45,012 results on '"Cell Size"'
Search Results
2. On the equivalence of demagnetization tensors as discrete cell size approaches zero in three-dimensional space.
- Author
-
Liang, Hao and Yan, Xinqiang
- Subjects
- *
MAGNETIC resonance imaging , *CELL size , *DEMAGNETIZATION , *TENSOR fields , *MICROMAGNETICS - Abstract
The calculation of the demagnetization field is crucial in various disciplines, including magnetic resonance imaging and micromagnetics. A standard method involves discretizing the spatial domain into finite difference cells and using demagnetization tensors to compute the field. Different demagnetization tensors can result in contributions from adjacent cells that do not approach zero, nor do their differences, even as the cell size decreases. This work demonstrates that in three-dimensional space, a specific set of magnetization tensors produces the same total demagnetization field as the Cauchy principal value when the cell size approaches zero. Additionally, we provide a lower bound for the convergence speed, validated through numerical experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Hydrothermal synthesis of tetragonal FeS: Dome-shaped superconductivity vs Fe:S actual molar ratios.
- Author
-
Xie, Wen, Zheng, Fei, and Xu, Han-Shu
- Subjects
- *
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY , *UNIT cell , *HYDROTHERMAL synthesis , *SUPERCONDUCTORS , *CELL size - Abstract
We successfully synthesized tetragonal FeS with various Fe:S molar ratios using a hydrothermal method, and the EDS and XRF results confirmed that FeS exhibits superconductivity within the Fe and S element ratio range of 1.155–1.274, rather than a strict stoichiometric ratio. The reaction temperature can not only play a crucial role in determining the purity of the obtained FeS phase but also significantly alter its micromorphology. Significantly, by analyzing the relationship between the Fe:S actual molar ratio and Tc as well as the Fe:S actual molar ratio and unit cell volume, FeS exhibits dome-shaped superconductivity and shows a negative correlation with Tc and chemical pressure. Furthermore, considering the correlation between anion height (hanion) and Tc, Tc reaches the maximum value of 4.53 K for hanion ≈ 1.28 Å, a behavior distinct from that of observed in Fe-pnictide superconductors. In short, our experimental results provide a unique perspective to deepen our understanding of FeS superconductors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. The effects of high-pressure annealing on magnetostructural transitions and magnetoresponsive properties in stoichiometric MnCoGe.
- Author
-
Poudel Chhetri, Tej, Chen, Jing-Han, Young, David P., Dubenko, Igor, Talapatra, Saikat, Ali, Naushad, and Stadler, Shane
- Subjects
- *
MAGNETOCALORIC effects , *TRANSITION temperature , *MAGNETIC entropy , *MAGNETIC transitions , *PHASE transitions , *CELL size , *X-ray diffraction - Abstract
In this study, phase transitions (structural and magnetic) and associated magnetocaloric properties of stoichiometric MnCoGe have been investigated as a function of annealing pressure. Metastable phases were generated by annealing at 800 ° C followed by rapid cooling under pressures up to 6.0 GPa. The x-ray diffraction results reveal that the crystal cell volume of the metastable phases continuously decreases with increasing thermal processing pressure, leading to a decrease in the structural transition temperature. The magnetic and structural transitions merge and form a first-order magnetostructural transition between the ferromagnetic orthorhombic and paramagnetic hexagonal phases over a broad temperature range (>80 K) spanning room temperature, yielding considerable magnetic entropy changes. These findings demonstrate the utility of thermal processing under high pressure, i.e., high-pressure annealing, to control the magnetostructural transitions and associated magnetocaloric properties of MnCoGe without altering its chemical composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Evidence for novel mechanisms that control cell-cycle entry and cell size.
- Author
-
Brambila, Amanda, DeWitt, Jerry, Kellogg, Douglas, and Prichard, Beth
- Subjects
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ,Saccharomyces cerevisiae ,Cell Cycle ,Cyclins ,Cell Size ,Gene Expression Regulation ,Fungal ,Fungal Proteins - Abstract
Entry into the cell cycle in late G1 phase occurs only when sufficient growth has occurred. In budding yeast, a cyclin called Cln3 is thought to link cell-cycle entry to cell growth. Cln3 accumulates during growth in early G1 phase and eventually helps trigger expression of late G1 phase cyclins that drive cell-cycle entry. All current models for cell-cycle entry assume that expression of late G1 phase cyclins is initiated at the transcriptional level. Current models also assume that the sole function of Cln3 in cell-cycle entry is to promote transcription of late G1 phase cyclins, and that Cln3 works solely in G1 phase. Here, we show that cell cycle-dependent expression of the late G1 phase cyclin Cln2 does not require any functions of the CLN2 promoter. Moreover, Cln3 can influence accumulation of Cln2 protein via posttranscriptional mechanisms. Finally, we show that Cln3 has functions in mitosis that strongly influence cell size. Together, these discoveries reveal the existence of surprising new mechanisms that challenge current models for control of cell-cycle entry and cell size.
- Published
- 2024
6. Eliminating finite-size effects on the calculation of x-ray scattering from molecular dynamics simulations.
- Author
-
Dohn, A. O., Markmann, V., Nimmrich, A., Haldrup, K., Møller, K. B., and Nielsen, M. M.
- Subjects
- *
MOLECULAR dynamics , *SOLVATION , *RADIAL distribution function , *TRANSITION metal complexes , *STRUCTURAL reliability , *CELL size , *X-ray scattering , *RENORMALIZATION (Physics) - Abstract
Structural studies using x-ray scattering methods for investigating molecules in solution are shifting focus toward describing the role and effects of the surrounding solvent. However, forward models based on molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to simulate structure factors and x-ray scattering from interatomic distributions such as radial distribution functions (RDFs) face limitations imposed by simulations, particularly at low values of the scattering vector q. In this work, we show how the value of the structure factor at q = 0 calculated from RDFs sampled from finite MD simulations is effectively dependent on the size of the simulation cell. To eliminate this error, we derive a new scheme to renormalize the sampled RDFs based on a model of the excluded volume of the particle-pairs they were sampled from, to emulate sampling from an infinite system. We compare this new correction method to two previous RDF-correction methods, developed for Kirkwood–Buff theory applications. We present a quantitative test to assess the reliability of the simulated low-q scattering signal and show that our RDF-correction successfully recovers the correct q = 0 limit for neat water. We investigate the effect of MD-sampling time on the RDF-corrections, before advancing to a molecular example system, comprised of a transition metal complex solvated in a series of water cells with varying densities. We show that our correction recovers the correct q = 0 behavior for all densities. Furthermore, we employ a simple continuum scattering model to dissect the total scattering signal from the solvent–solvent structural correlations in a solute–solvent model system to find two distinct contributions: a non-local density-contribution from the finite, fixed cell size in NVT simulations, and a local contribution from the solvent shell. We show how the second contribution can be approximated without also including the finite-size contribution. Finally, we provide a "best-practices"-checklist for experimentalists planning to incorporate explicit solvation MD simulations in future work, offering guidance for improving the accuracy and reliability of structural studies using x-ray scattering methods in solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Neutrophils actively swell to potentiate rapid migration
- Author
-
Nagy, Tamas L, Strickland, Evelyn, and Weiner, Orion D
- Subjects
Biochemistry and Cell Biology ,Biological Sciences ,Biodefense ,Emerging Infectious Diseases ,Infectious Diseases ,2.1 Biological and endogenous factors ,1.1 Normal biological development and functioning ,Humans ,Neutrophils ,Cell Movement ,Cell Size ,Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 1 ,Chemotactic Factors ,cell migration ,neutrophil ,cell size ,cell volume ,physical forces ,Human ,cell biology ,human ,physics of living systems ,Biological sciences ,Biomedical and clinical sciences ,Health sciences - Abstract
While the involvement of actin polymerization in cell migration is well-established, much less is known about the role of transmembrane water flow in cell motility. Here, we investigate the role of water influx in a prototypical migrating cell, the neutrophil, which undergoes rapid, directed movement to sites of injury, and infection. Chemoattractant exposure both increases cell volume and potentiates migration, but the causal link between these processes are not known. We combine single-cell volume measurements and a genome-wide CRISPR screen to identify the regulators of chemoattractant-induced neutrophil swelling, including NHE1, AE2, PI3K-gamma, and CA2. Through NHE1 inhibition in primary human neutrophils, we show that cell swelling is both necessary and sufficient for the potentiation of migration following chemoattractant stimulation. Our data demonstrate that chemoattractant-driven cell swelling complements cytoskeletal rearrangements to enhance migration speed.
- Published
- 2024
8. Conductivity and chemical stability of co-doped LaScO3 ceramics.
- Author
-
Belova, Ksenia G., Egorova, Anastasia V., Tarasova, Natalia A., and Animitsa, Irina E.
