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In the realm of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), vehicular communication technologies such as Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC), Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X), and LoRa 2.4 GHz play crucial roles in enhancing road safety, reducing traffic congestion, and improving transport efficiency. This article explores the integration of these communication protocols within smart intersections, emphasizing their capabilities and synergies. DSRC, based on IEEE 802.11p, provides reliable short-range communication with data rates up to 27 Mbps and latencies below 50 ms, ideal for real-time safety applications. C-V2X leverages LTE and 5G networks, offering broader coverage up to 10 km and supporting data rates up to 100 Mbps, with latencies as low as 20 ms in direct communication mode (PC5). LoRa 2.4 GHz, known for its long-range (up to 15 km in rural areas, 1–2 km in urban settings) and low-power characteristics, offers data rates between 0.3 and 37.5 kbps, suitable for non-critical data exchange and infrastructure monitoring. The study evaluates the performance and interoperability of these technologies in urban environments, focusing on data latency, transmission reliability, and scalability. Experimental results from simulated and real-world scenarios show that DSRC maintains reliable communication within 1 km with minimal interference. C-V2X demonstrates superior scalability and coverage, maintaining robust communication over several kilometers in high-density urban settings. LoRa 2.4 GHz exhibits excellent penetration through urban obstacles, maintaining connectivity and efficient data transmission with packet error rates below 10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the core technologies of future autonomous vehicles,Cellular-V2X(C-V2X) faces a series of developing pain points related to network connectivity,such as mobility,coverage and spectrum,while rapidly popularizing its application.The connectivity of C-V2X based cooperative vehicle-infrastructure system directly reflects the overall performance of C-V2X network connected vehicles,which is of great significance to ensure information can achieve long-distance,adaptive,low latency and high reliable transmission.Different from the traditional cellular mobile communication network,C-V2X networking vehicles have the characteristics of high moving speed,short link duration between nodes,strong predictability of wireless communication environment,and mobility model limited by road topology.To make efficient use of spectrum for communication,C-V2X networking vehicles also have the characteristics of no center and self-organization of ad hoc network.Firstly,the advantages and characteristics of C-V2X are briefly introduced,including the progress and structure of C-V2X.On this basis,research on connectivity of C-V2X network are summarized and classified based on transportation scenarios,communication mode selection,road side unit(RSU) location deployment,power control and model driven.Finally,the development trends of connectivity for C-V2X are discussed and its future application is prospected.

Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication is expected to bring tremendous benefits in terms of increased road safety, improved traffic efficiency and decreased environmental impact. In 2017, The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) released 3GPP Release 14, which introduced Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything communication (C-V2X), bringing Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication capabilities to cellular networks, hence creating an alternative to Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) technology. Since then, every new 3GPP Release including Release 15, a first full set of 5G standards, offered V2X capabilities. In this paper, we present a complex simulation study, which benchmarks the performance of LTE-based and 5G-based C-V2X technologies deployed for V2I communication in an urban setting. The study compares LTE and 5G deployed both in the Device-to-Device in mode 3 and in infrastructural mode. Target performance indicators used for comparison are average end-to-end (E2E) latency and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR). The performance of those technologies is studied under varying communication conditions realized by a variation of vehicle traffic intensity, communication perimeter and message generation frequency. Furthermore, the effects of infrastructure deployment density on the performance of selected C-V2X communication technologies are explored by comparing the performance of the investigated technologies for three infrastructure density scenarios, i.e., involving two, four and eight base stations (BSs). The performance results are put into a context of the connectivity requirements of the most popular V2I communication services. The results indicate that both C-V2X technologies can support all the considered V2I services without any limitations in terms of the communication perimeter, traffic intensity and message generation frequency. When it comes to the infrastructure density deployment, the results show that increasing the density of the infrastructure deployment from two BSs to four BSs offers a remarkable performance improvement for all the considered V2I services as well as investigated technologies and their modes. Further infrastructure density increase (from four BSs to eight BSs) does not yield any practical benefits in the investigated urban scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of vehicular communication is to improve road safety and traffic efficiency through various cooperative intelligent transport system (C-ITS) services. These services allow information exchange between vehicles and other communication entities (e.g., vehicles, infrastructure, pedestrians). In addition, many advanced services are envisaged to support autonomous vehicles and safety applications. Therefore, the performance requirements of such services are considered highly critical for road safety. However, all these services increase the channel load, and thus, it isn’t easy to differentiate which service has a higher priority for accessing communication channels. In this paper, we focus on the classification of C-ITS services, which allows the cohabitation of all services considering the strict performance requirements for some services. The aim is to classify C-ITS services based on their packet delay requirements to define higher priority for critical services to ensure their dissemination, especially under congestion conditions. Then, we present protocols and quality of service (QoS) mechanisms that can map this classification to the available vehicular networks.

