibiotic sensitivity is emphasized.

Intestinal flora of 47 Apriona germari(Hope) larvae, collected from fields, had been isolated and identified. The results showed that the predominant bacteria were Staphylococcus. Its viable count was 7.63 +/- 0.21, and the detection rate was 100%. Meanwhile, a strain of cellulose-utilizing bacterium was isolated from the fore-midgut fluid of A. germari larvae with the cellulose-congo red agar medium. The bacterium was tentatively identified as Cellulomonas. The detection rate of the cellulolytic bacterium was 23.40%, and the count was 3.84 +/- 0.54 approximately. Its contribution to the borer's cellulose digestion needs further investigations.