- Subjects
- *
ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide , *CHEMICAL stability , *CELL size , *DOPING agents (Chemistry) , *LANTHANUM - Abstract
New materials based on LaScO 3 , namely, were synthesized by the solid-phase method. The structure of the resulting complex oxides was refined. The electrical properties of the undoped, mono- and co-doped samples were determined by varying the temperature T and pH 2 O. All substituted samples were found to have the conductivity of several orders of magnitude higher relative to the parent phase. The maximum conductivity was observed for the Ba2+/Mg2+-co-doped sample due to high concentration of oxygen vacancies The possibility of phase formation and its electrical properties are greatly influenced by geometric parameters such as the ratio of the radii of the host- and the dopant-ion, the free cell volume, the critical radius. It has been demonstrated that the nature of the dopant affects the porosity of the samples. The investigated phases demonstrate good chemical stability in a CO 2 -saturated atmosphere. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Microvascular obstruction in cardiac amyloidosis.
- Author
-
Netti, Lucrezia, Ioannou, Adam, Martinez‐Naharro, Ana, Razvi, Yousuf, Porcari, Aldostefano, Venneri, Lucia, Maestrini, Viviana, Knight, Dan, Virsinskaite, Ruta, Rauf, Muhammad U., Kotecha, Tushar, Patel, Rishi K., Wechelakar, Ashutosh, Lachmann, Helen, Kellman, Peter, Manisty, Charlotte, Moon, James, Hawkins, Philip N., Gillmore, Julian D., and Fontana, Marianna
- Subjects
- *
GLOBAL longitudinal strain , *CARDIAC magnetic resonance imaging , *PEPTIDES , *EXTRACELLULAR space , *CELL size , *CARDIAC amyloidosis - Abstract
Aims Methods and results Conclusions Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is characterized by deposition of amyloid fibrils within the extracellular space, causing disarray of the myocardial structure and capillary architecture. This study aims to characterize the prevalence of microvascular obstruction (MVO) in patients with CA and to assess the association between MVO and prognosis.The study population comprised 800 patients, of which 400 had light‐chain CA (AL‐CA) and 400 had transthyretin CA (ATTR‐CA). MVO was present in 221 (27.6%) patients, and more common in ATTR‐CA than AL‐CA (124 [56.1%] vs. 97 [43.9%], p = 0.033). Patients with MVO had a more severe cardiac phenotype evidenced by higher N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (3516 ng/L [1944–6247] vs. 2508 ng/L [1203–5752], p < 0.001), worse global longitudinal strain (−10.5% [−12.6; −7.9] vs. −12.0% [−16.0; −8.9], p < 0.001), and higher extracellular volume (56% [51–61] vs. 50% [45–57], p < 0.001). Patients with AL‐CA and MVO had a higher serum troponin (86 ng/L [47–148] vs. 59 ng/L [44–78], p < 0.001), and higher T2 (53 ms [50–56] vs. 50 ms [48–52], p < 0.001), but lower extracellular volume (55% [50–60] vs. 58% [53–61], p = 0.008) and lower indexed myocyte cell volume (48.6 g/m2 [41.1–59.8] vs. 55.7 g/m2 [47.5–68.4], p < 0.001) than patients with ATTR‐CA and MVO. MVO was associated with an increased risk of mortality in the overall population (hazard ratio [HR] 1.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03–1.59, p = 0.025), and the subgroup with AL‐CA (HR 1.59, 95% CI 1.17–2.17, p = 0.003) but not ATTR‐CA (HR 1.04, 95% CI 0.77–1.40, p = 0.814).Microvascular obstruction is common in CA and is related to markers of amyloid infiltration. MVO is associated with an increased risk of mortality in AL‐CA, but not in ATTR‐CA. This reflects the intrinsic differences in disease biology between these two forms of CA, with MVO likely related to multiple myocardial processes, amyloid infiltration, oedema and myocyte death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Activation of osmo-sensitive LRRC8 anion channels in macrophages is important for micro-crystallin joint inflammation.
- Author
-
Chirayath, Twinu Wilson, Ollivier, Matthias, Kayatekin, Mete, Rubera, Isabelle, Pham, Chinh Nghia, Friard, Jonas, Linck, Nathalie, Hirbec, Hélene, Combes, Christèle, Zarka, Mylène, Lioté, Frédéric, Richette, Pascal, Rassendren, Francois, Compan, Vincent, Duranton, Christophe, and Ea, Hang Korng
- Subjects
GENE silencing ,CELL size ,INTRACELLULAR calcium ,CELLULAR control mechanisms ,MACROPHAGE activation - Abstract
Deposition of monosodium urate and calcium pyrophosphate (MSU and CPP) micro-crystals is responsible for painful and recurrent inflammation flares in gout and chondrocalcinosis. In these pathologies, the inflammatory reactions are due to the activation of macrophages responsible for releasing various cytokines including IL-1β. The maturation of IL-1β is mediated by the multiprotein NLRP3 inflammasome. Here, we find that activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by crystals and concomitant production of IL-1β depend on cell volume regulation via activation of the osmo-sensitive LRRC8 anion channels. Both pharmacological inhibition and genetic silencing of LRRC8 abolish NLRP3 inflammasome activation by crystals in vitro and in mouse models of crystal-induced inflammation. Activation of LRRC8 upon MSU/CPP crystal exposure induces ATP release, P2Y receptor activation and intracellular calcium increase necessary for NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β maturation. We identify a function of the LRRC8 osmo-sensitive anion channels with pathophysiological relevance in the context of joint crystal-induced inflammation. Formation of urate and calcium pyrophosphate micro-crystals is responsible for painful inflammatory flares in gout and chondrocalcinosis. Here the authors show that the osmo-sensitive LRRC8 anion channel is involved with macrophage inflammasome activation by crystals involving cell volume regulation and ATP release leading to P2Y receptor activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. WOX11‐mediated cell size control in Arabidopsis attenuates growth and fecundity of endoparasitic cyst nematodes.
- Author
-
Guarneri, Nina, Willig, Jaap‐Jan, Willemsen, Viola, Goverse, Aska, Sterken, Mark G., Nibbering, Pieter, Lozano Torres, José L., and Smant, Geert
- Abstract
SUMMARY: Cyst nematodes establish permanent feeding structures called syncytia inside the host root vasculature, disrupting the flow of water and minerals. In response, plants form WOX11‐mediated adventitious lateral roots at nematode infection sites. WOX11 adventitious lateral rooting modulates tolerance to nematode infections; however, whether this also benefits nematode parasitism remains unknown. Here, we report on bioassays using a 35S::WOX11‐SRDX transcriptional repressor mutant to investigate whether WOX11 adventitious lateral rooting promotes syncytium development and thereby female growth and fecundity. Moreover, we chemically inhibited cellulose biosynthesis to verify if WOX11 directly modulates cell wall plasticity in syncytia. Finally, we performed histochemical analyses to test if WOX11 mediates syncytial cell wall plasticity via reactive oxygen species (ROS). Repression of WOX11‐mediated transcription specifically enhanced the radial expansion of syncytial elements, increasing both syncytium size and female offspring. The enhanced syncytial hypertrophy observed in the 35S::WOX11‐SRDX mutant could be phenocopied by chemical inhibition of cellulose biosynthesis and was associated with elevated levels of ROS at nematode infection sites. We, therefore, conclude that WOX11 restricts radial expansion of nematode‐feeding structures and female growth and fecundity, likely by modulating ROS‐mediated cell wall plasticity mechanisms. Remarkably, this novel role of WOX11 in plant cell size control is distinct from WOX11 adventitious lateral rooting underlying disease tolerance. Significance Statement: In this study, we uncover a novel role for WOX11 in Arabidopsis, which may help plants cope with infections by endoparasitic cyst nematodes in the field. By controlling plant cell size, WOX11 significantly limits the expansion of nematode feeding sites, ultimately reducing nematode offspring size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. The single RRM domain‐containing protein SARP1 is required for establishment of the separation zone in Arabidopsis.
- Author
-
Yun, Ju, Lee, Inhye, Lee, Jae Ho, Kim, Seonghwan, Jung, Su Hyun, Oh, Sung Aeong, Lee, Jiyoun, Park, Soon Ki, Soh, Moon‐Soo, Lee, Yuree, and Kwak, June M.