In a wireless network that conveys status updates from sources (i.e., sensors) to destinations, one of the key issues studied by existing literature is how to design an optimal source sampling strategy on account of the communication constraints which are often modeled as queues. In this paper, an alternative perspective is presented—a novel status-aware communication scheme, namely parallel communications, is proposed which allows sensors to be communication-agnostic. Specifically, the proposed scheme can determine, based on an online prediction functionality, whether a status packet is worth transmitting considering both the network condition and status prediction, such that sensors can generate status packets without communication constraints. We evaluate the proposed scheme on a Software-Defined-Radio (SDR) test platform, which is integrated with a collaborative autonomous driving simulator, i.e., Simulation-of-Urban-Mobility (SUMO), to produce realistic vehicle control models and road conditions. The results show that with online status predictions, the channel occupancy is significantly reduced, while guaranteeing low status recovery error. Then the framework is applied to two scenarios: a multi-density platooning scenario, and a flight formation control scenario. Simulation results show that the scheme achieves better performance on the network level, in terms of keeping the minimum safe distance in both vehicle platooning and flight control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the demand for VANETs data transmission continues to increase, the defined cellular band becomes a bottleneck to meet the demands for all vehicle-to-everything (V2X) users. To deal with this problem, an efficient cluster based resource management scheme and its performance analysis for V2X networks is suggested to discover exceptional needs for various types of VANETs connections, namely vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) connections, and to enhance the efficiency of cellular user with respect to sum ratio, packet received ratio and average throughput for V2I connections whereas maintaining constancy for each V2V link. To deal with the fast channel deviations because of high mobility, we developed an efficient cluster based resource management technique to attain spectrum sharing and power control that relies on large scale fading. In addition, we have also examined the resource management problem of VANETs and V2X users to minimize data communication effects. Primarily, the total cellular sum ratio of every V2I connections is employed as an analysis target to enhance the throughput and to minimize end-to-end latency of the whole V2I link. Moreover, efficient resource management and cluster head selection algorithms are developed which grant the optimum resource distribution. According to our results, the proposed scheme with efficient resource management improves cellular user sum rate, average packet received ratio and throughput in comparison with existing schemes.

Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication is expected to bring tremendous benefits in terms of increased road safety, improved traffic efficiency and decreased environmental impact. In 2017, The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) released 3GPP Release 14, which introduced Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything communication (C-V2X), bringing Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication capabilities to cellular networks, hence creating an alternative to Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) technology. Since then, every new 3GPP Release including Release 15, a first full set of 5G standards, offered V2X capabilities. In this paper, we present a complex simulation study, which benchmarks the performance of LTE-based and 5G-based C-V2X technologies deployed for V2I communication in an urban setting. The study compares LTE and 5G deployed both in the Device-to-Device in mode 3 and in infrastructural mode. Target performance indicators used for comparison are average end-to-end (E2E) latency and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR). The performance of those technologies is studied under varying communication conditions realized by a variation of vehicle traffic intensity, communication perimeter and message generation frequency. Furthermore, the effects of infrastructure deployment density on the performance of selected C-V2X communication technologies are explored by comparing the performance of the investigated technologies for three infrastructure density scenarios, i.e., involving two, four and eight base stations (BSs). The performance results are put into a context of the connectivity requirements of the most popular V2I communication services. The results indicate that both C-V2X technologies can support all the considered V2I services without any limitations in terms of the communication perimeter, traffic intensity and message generation frequency. When it comes to the infrastructure density deployment, the results show that increasing the density of the infrastructure deployment from two BSs to four BSs offers a remarkable performance improvement for all the considered V2I services as well as investigated technologies and their modes. Further infrastructure density increase (from four BSs to eight BSs) does not yield any practical benefits in the investigated urban scenario.