- Subjects
- *
TRANSCRIPTION factors , *CELL separation , *ABSCISSION (Botany) , *CELL size , *ARABIDOPSIS thaliana - Abstract
Summary: Abscission is the shedding of plant organs in response to developmental and environmental cues. Abscission involves cell separation between two neighboring cell types, residuum cells (RECs) and secession cells (SECs) in the floral abscission zone (AZ) in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the regulatory mechanisms behind the spatial determination that governs cell separation are largely unknown.The class I KNOTTED‐like homeobox (KNOX) transcription factor BREVIPEDICELLUS (BP) negatively regulates AZ cell size and number in Arabidopsis. To identify new players participating in abscission, we performed a genetic screen by activation tagging a weak complementation line of bp‐3. We identified the mutant ebp1 (enhancer of BP1) displaying delayed floral organ abscission.The ebp1 mutant showed a concaved surface in SECs and abnormally stacked cells on the top of RECs, in contrast to the precisely separated surface in the wild‐type. Molecular and histological analyses revealed that the transcriptional programming during cell differentiation in the AZ is compromised in ebp1. The SECs of ebp1 have acquired REC‐like properties, including cuticle formation and superoxide production.We show that SEPARATION AFFECTING RNA‐BINDING PROTEIN1 (SARP1) is upregulated in ebp1 and plays a role in the establishment of the cell separation layer during floral organ abscission in Arabidopsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Tensile properties of 3D-printed PLA prismatic cellular structures: an experimental investigation.
- Author
-
Khan, Hashim, Siddiqi, Muftooh ur Rehman, Saher, Saim, Riaz, Muhammad, and Rehan, Muhammad Saad
- Subjects
- *
YOUNG'S modulus , *CELL anatomy , *MANUFACTURING cells , *TENSILE strength , *CELL size - Abstract
Advancements in additive manufacturing have significantly increased the use of cellular structures in product development, especially in the automotive, aerospace, and biomedical industries, due to their enhanced strength-to-weight ratio and energy-absorbing capabilities. This study investigates the tensile properties of 3D-printed PLA prismatic cellular structures, focusing on the effects of fillet radius, wall thickness, and cell size on tensile strength, Young's modulus, and strength-to-weight ratio. Using a full factorial design and ANOVA, we examined the impact and interaction of each geometrical parameter. Our findings show that triangular cellular structures exhibit a higher stiffness of 1.36 GPa and tensile strength of 24.28 MPa, resulting in a notable 5.78 MPa/gram strength-to-weight ratio. Increasing cell count and wall thickness enhances both tensile strength and Young's modulus, whereas adding fillet radii at corners reduces these properties. Fracture behaviors are influenced by geometrical design: shorter, thicker walls lead to progressive crack propagation, while longer, thinner walls tend to fail catastrophically. Fillet radius introduction shifts the fracture initiation point from the nodes. ANOVA results indicate that wall thickness and cell size significantly affect tensile strength and Young's modulus, contributing 36.53% and 53.54%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Effects of Vitamin C on Growth and Non‐Specific Immune Response of Labeo gonius Fry in Density‐Dependent Biofloc Rearing.
- Author
-
Devi, Ng Chinglembi, Waikhom, Gusheinzed, Singh, Soibam Khogen, Das, Pronob, Debbarma, Sourabh, Debbarma, Reshmi, Singh, Lukram Sushil, Meinam, Martina, Biswas, Pradyut, Irungbam, Surajkumar, and Seong Wei, Lee
- Subjects
- *
FISH farming , *BLOOD proteins , *LEUKOCYTE count , *CELL size , *WATER quality - Abstract
Biofloc technology offers a viable choice for the rearing of fish seed by offering a safe and protected habitat for young fish. Nevertheless, it is crucial to establish a standardised stocking density and implement effective ameliorative steps in order to successfully utilise this technology. In this study, a 90‐day investigation was conducted to assess the effect of stocking density and dietary vitamin C (Vit C) levels on the growth and immunity of Labeo gonius fry (1.03 ± 0.01 g) reared in a biofloc system. Three stocking density groups (5, 10 and 15 fish per 50 L) were established, and each experimental group was supplemented with three levels of Vit C (0, 500 and 1000 mg kg−1). The highest survival rate was observed in the lowest density group (five fish per 50 L) fed with 1000 mg kg−1 Vit C. A better feed conversion ratio and significantly higher protein efficiency ratio were found in the moderate stocking density group (10 fish per 50 L) fed with 500 mg kg−1 Vit C. Total leukocyte count (TLC), haemoglobin, and packed cell volume improved in Vit C‐fed groups. The total erythrocyte count (TEC) increased in groups fed Vit C and stocked at lower densities (5 and 10 fish per 50 L). Total serum protein (TPP) content increased when Vit C was added at a rate of 500 mg kg−1. Serum glucose and cortisol levels were significantly reduced in Vit C‐supplemented groups. Supplementation of Vit C at 500 mg kg−1 resulted in a significantly lower value of malondialdehyde (MDA). Thus, the findings confirm that the incorporation of Vit C in the basal diet promotes the growth and health status of L. gonius fry reared in the biofloc system at high‐density rearing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. 不同包装核桃仁氧化机制分析.
- Author
-
忠 梦, 刘白宁, 华 威, 王 锋, 荣瑞芬, and 段玉权
- Subjects
VACUUM packaging ,TRANSMISSION electron microscopy ,SCANNING electron microscopy ,MEMBRANE permeability (Biology) ,CELL size - Abstract
Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Assessing tumor microstructure with time‐dependent diffusion imaging: Considerations and feasibility on clinical MRI and MRI‐Linac.
- Author
-
Jokivuolle, Minea, Mahmood, Faisal, Madsen, Kristoffer Hougaard, Harbo, Frederik Severin Gråe, Johnsen, Lars, and Lundell, Henrik
- Subjects
- *
DIFFUSION magnetic resonance imaging , *MAGNETIC resonance imaging , *BRAIN damage , *CELL size , *CANCER cells - Abstract
Background Purpose Methods Results Conclusions Quantitative imaging biomarkers (QIBs) can characterize tumor heterogeneity and provide information for biological guidance in radiotherapy (RT). Time‐dependent diffusion MRI (TDD‐MRI) derived parameters are promising QIBs, as they describe tissue microstructure with more specificity than traditional diffusion‐weighted MRI (DW‐MRI). Specifically, TDD‐MRI can provide information about both restricted diffusion and diffusional exchange, which are the two time‐dependent effects affecting diffusion in tissue, and relevant in tumors. However, exhaustive modeling of both effects can require long acquisitions and complex model fitting. Furthermore, several introduced TDD‐MRI measurements can require high gradient strengths and/or complex gradient waveforms that are possibly not available in RT settings.In this study, we investigated the feasibility of a simple analysis framework for the detection of restricted diffusion and diffusional exchange effects in the TDD‐MRI signal. To promote the clinical applicability, we use standard gradient waveforms on a conventional 1.5 T MRI system with moderate gradient strength (
G max = 45 mT/m), and on a hybrid 1.5 T MRI‐Linac system with low gradient strength (G max = 15 mT/m).Restricted diffusion and diffusional exchange were simulated in geometries mimicking tumor microstructure to investigate the DW‐MRI signal behavior and to determine optimal experimental parameters. TDD‐MRI was implemented using pulsed field gradient spin echo with the optimized parameters on a conventional MRI system and a MRI‐Linac. Experiments in green asparagus and 10 patients with brain lesions were performed to evaluate the time‐dependent diffusion (TDD) contrast in the source DW‐images.Simulations demonstrated how the TDD contrast was able to differentiate only dominating diffusional exchange in smaller cells from dominating restricted diffusion in larger cells. The maximal TDD contrast in simulations with typical cancer cell sizes and in asparagus measurements exceeded 5% on the conventional MRI but remained below 5% on the MRI‐Linac. In particular, the simulated TDD contrast in typical cancer cell sizes (r = 5–10 µm) remained below or around 2% with the MRI‐Linac gradient strength. In patients measured with the conventional MRI, we found sub‐regions reflecting either dominating restricted diffusion or dominating diffusional exchange in and around brain lesions compared to the noisy appearing white matter.On the conventional MRI system, the TDD contrast maps showed consistent tumor sub‐regions indicating different dominating TDD effects, potentially providing information on the spatial tumor heterogeneity. On the MRI‐Linac, the available TDD contrast measured in asparagus showed the same trends as with the conventional MRI but remained close to typical measurement noise levels when simulated in common cancer cell sizes. On conventional MRI systems with moderate gradient strengths, the TDD contrast could potentially be used as a tool to identify which time‐dependent effects to include when choosing a biophysical model for more specific tumor characterization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Investigation geographic origin of <italic>Laurus nobilis</italic> L. leaves using FTIR, SEM-EDX, and XRD analysis.
- Author
-
Yazıcı, Hikmet, Çolak, Sinem, and Duran, Utku
- Subjects
- *
X-ray diffraction , *DISCRIMINANT analysis , *CELL size , *PLANT species , *CRYSTAL structure - Abstract
Abstract
Laurus nobilis L. is a polypragmatic plant with high added value. Leaves collected from different regions in the natural state without breeding have different economic values. In this study, the Geographic Origin and Altitude Effects ofLaurus nobilis L. leave samples collected from provinces close to each other were investigated. For this purpose, SEM–EDS was used for morphological characterization of leaves, XRD was used for the characterization of inorganic components and FTIR-ATR was used for the identification of functional groups. By SEM analysis in the samples from Zonguldak region, significant differences were observed in the density of trichomes and glandular plumes more dense and also morphological cell sizes were found to be more large then Kastamonu region. In XRD plot, besides the amorphous state, it has seen that the crystal structure is also present in the structure. The effect of different altitudes on the FTIR spectra of the samples collected according to the provinces was also examined, and no significant difference was observed in the peak positions and intensities in the spectra according to the altitudes. Score plot on ranges of 2800–3000 cm-1 and 750–1800 cm−1 allowed origin of theLaurus nobilis L. discrimination. In order to analysis and classify them according to their geographical origin, FTIR data were combined with chemometric methods using PCA and discriminant analysis. PCA analysis explained 88.7% of the variance in the model. When the results of the discriminant analysis were evaluated, 56 of the 72 samples were classified correctly and 77.8% success was achieved. Both analysis showed that there are differences in the response of the same plant species to their presence in different origins. As a result, FTIR analysis allowed possibility the discrimination ofLaurus nobilis L. leaves and in this way it is thought to discriminate of examples for other areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. A systematic approach for scoping potential key biodiversity areas.
- Author
-
Nania, Dario, Ficetola, Gentile Francesco, Falaschi, Mattia, Pacifici, Michela, Lumbierres, Maria, and Rondinini, Carlo
- Subjects
- *
NUMBERS of species , *CELL size , *PROTECTED areas , *AMPHIBIANS , *REPTILES - Abstract
The new key biodiversity areas (KBA) standard is an important method for identifying regions of the planet‐hosting unique biodiversity. KBAs are identified through the implementation of threshold‐based criteria that can be applied to any target species and region. Current methods to rapidly assess the existence of potential KBAs in different areas of the planet still present important challenges, although they are needed to accelerate the KBA identification process for large numbers of species globally. We developed a methodology to scan geographical regions and detect potential KBAs under multiple criteria. We tested the methodology on 59 species of reptiles and amphibians in Italy through the application of selected KBA criteria. Potential KBAs were identified for multiple species under most criteria, covering 1.4%–12% of the study area, depending on analytical settings. Cell size used to identify KBAs played an important role in shaping the distribution of potential KBAs, also affecting the overlap between areas triggered by different criteria. New potential KBAs identified in this study are only partially coincident with current KBAs in Italy (previously identified for birds) and within the national protected areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Chemical transformation of the multibudding yeast, Aureobasidium pullulans.
- Author
-
Wirshing, Alison C. E., Petrucco, Claudia A., and Lew, Daniel J.
- Subjects
- *
AUREOBASIDIUM pullulans , *HOMOLOGOUS recombination , *CELL size , *GREEN fluorescent protein , *CHEMICAL amplification - Abstract
Aureobasidium pullulans is a ubiquitous polymorphic black yeast with industrial and agricultural applications. It has recently gained attention amongst cell biologists for its unconventional mode of proliferation in which multinucleate yeast cells make multiple buds within a single cell cycle. Here, we combine a chemical transformation method with genome-targeted homologous recombination to yield ∼60 transformants/μg of DNA in just 3 days. This protocol is simple, inexpensive, and requires no specialized equipment. We also describe vectors with codon-optimized green and red fluorescent proteins for A. pullulans and use these tools to explore novel cell biology. Quantitative imaging of a strain expressing cytosolic and nuclear markers showed that although the nuclear number varies considerably among cells of similar volume, total nuclear volume scales with cell volume over an impressive 70-fold size range. The protocols and tools described here expand the toolkit for A. pullulans biologists and will help researchers address the many other puzzles posed by this polyextremotolerant and morphologically plastic organism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Regression of postprandial cardiac hypertrophy in burmese pythons is mediated by FoxO1.
- Author
-
Martin, Thomas G., Hunt, Dakota R., Langer, Stephen J., Yuxiao Tan, Ebmeier, Christopher C., and Leinwand, Leslie A.
- Subjects
- *
FORKHEAD transcription factors , *CARDIAC hypertrophy , *VENTRICULAR remodeling , *CELL size , *GROWTH factors - Abstract
As ambush-hunting predators that consume large prey after long intervals of fasting, Burmese pythons evolved with unique adaptations for modulating organ structure and function. Among these is cardiac hypertrophy that develops within three days following a meal (Andersen et al., 2005, Secor, 2008), which we previously showed was initiated by circulating growth factors (Riquelme et al., 2011). Postprandial cardiac hypertrophy in pythons also rapidly regresses with subsequent fasting (Secor, 2008); however, the molecular mechanisms that regulate the dynamic cardiac remodeling in pythons during digestion are largely unknown. In this study, we employed a multiomics approach coupled with targeted molecular analyses to examine remodeling of the python ventricular transcriptome and proteome throughout digestion. We found that forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1) signaling was suppressed prior to hypertrophy development and then activated during regression, which coincided with decreased and then increased expression, respectively, of FoxO1 transcriptional targets involved in proteolysis. To define the molecular mechanistic role of FoxO1 in hypertrophy regression, we used cultured mammalian cardiomyocytes treated with postfed python plasma. Hypertrophy regression both in pythons and in vitro coincided with activation of FoxO1-dependent autophagy; however, the introduction of a FoxO1-specific inhibitor prevented both regression of cell size and autophagy activation. Finally, to determine whether FoxO1 activation could induce regression, we generated an adenovirus expressing a constitutively active FoxO1. FoxO1 activation was sufficient to prevent and reverse postfed plasma-induced hypertrophy, which was partially prevented by autophagy inhibition. Our results indicate that modulation of FoxO1 activity contributes to the dynamic ventricular remodeling in postprandial Burmese pythons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Artemisia argyi mitigates doxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity by inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction through the IGF‐IIR/Drp1/GATA4 signaling pathway.
- Author
-
Chen, Jhong‐Kuei, Ramesh, Samiraj, Islam, Md. Nazmul, Shibu, Marthandam Asokan, Kuo, Chia‐Hua, Hsieh, Dennis Jine‐Yuan, Lin, Shinn‐Zong, Kuo, Wei‐Wen, Huang, Chih‐Yang, and Ho, Tsung‐Jung
- Subjects
- *
CARDIOTOXICITY , *CARDIAC hypertrophy , *CELL size , *REACTIVE oxygen species , *HEART failure - Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is mostly utilized as a wide range of antitumor anthracycline to treat different cancers. The severe antagonistic impacts of DOX on cardiotoxicity constrain its clinical application. Many mechanisms are involved in cardiac toxicity induced by DOX in the human body. Mitochondria is a central part of fatty acid and glucose metabolism. Thus, impaired mitochondrial metabolism can increase heart failure risk, which can play a vital role in cardiomyocyte mitochondrial dysfunction. This study aimed to assess the possible cardioprotective effect of water‐extracted
Artemisia argyi (AA) against the side effect of DOX in H9c2 cells and whether these protective effects are mediated through IGF‐IIR/Drp1/GATA4 signaling pathways. Although several studies proved that AA extract has benefits for various diseases, its cardiac effects have not yet been identified. The H9c2 cells were exposed to 1 μM to establish a model of cardiac toxicity. The results revealed that water‐extracted AA could block the expression of IGF‐IIR/calcineurin signaling pathways induced by DOX. Notably, our results also showed that AA treatment markedly attenuated Akt phosphorylation and cleaved caspase 3, and the nuclear translocation markers NFATC3 and p‐GATA4. Using actin staining for hypertrophy, we determined that AA can reduce the effect of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and cell size. These findings suggest that water‐extracted AA could be a suitable candidate for preventing DOX‐induced cardiac damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Metaproteogenomics resolution of a high-CO2 aquifer community reveals a complex cellular adaptation of groundwater Gracilibacteria to a host-dependent lifestyle.
- Author
-
Figueroa-Gonzalez, Perla Abigail, Bornemann, Till L. V., Hinzke, Tjorven, Maaß, Sandra, Trautwein-Schult, Anke, Starke, Joern, Moore, Carrie J., Esser, Sarah P., Plewka, Julia, Hesse, Tobias, Schmidt, Torsten C., Schreiber, Ulrich, Bor, Batbileg, Becher, Dörte, and Probst, Alexander J.