For more than a decade, communication systems based on the IEEE 802.11p technology—often referred to as Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC)—have been considered a de facto industry standard for Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication. The technology, however, is often criticized for its poor scalability, its suboptimal channel access method, and the need to install additional roadside infrastructure. In 3GPP Release 14, the functionality of existing cellular networks has been extended to support V2X use cases in an attempt to address the well-known drawbacks of the DSRC. In this paper, we present a complex simulation study in order to benchmark both technologies in a V2I communication context and an urban scenario. In particular, we compare the DSRC, LTE in the infrastructural mode (LTE-I), and LTE Device-to-Device (LTE-D2D) mode 3 in terms of the average end-to-end delay and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) under varying communication conditions achieved through the variation of the communication perimeter, message generation frequency, and road traffic intensity. The obtained results are put into the context of the networking and connectivity requirements of the most popular V2I C-ITS services. The simulation results indicate that only the DSRC technology is able to support the investigated V2I communication scenarios without any major limitations, achieving an average end-to-end delay of less than 100 milliseconds and a PDR above 96% in all of the investigated simulation scenarios. The LTE-I is applicable for the most of the low-frequency V2I services in a limited communication perimeter (

The revolution of cooperative connected and automated vehicles is about to begin and a key milestone is the introduction of short range wireless communications between cars. Given the tremendous expected market growth, two different technologies have been standardized by international companies and consortia, namely IEEE 802.11p, out for nearly a decade, and short range cellular-vehicle-to-anything (C-V2X), of recent definition. In both cases, evolutions are under discussion. The former is only decentralized and based on a sensing before transmitting access, while the latter is based on orthogonal resources that can be also managed by an infrastructure. Although studies have been conducted to highlight advantages and drawbacks of both, doubts still remain. In this work, with a reference to the literature and the aid of large scale simulations in realistic urban and highway scenarios, we provide an insight in such a comparison, also trying to isolate the contribution of the physical and medium access control layers.

Vehicles will soon be connected and will be interacting directly with each other and with the road infrastructure, bringing substantial benefits in terms of safety and traffic efficiency. The past decade has seen the development of different wireless access technologies for vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications and an extensive set of related use cases have been drafted, each with its own requirements. In this paper, focusing on short-range communications, we analyze the technical and economic motivations that are driving the development of new road users’ connectivity, discussing the international intentions to mandate on board devices for V2X communication. We also go in depth with the enabling wireless access technologies, from IEEE 802.11p to short-range Cellular-V2X and other complementary technologies, such as visible light communication (VLC) and millimeterWaves, up to hybrid communication and 5G. We conclude our survey with some performance comparison in urban realistic scenarios, underlying that the choice of the future enabling technology is not so easy to predict and mostly depends on mandatory laws at the international level.