- Subjects
AMINO acid synthesis ,RIBOSOMAL proteins ,CELL motility ,CELL size ,PROTEOMICS ,METAGENOMICS - Abstract
Background: Bacteria of the candidate phyla radiation (CPR), constituting about 25% of the bacterial biodiversity, are characterized by small cell size and patchy genomes without complete key metabolic pathways, suggesting a symbiotic lifestyle. Gracilibacteria (BD1-5), which are part of the CPR branch, possess alternate coded genomes and have not yet been cultivated. The lifestyle of Gracilibacteria, their temporal dynamics, and activity in natural ecosystems, particularly in groundwater, has remained largely unexplored. Here, we aimed to investigate Gracilibacteria activity in situ and to discern their lifestyle based on expressed genes, using the metaproteogenome of Gracilibacteria as a function of time in the cold-water geyser Wallender Born in the Volcanic Eifel region in Germany. Results: We coupled genome-resolved metagenomics and metaproteomics to investigate a cold-water geyser microbial community enriched in Gracilibacteria across a 12-day time-series. Groundwater was collected and sequentially filtered to fraction CPR and other bacteria. Based on 725 Gbps of metagenomic data, 1129 different ribosomal protein S3 marker genes, and 751 high-quality genomes (123 population genomes after dereplication), we identified dominant bacteria belonging to Gallionellales and Gracilibacteria along with keystone microbes, which were low in genomic abundance but substantially contributing to proteomic abundance. Seven high-quality Gracilibacteria genomes showed typical limitations, such as limited amino acid or nucleotide synthesis, in their central metabolism but no co-occurrence with potential hosts. The genomes of these Gracilibacteria were encoded for a high number of proteins involved in cell to cell interaction, supporting the previously surmised host-dependent lifestyle, e.g., type IV and type II secretion system subunits, transporters, and features related to cell motility, which were also detected on protein level. Conclusions: We here identified microbial keystone taxa in a high-CO
2 aquifer, and revealed microbial dynamics of Gracilibacteria. Although Gracilibacteria in this ecosystem did not appear to target specific organisms in this ecosystem due to lack of co-occurrence despite enrichment on 0.2-µm filter fraction, we provide proteomic evidence for the complex machinery behind the host-dependent lifestyle of groundwater Gracilibacteria. 38kgAxaMce3Yn9ghud_S2p Video Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Improving foamability and foam stability of poly(ethylene terephthalate) through chemical modification with styrene maleic anhydride.
- Author
-
Mousavi, Seyed Mousa, Ahmadi, Shervin, Rasouli, Sajad, and Fasihi, Mohammad
- Subjects
MALEIC anhydride ,SURFACE active agents ,FOAM cells ,CELL size ,FUNCTIONAL groups ,FOAM - Abstract
This study aimed to enhance the melt strength, foamability, and microstructural properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) foam by addition of styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) as a chain extender. The addition of SMA to the polymer increased the complex viscosity by 375%. The calculated dissipation factor for chain‐extended‐PET (CE‐PET) samples demonstrated a rise in polymer viscous behavior with increasing SMA content. The CE‐PET was more elastic than pure PET. Smaller oval‐shaped cells were produced with lower amounts of foaming agent/SMA, whereas higher ratios resulted in larger spree‐shaped cells. The reaction of SMA anhydrides with the end functional groups of the PET chains increased the chain length significantly followed by more entanglement. This behavior prevented cell growth during the foaming process. The confrontation between the physical and chemical forces among the PET chains and the gas pressure created by the foaming agent was the main mechanism of cell growth in the polymer matrix. This variation caused a 30% reduction in foam density. Statistical analysis revealed that CE‐PET foams with the largest cell size and lowest density were achieved with foaming agent amounts between 0.9 and 1.4 wt.% and SMA amounts between 4.7 and 7.3 wt.%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Mitochondrial morphology, distribution and activity during oocyte development.
- Author
-
Bahety, Devesh, Böke, Elvan, and Rodríguez-Nuevo, Aida
- Subjects
- *
CELL physiology , *MITOCHONDRIAL physiology , *CELL size , *GERM cells , *REACTIVE oxygen species , *OOGENESIS - Abstract
Mitochondrial plasticity supports oogenesis in vertebrates. Dormant oocytes have mitochondrial morphology suggestive of low mitochondrial activity. Dormant human and Xenopus oocytes have their mitochondria clustered in the Balbiani body and suppress Complex I to avoid generation of damaging reactive oxygen species. Mouse oocytes fine-tune mitochondrial localisation and membrane potential to increase ATP production at energy-demanding sites during maturation. Major differences exist in mitochondrial distribution and physiology among vertebrates, including between evolutionary closer species, such as human and mouse. Mitochondria have a crucial role in cellular function and exhibit remarkable plasticity, adjusting both their structure and activity to meet the changing energy demands of a cell. Oocytes, female germ cells that become eggs, undergo unique transformations: the extended dormancy period, followed by substantial increase in cell size and subsequent maturation involving the segregation of genetic material for the next generation, present distinct metabolic challenges necessitating varied mitochondrial adaptations. Recent findings in dormant oocytes challenged the established respiratory complex hierarchies and underscored the extent of mitochondrial plasticity in long-lived oocytes. In this review, we discuss mitochondrial adaptations observed during oocyte development across three vertebrate species (Xenopus , mouse, and human), emphasising current knowledge, acknowledging limitations, and outlining future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Genetic susceptibility to Theileria orientalis (Ikeda) in Angus- and Hereford-sired yearling cattle born to dairy cattle on an endemically infected farm in New Zealand.
- Author
-
Hickson, Rebecca E., Lawrence, Brianna L., Lawrence, Kevin E., Gedye, Kristene, Fermin, Lisanne M., Coleman, Lucy W., Martín, Natalia P., Lopez-Villalobos, Nicolas, and Pomroy, William
- Subjects
- *
ADAPTIVE natural resource management , *DAIRY cattle , *BLOOD collection , *CELL size , *THEILERIA - Abstract
Theileria orientalis (Ikeda) was first detected in New Zealand in 2012, becoming endemic in most of the North Island, and can cause incidences of anaemia and death. Research has been performed in New Zealand on the incidence and severity of infection. Through this research anecdotal evidence has been found to suggest a potential genetic susceptibility component in the response of the host to the parasite. To investigate the genetic susceptibility of cattle to T. orientalis (Ikeda), 99 calves born in 2016 as part of a separate experiment and grown in six grazing herds, were examined for their response to the parasite. In addition to measuring live weight, two blood collections were taken in the first four months of life which were used to measure packed cell volume by haematocrit and qPCR to assess parasite load. Heritability was calculated and was low for parasite load, but the result indicates that there is some potential to increase resistance through selective breeding. The mechanisms of the differences in parasite load were not elucidated in this research; however, significant variation was found among herds and sires, indicating that both genetic selection and environmental management could be utilised to reduce parasite load in growing calves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Practical Approach to Reporting Based on the International System for Serous Fluid Cytopathology.
- Author
-
Viljanen, Eliisa, Kholová, Ivana, and Chandra, Ashish
- Subjects
- *
SEROUS fluids , *PERICARDIUM , *CELL size , *CELL populations , *ABDOMEN - Abstract
ABSTRACT The International System for Serous Fluid Cytopathology (TIS) is intended for reporting cytological specimens from serous cavities: pleural, abdominal and pericardial cavities. TIS is being adopted into practice in cytology laboratories worldwide. In this system, there are six diagnostic categories: non‐diagnostic, negative for malignancy, atypia of undetermined significance, suspicious for malignancy, malignant‐primary and malignant‐secondary. Malignant‐primary category almost always implies malignant mesothelioma and malignant‐secondary usually refers to metastasis from carcinoma but also to involvement of serous cavity by haematolymphoid and other malignancies. When evaluating effusion cytological specimen adequacy, the factors that must be considered are sample volume, cellular content and cellular preservation. In the diagnostic analysis and interpretation, it is helpful to consider systematically all basic cytomorphological components in a sample. The basic components are architecture, cell populations, cell size, cytoplasm, nuclei and background elements. One important requirement for a successful evaluation of an effusion cytological specimen is sufficient clinical and radiological information in a referral. Clinical information may guide ancillary testing. In the present review, we provide a practical and educational approach to reporting serous effusion cytology based on the TIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Structural Consequences of Different Metal Compositions in the Doped Spin‐Crossover Crystals [FezM1−z(bpp)2][BF4]2 (M=Ni, Zn; bpp=2,6‐Bis{Pyrazol‐1‐yl}Pyridine).
- Author
-
Pask, Christopher M., Kulak, Alexander N., and Halcrow, Malcolm A.
- Subjects
- *
UNIT cell , *CELL size , *SOLID solutions , *DOPING agents (Chemistry) , *CRYSTALS - Abstract
Variable temperature crystallographic characterization of [FezZn1−z(bpp)2][BF4]2 (bpp=2,6‐bis{pyrazol‐1‐yl}pyridine; z=0.88, 0.72 and 0.27) and [FezNi1−z(bpp)2][BF4]2 (z=0.83, 0.72 and 0.32) is presented. Comparison with previously published data confirms the isothermal unit cell volume change during spin‐crossover (ΔVSCO) behaves differently in the Zn‐ and Ni‐doped crystals. For the FeZn crystals, the relationship between ΔVSCO and z is continuous for z≥0.3 but is steeper than expected, so ΔVSCO≈0 for z=0.27. In contrast ΔVSCO in the FeNi materials shows only a small variation between 0.83≥z≥0.46, before decreasing more strongly at higher dilution. ΔVSCO in each FeZn crystal is smaller than for its FeNi analogue with a similar composition. As well as the dopant ion ionic radius, the smaller ΔVSCO for the Zn‐doped materials reflects their T1/2 values, which are lower than for their FeNi counterparts. The contribution of T1/2 to this behavior is especially evident at high metal dilution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Meflin/ISLR is a marker of adipose stem and progenitor cells in mice and humans that suppresses white adipose tissue remodeling and fibrosis.
- Author
-
Ishihara, Toshikazu, Kato, Katsuhiro, Matsumoto, Kotaro, Tanaka, Miyako, Hara, Akitoshi, Shiraki, Yukihiro, Morisaki, Hidenori, Urano, Yuya, Ando, Ryota, Ito, Kisuke, Mii, Shinji, Esaki, Nobutoshi, Furuhashi, Kazuhiro, Takefuji, Mikito, Suganami, Takayoshi, Murohara, Toyoaki, and Enomoto, Atsushi
- Subjects
- *
WHITE adipose tissue , *PROGENITOR cells , *CELL size , *STEM cells , *MESENCHYMAL stem cells , *FAT cells - Abstract
Identifying specific markers of adipose stem and progenitor cells (ASPCs) in vivo is crucial for understanding the biology of white adipose tissues (WAT). PDGFRα‐positive perivascular stromal cells represent the best candidates for ASPCs. This cell lineage differentiates into myofibroblasts that contribute to the impairment of WAT function. However, ASPC marker protein(s) that are functionally crucial for maintaining WAT homeostasis are unknown. We previously identified Meflin as a marker of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in bone marrow and tissue‐resident perivascular fibroblasts in various tissues. We also demonstrated that Meflin maintains the undifferentiated status of MSCs/fibroblasts. Here, we show that Meflin is expressed in WAT ASPCs. A lineage‐tracing experiment showed that Meflin+ ASPCs proliferate in the WAT of obese mice induced by a high‐fat diet (HFD), while some of them differentiate into myofibroblasts or mature adipocytes. Meflin knockout mice fed an HFD exhibited a significant fibrotic response as well as increases in adipocyte cell size and the number of crown‐like structures in WAT, accompanied by impaired glucose tolerance. These data suggested that Meflin expressed by ASPCs may have a role in reducing disease progression associated with WAT dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. HepG2 cells undergo regulatory volume decrease by mechanically induced efflux of water and solutes.
- Author
-
Olver, Dominic J., Azam, Iqra, and Benson, James D.
- Subjects
- *
CELL anatomy , *CELLULAR mechanics , *CELL size , *CYTOSKELETON , *CELL membranes - Abstract
This study challenges the conventional belief that animal cell membranes lack a significant hydrostatic gradient, particularly under anisotonic conditions, as demonstrated in the human hepatoma cell line HepG2. The Boyle van't Hoff (BvH) relation describes volumetric equilibration to anisotonic conditions for many cells. However, the BvH relation is simple and does not include many cellular components such as the cytoskeleton and actin cortex, mechanosensitive channels, and ion pumps. Here we present alternative models that account for mechanical resistance to volumetric expansion, solute leakage, and active ion pumping. We found the BvH relation works well to describe hypertonic volume equilibration but not hypotonic volume equilibration. After anisotonic exposure and return isotonic conditions cell volumes were smaller than their initial isotonic volume, indicating solutes had leaked out of the cell during swelling. Finally, we observed HepG2 cells undergo regulatory volume decrease at both 20 °C and 4 °C, indicating regulatory volume decrease to be a relatively passive phenomenon and not driven by ion pumps. We determined the turgor-leak model, which accounts for mechanical resistance and solute leakage, best fits the observations found in the suite of experiments performed, while other models were rejected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Asymmetry of imploding detonations in thin channels.
- Author
-
Rodriguez Rosero, S., Loiseau, J., and Higgins, A. J.
- Subjects
- *
HIGH-speed photography , *CELL size , *VIDEO recording , *VELOCITY , *SYMMETRY - Abstract
The factors that influence the symmetry of an imploding detonation are investigated experimentally and theoretically. Detonations in sub-atmospheric acetylene–oxygen were initiated and made to converge in an apparatus that followed that of Lee and Lee (Phys Fluids 8:2148–2152, 1965). The width of the test section was controlled with a wave-shaping insert, which formed the test section against the viewing window, creating an effectively two-dimensional problem with a channel width comparable to the detonation cell size. The convergence of the detonation was observed via self-luminous open-shutter photography and high-speed videography. The resulting videos were analyzed to quantify the wave speed, degree of asymmetry, and direction and magnitude of the offset in the center of convergence. To determine the experimental parameters that influence the symmetry of the imploding wave, the wave-shaping insert was intentionally canted by 0. 3 ∘ -- 0. 6 ∘ , accentuating the asymmetry of the imploding detonation. The experiment was modeled using a Huygens construction wherein the detonation is treated as a collection of wavelets, each assumed to propagate locally at a velocity determined by the channel width. The results of the model reproduced the observed offsets in detonation convergence from the center of the apparatus, confirming that velocity deficits resulting from the narrow channel width control the observed asymmetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Association of morbidity, mortality, and average daily gain with transfer of passive immunity in dairy-beef crossbred calves up to 60 days of life.
- Author
-
Pereira, Jessica M.V., Ferreira, Fernanda C., Carvalho, Pedro H.V., Bittar, Joao, Del-Rio, Noelia Silva, and Marcondes, Marcos I.
- Subjects
- *
BLOOD proteins , *CELL size , *CALVES , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *IMMUNOGLOBULIN G - Abstract
The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. Adequate transfer of passive immunity (TPI) is a cornerstone for a proper health status of calves. In the literature, there is limited information on the prevalence of failure of TPI in dairy-beef crossbred calves and its effect on morbidity, mortality, and ADG during the preweaning period. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the association between TPI with morbidity, mortality, and ADG in preweaning dairy-beef crossbred calves. A total of 1,055 newborn dairy-beef crossbred calves were enrolled upon arrival at a calf-raising facility in California from January to August 2021. Farm of origin, genetic breed group, sex, and BW were recorded upon arrival. Blood was collected at 24 ± 1 h after arrival to evaluate serum IgG concentration, serum total protein (TP), and packed cell volume. Morbidity (diarrhea and respiratory treatment records) and mortality were recorded daily until 60 d of life. Calves were grouped into 2 genetic breed groups: Holstein × Beef (Ho × Be, 49.6%) and Jersey × Beef crossbred calves (Je × Be, 50.4%). Descriptive statistics and Cox proportional hazard models were created to evaluate the association of TPI categories for serum IgG (TPI-IgG: poor: <10.0 g/L, fair: 10.0–17.9 g/L, good: 18.0–24.9 g/L, and excellent: ≥25.0 g/L) and TP (TPI-TP: poor: <5.1 g/dL, fair: 5.1–5.7 g/dL, good: 5.8–6.1 g/dL, and excellent: ≥6.2 g/dL), sex, and genetic breed group with morbidity and mortality. Additionally, a mixed linear regression was performed to evaluate the association of sex, genetic breed group, and TPI categories with ADG. Overall morbidity and mortality were 84.8% (n = 895) and 2.5% (n = 26). Calves classified as TPI-IgG excellent were associated with the lowest (43.2% less) hazard of being treated compared with TPI-IgG poor calves. For mortality, dairy-beef crossbred calves with TPI-IgG excellent were associated with a reduction of 82.0% in the hazard of dying compared with TPI-IgG poor. The TPI-IgG poor and TPI-IgG fair calves were associated with a decreased ADG of 101.0 and 98.8 g/d, respectively, in comparison with TPI-IgG good calves. Average daily gain of TPI-IgG good and TPI-IgG excellent calves were not different. In our study, dairy-beef crossbred calves enrolled may have endured challenging conditions that increased morbidity. This reinforces the importance of high IgG levels to decrease morbidity and mortality and maximize ADG in dairy-beef crossbred calves raising systems. Further research should evaluate the long-term effects of TPI categories on the health and performance of dairy-beef crossbred calves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Prolonged warm ischemia time in the recipient is associated with post-transplant biliary stricture following living-donor liver transplantation.