For more than a decade, communication systems based on the IEEE 802.11p technology—often referred to as Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC)—have been considered a de facto industry standard for Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication. The technology, however, is often criticized for its poor scalability, its suboptimal channel access method, and the need to install additional roadside infrastructure. In 3GPP Release 14, the functionality of existing cellular networks has been extended to support V2X use cases in an attempt to address the well-known drawbacks of the DSRC. In this paper, we present a complex simulation study in order to benchmark both technologies in a V2I communication context and an urban scenario. In particular, we compare the DSRC, LTE in the infrastructural mode (LTE-I), and LTE Device-to-Device (LTE-D2D) mode 3 in terms of the average end-to-end delay and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) under varying communication conditions achieved through the variation of the communication perimeter, message generation frequency, and road traffic intensity. The obtained results are put into the context of the networking and connectivity requirements of the most popular V2I C-ITS services. The simulation results indicate that only the DSRC technology is able to support the investigated V2I communication scenarios without any major limitations, achieving an average end-to-end delay of less than 100 milliseconds and a PDR above 96% in all of the investigated simulation scenarios. The LTE-I is applicable for the most of the low-frequency V2I services in a limited communication perimeter (<600 m) and for lower traffic intensities (<1000 vehicles per hour), achieving a delay pf less than 500 milliseconds and a PDR of up to 92%. The LTE-D2D in mode 3 achieves too great of an end-to-end delay (above 1000 milliseconds) and a PDR below 72%; thus, it is not suitable for the V2I services under consideration in a perimeter larger than 200 m. Moreover, the LTE-D2D mode 3 is very sensitive to the distance between the transmitter and its serving eNodeB, which heavily impacts the PDR achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

5G-Vehicle-to-Everything (5G-V2X) supports high-reliability and low latency autonomous services and applications. Proposing an efficient security solution that supports multi-zone broadcast authentication and satisfies the 5G requirement is a critical challenge. In The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Release 16 standard, for Cellular- Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) single-cell communication is suggested to reuse the IEEE1609.2 security standard that utilizes the Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) cryptography. PKI-based solutions provide a high-security level, however, it suffers from high communication and computation overhead, due to the large size of the attached certificate and signature. In this study, we propose a light-weight Multi-Zone Authentication and Privacy-Preserving Protocol (MAPP) based on the bilinear pairing cryptography and short-size signature. MAPP protocol provides three different authentication methods that enable a secure broadcast authentication over multiple zones of large-scale base stations, using a single message and a single short signature. We also propose a centralized dynamic key generation method for multiple zones. We implemented and analyzed the proposed key generation and authentication methods using an authentication simulator and a bilinear pairing library. The proposed methods significantly reduce the signature generation time by 16 times–80 times, as compared to the previous methods. Additionally, the proposed methods significantly reduced the signature verification time by 10 times–16 times, as compared to the two previous methods. The three proposed authentication methods achieved substantial speed-up in the signature generation time and verification time, using a short bilinear pairing signature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The revolution of cooperative connected and automated vehicles is about to begin and a key milestone is the introduction of short range wireless communications between cars. Given the tremendous expected market growth, two different technologies have been standardized by international companies and consortia, namely IEEE 802.11p, out for nearly a decade, and short range cellular-vehicle-to-anything (C-V2X), of recent definition. In both cases, evolutions are under discussion. The former is only decentralized and based on a sensing before transmitting access, while the latter is based on orthogonal resources that can be also managed by an infrastructure. Although studies have been conducted to highlight advantages and drawbacks of both, doubts still remain. In this work, with a reference to the literature and the aid of large scale simulations in realistic urban and highway scenarios, we provide an insight in such a comparison, also trying to isolate the contribution of the physical and medium access control layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicles will soon be connected and will be interacting directly with each other and with the road infrastructure, bringing substantial benefits in terms of safety and traffic efficiency. The past decade has seen the development of different wireless access technologies for vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications and an extensive set of related use cases have been drafted, each with its own requirements. In this paper, focusing on short-range communications, we analyze the technical and economic motivations that are driving the development of new road users’ connectivity, discussing the international intentions to mandate on board devices for V2X communication. We also go in depth with the enabling wireless access technologies, from IEEE 802.11p to short-range Cellular-V2X and other complementary technologies, such as visible light communication (VLC) and millimeterWaves, up to hybrid communication and 5G. We conclude our survey with some performance comparison in urban realistic scenarios, underlying that the choice of the future enabling technology is not so easy to predict and mostly depends on mandatory laws at the international level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]