- Author
-
Sakamoto, Akimasa, Sakamoto, Katsunori, Hikida, Takahiro, Ito, Chihiro, Iwata, Miku, Shine, Mikiya, Uraoka, Mio, Nishi, Yusuke, Nagaoka, Tomoyuki, Honjo, Masahiko, Tamura, Kei, Funamizu, Naotake, Ogawa, Kohei, and Takada, Yasutsugu
- Subjects
- *
LIVER transplantation , *PORTAL vein , *ERYTHROCYTES , *CELL size , *MEDICAL records , *NEPHRECTOMY - Abstract
Purpose: Post-transplant biliary stricture (PBS) is a common and important complication following orthotopic liver transplantation (LT). This study clarified the incidence of PBS and identified its risk factors. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 67 patients who underwent living-donor LT (LDLT) at our institute between June 2010 and July 2022 and analyzed their clinical characteristics, prognosis, and risk factors for PBS. Results: Of the 67 patients, 26 (38.8%) developed PBS during the observation period. Multivariate analyses revealed the following independent risk factors for PBS formation: increased red cell transfusion volume per body weight (> 0.2 U/kg; hazard ratio [HR], 3.8; P = 0.002), increased portal vein pressure (PVP) at the end of LT (> 16 mmHg; HR, 2.88; P = 0.032), postoperative biliary leakage (HR, 4.58; P = 0.014), and prolonged warm ischemia time (WIT) (> 48 min; HR, 4.53; P = 0.008). In patients with PBS, the cumulative incidence of becoming stent free was significantly higher in patients with a WIT ≤ 48 min than in those with a WIT > 48 min (P = 0.038). Conclusion: Prolonged WIT is associated with intractable PBS following LDLT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Products of unipotent elements of index 2 in orthogonal and symplectic groups.
- Author
-
de Seguins Pazzis, Clément
- Subjects
- *
SYMPLECTIC groups , *VECTOR spaces , *BILINEAR forms , *CELL size , *EIGENVALUES , *CLASSIFICATION - Abstract
An automorphism u of a vector space is called unipotent of index 2 whenever (u − id) 2 = 0. Let b be a non-degenerate symmetric or skewsymmetric bilinear form on a vector space V over a field F of characteristic different from 2. Here, we characterize the elements of the isometry group of b that are the product of two unipotent isometries of index 2. In particular, if b is skewsymmetric and nondegenerate we prove that an element of the symplectic group of b is the product of two unipotent isometries of index 2 if and only if it has no Jordan cell of odd size for the eigenvalue −1. As an application, we prove that every element of a symplectic group is the product of three unipotent elements of index 2 (and no fewer in general). For orthogonal groups, the classification closely matches the classification of sums of two square-zero skewselfadjoint operators that was obtained in a recent article [7]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Large cells suppress the reproduction of Varroa destructor.
- Author
-
Zhang, Lifu, Shao, Linxin, Raza, Muhammad Fahad, Zhang, Yi, Li, Zhigang, Huang, Zachary Y., Chen, Yanping, Su, Songkun, Han, Richou, and Li, Wenfeng
- Subjects
VARROA destructor ,CELL size ,VARROA ,MITES ,FERTILITY - Abstract
BACKGROUND: The parasitic mite, Varroa destructor has posed a threat to the health and survival of European honey bees, Apis mellifera worldwide. There is a prevailing belief that small comb cells could provide a management tool against Varroa mites. However, the hypothesis that smaller cells can impede Varroa reproduction has not been fully tested. Here, we tested this hypothesis under laboratory conditions by using two distinct Varroa in vitro rearing systems: one involved gelatin capsules of different sizes, specifically size 00 (0.95 mL) versus size 1 (0.48 mL), and the second consisted of brood comb cells drawn on 3D printed foundations with varying cell sizes, ranging from 5.0 mm to 7.0 mm at 0.5 mm intervals. RESULTS: The results showed that mother mites in size 00 cells had significantly lower fecundity and fertility compared to those in size 1 cells. Interestingly, the reproductive suppression in larger cells could be reversed by adding an extra worker larva. Similarly, gonopore size of mother mites was smaller in size 00 cells, but restored with another host larva. Furthermore, both the fecundity and fertility of mother mites decreased linearly with the size of brood comb cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the reproduction of V. destructor is hindered by larger cells, possibly because larger brood cells disperse or weaken host volatile chemical cues that are crucial for Varroa reproduction. The insights derived from this study are expected to hold significant implications for the implementation of Varroa management programs. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Natural variation in the promoter of qRBG1/OsBZR5 underlies enhanced rice yield.
- Author
-
Zhang, Qiuli, Wu, Renhong, Hong, Tao, Wang, Dachuan, Li, Qiaolong, Wu, Jiayi, Zhang, Han, Zhou, Kai, Yang, Hongxia, Zhang, Ting, Liu, JinXiang, Wang, Nan, Ling, Yinghua, Yang, Zhenglin, He, Guanghua, and Zhao, Fangming
- Subjects
LOCUS (Genetics) ,SEED size ,GRAIN size ,MOLECULAR cloning ,CELL size - Abstract
Seed size, a key determinant of rice yield, is regulated by brassinosteroid (BR); however, the BR pathway in rice has not been fully elucidated. Here, we report the cloning and characterization of the quantitative trait locus Rice Big Grain 1 (qRBG1) from single-segment substitution line Z499. Our data show that qRBG1
Z is an unselected rare promoter variation that reduces qRBG1 expression to increase cell number and size, resulting in larger grains, whereas qRBG1 overexpression causes smaller grains in recipient Nipponbare. We demonstrate that qRBG1 encodes a non-canonical BES1 (Bri1-EMS-Suppressor1)/BZR1(Brassinazole-Resistant1) family member, OsBZR5, that regulates grain size upon phosphorylation by OsGSK2 (GSK3-like Kinase2) and binding to D2 (DWARF2) and OFP1 (Ovate-Family-Protein1) promoters. qRBG1 interacts with OsBZR1 to synergistically repress D2, and to antagonistically mediate OFP1 for grain size. Our results reveal a regulatory network controlling grain size via OsGSK2–qRBG1–OsBZR1–D2–OFP1 module, providing a target for improving rice yield. A rare variation in the promoter of qRBG1/OsBZR5 is associated with larger rice grains. OsBZR5 is found to negatively regulate grain size in rice, a biological role opposite to other OsBZR members. A regulatory module of OsGSK2–qRBG1–OsBZR1–D2–OFP1 is further revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Crushing behavior and energy absorption of node self-locked Kagome honeycomb.
- Author
-
Niu, Hongzhe, Qin, Ruixian, Wang, Xi, Lu, Jiaming, Zhang, Xu, Li, Qijian, Liu, Xiwei, and Chen, Bingzhi
- Subjects
- *
CELL size , *NUMERICAL analysis , *HONEYCOMB structures , *ENERGY industries , *ABSORPTION - Abstract
AbstractThis work proposes a self-locked Kagome honeycomb (SLKH) structure to realize better balance between energy absorption and cost efficiency. The structure uses a simple and creative bending preparation method to form a triangle nested self-locking pattern with distinct layers, rich shapes, easy assembly, flexibility and efficiency. The quasi-static experiments and numerical simulations are employed to investigate the energy absorption behavior and dynamic response. Numerical analysis is conducted to reveal the influence of cell size, angle at the connecting plate, and number of bent plates on the energy absorption performance of SLKH. Additionally, a theoretical estimation model for mean crushing force of SLKH structure is established, providing guidance for efficient parameter design and selection. The results demonstrate that the SLKH exhibits superior energy absorption performance with low cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. OrgaMapper: a robust and easy-to-use workflow for analyzing organelle positioning.
- Author
-
Schmied, Christopher, Ebner, Michael, Samsó, Paula, Van Der Veen, Rozemarijn, Haucke, Volker, and Lehmann, Martin
- Subjects
- *
CELL morphology , *CELL size , *CELL nuclei , *INTRACELLULAR space , *ORGANELLES - Abstract
Background: Eukaryotic cells are highly compartmentalized by a variety of organelles that carry out specific cellular processes. The position of these organelles within the cell is elaborately regulated and vital for their function. For instance, the position of lysosomes relative to the nucleus controls their degradative capacity and is altered in pathophysiological conditions. The molecular components orchestrating the precise localization of organelles remain incompletely understood. A confounding factor in these studies is the fact that organelle positioning is surprisingly non-trivial to address e.g., perturbations that affect the localization of organelles often lead to secondary phenotypes such as changes in cell or organelle size. These phenotypes could potentially mask effects or lead to the identification of false positive hits. To uncover and test potential molecular components at scale, accurate and easy-to-use analysis tools are required that allow robust measurements of organelle positioning. Results: Here, we present an analysis workflow for the faithful, robust, and quantitative analysis of organelle positioning phenotypes. Our workflow consists of an easy-to-use Fiji plugin and an R Shiny App. These tools enable users without background in image or data analysis to (1) segment single cells and nuclei and to detect organelles, (2) to measure cell size and the distance between detected organelles and the nucleus, (3) to measure intensities in the organelle channel plus one additional channel, (4) to measure radial intensity profiles of organellar markers, and (5) to plot the results in informative graphs. Using simulated data and immunofluorescent images of cells in which the function of known factors for lysosome positioning has been perturbed, we show that the workflow is robust against common problems for the accurate assessment of organelle positioning such as changes of cell shape and size, organelle size and background. Conclusions: OrgaMapper is a versatile, robust, and easy-to-use automated image analysis workflow that can be utilized in microscopy-based hypothesis testing and screens. It effectively allows for the mapping of the intracellular space and enables the discovery of novel regulators of organelle positioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Linking root cell wall width with plant functioning under drought conditions.
- Author
-
Han, Qinwen, Yang, Qingpei, Guo, Binglin, and Kong, Deliang
- Subjects
- *
PLANT breeding , *PLANT cell walls , *GENOME-wide association studies , *NITROGEN deficiency , *PLANT performance , *CORN , *ROOT growth , *PLANT roots - Abstract
This article discusses the relationship between root cortical parenchyma wall width (CPW) and plant functioning under drought conditions. The study found that thicker CPW in maize roots promotes growth and yield under suboptimal water and nitrogen supply. The authors used a functional-structural root anatomy model to predict the effects of increased CPW on root respiration and conducted field experiments to confirm their findings. They also identified potential genes associated with CPW changes and suggested that thicker CPW allows for deeper rooting, which enhances water uptake and plant performance under drought. The article highlights the importance of understanding root cortical cell structures and their impact on plant adaptation to stressful environments. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Plant chromosome polytenization contributes to suppression of root growth in high polyploids.
- Author
-
Kikuchi, Suzuka, Sakamoto, Takuya, Matsunaga, Sachihiro, Sugiyama, Munetaka, and Iwamoto, Akitoshi
- Subjects
- *
CELL size , *FLUORESCENCE in situ hybridization , *PLANT chromosomes , *FISH growth , *ARABIDOPSIS thaliana - Abstract
Autopolyploidization, which refers to a polyploidization via genome duplication without hybridization, promotes growth in autotetraploids, but suppresses growth in high polyploids (autohexaploids or auto-octoploids). The mechanism underlying this growth suppression (i.e. 'high-ploidy syndrome') has not been comprehensively characterized. In this study, we conducted a kinematic analysis of the root apical meristem cells in Arabidopsis thaliana autopolyploids (diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid, and octoploid) to determine the effects of the progression of genome duplication on root growth. The results of the root growth analysis showed that tetraploidization increases the cell volume, but decreases cell proliferation. However, cell proliferation and volume growth are suppressed in high polyploids. Whole-mount fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis revealed extensive chromosome polytenization in the region where cell proliferation does not usually occur in the roots of high polyploids, which is likely to be at least partly correlated with the suppression of endoreduplication. The study findings indicate that chromosome polytenization is important for the suppressed growth of high polyploids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Foam‐to‐Foam Recycling Potential of PU‐Foams by Integration of Amino Esters.
- Author
-
Kassem, Hiba, Samat, Emir H., Imbernon, Lucie, and Du Prez, Filip E.
- Subjects
- *
CHEMICAL recycling , *WASTE recycling , *RECYCLED products , *URETHANE foam , *CELL size - Abstract
The increasing market demand for flexible polyurethane foams (PUFs) is prompting the academic and industrial community to seek solutions for their end‐of‐life management. In this study, this issue is addressed by incorporating β‐amino ester (BAE) moieties into the foam structure. This addition results in flexible hybrid PU‐BAE foams that can be thermally reprocessed and chemically recycled, with cell sizes ranging from 780 to 990 µm and densities between 90 and 150 kg m−3. These foams demonstrate thermomechanical reprocessability, yielding stable PU‐BAE elastomers, with glass transition temperature values ranging from 14 to 25 °C. Stress relaxation experiments reveal remarkably fast relaxation times for these hybrid elastomers (23 s at 160 °C). Furthermore, a systematic investigation of the chemical recyclability of these foams via glycosylation is conducted under mild conditions, achieving complete disintegration within 20 min at 65 °C. Finally, the chemically recycled product is converted into a foam again, achieving a closed loop foam‐to‐foam recycling process. These findings indicate that the integration of BAE into PUFs leads to an enhanced chemical recycling rate, providing a promising avenue for addressing end‐of‐life concerns in PUF‐applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Synthesis, dopant solubility, and thermostructural properties of Ca10.5−xTMx(VO4)7 (TM = Co, Cu) as function of transition metal content.
- Author
-
Rahimi Mosafer, Houri S., Paszkowicz, Wojciech, Minikayev, Roman, Fitch, Andrew, and Berkowski, Marek
- Subjects
- *
RIETVELD refinement , *UNIT cell , *THERMAL expansion , *CELL size , *HIGH temperatures - Abstract
Crystals of Ca10.5−xTMx(VO4)7 (TM = Co, Cu), belonging to the whitlockite family, were synthesized by solid-state reaction and studied as a function of the TM content (x) for the first time. The structure was refined at ambient conditions and at high temperatures up to 1200 K using the Rietveld method. The unit cell size significantly decreases with increasing TM content up to the solubility limit, xlim, which is 0.78(3) for TM = Co and 0.75(4) for TM = Cu. Occupancy factors show a preference for the M5 site by Co/Cu. The unit cell size varies smoothly with temperature, while the axial ratio exhibits nonlinear behaviour above approximately 800 K. The thermal expansion coefficient was determined from 300–1100 K. Atomic arrangement modifications at higher temperatures are indicated by changes in the axial ratio, the thermal expansion coefficient, and the reduction of fractional TM occupancy at the M5 site at specific temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Statistical property of absorbed energy in monolayer cell collectives with porous dielectric structure during irreversible electroporation therapy.
- Author
-
Wu, Feiyu, Li, Lei, Chen, Kai, Kou, Hongyu, Mao, Yilong, Liang, Runze, Liu, Huawen, and Yao, Chenguo
- Subjects
- *
ELECTROPORATION therapy , *STANDARD deviations , *CELL size , *STATISTICS , *DIELECTRICS - Abstract
In the irreversible electroporation (IRE) therapy, the absorbed energy is normally characterized as the applied dose and assumed to be distributed in the homogeneous dielectric. By employing statistical analyses, we have studied the absorbed energy distribution in the porous multicellular dielectric, with the geometric patterns randomly generated from the following statistical quantities: system size, cell size, cell concentration, and cell flattening ratio. Parametric formulas regarding the mean and standard deviation of the absorbed energy are obtained through numerical simulations and iterative fitting. Our statistical results reveal that the mean value of absorbed energy with cell concentration exhibits a "conductance" to "resistance" transition, similar to the percolation of two-phase materials, and the direction of the transition flips as cell diameter increases. The standard deviation of energy, however, follows a bell-shaped curve under varied concentration, indicating a shift in energy distribution from an "aggregation" to a "dispersion" state. Based on the parametric formulation, we quantitatively explore the critical threshold of the transition, as well as the general scaling laws of the geometric variables on the mean and standard deviation of the absorbed energy. Our work could help to quantitatively explain the lethality variation in IRE ablation targeting monolayer cell collectives with different geometrical characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Cell size differences affect photosynthetic capacity in a Mesoamerican and an Andean genotype of Phaseolus vulgaris L.
- Author
-
Egesa, Andrew Ogolla, Vallejos, C. Eduardo, and Begcy, Kevin
- Subjects
LEAF anatomy ,PHOTOSYNTHETIC rates ,LEAF area ,CELL size ,ELECTRON transport - Abstract
The efficiency of CO2 flux in the leaf is hindered by a several structural and biochemical barriers which affect the overall net photosynthesis. However, the dearth of information about the genetic control of these features is limiting our ability for genetic manipulation. We performed a comparative analysis between three-week-old plants of a Mesoamerican and an Andean cultivar of Phaseolus vulgaris at variable light and CO2 levels. The Mesoamerican bean had higher photosynthetic rate, maximum rate of rubisco carboxylase activity and maximum rate of photosynthetic electron transport at light saturation conditions than its Andean counterpart. Leaf anatomy comparison between genotypes showed that the Mesoamerican bean had smaller cell sizes than the Andean bean. Smaller epidermal cells in the Mesoamerican bean resulted in higher stomata density and consequently higher stomatal conductance for water vapor and CO2 than in the Andean bean. Likewise, smaller palisade and spongy mesophyll cells in the Mesoamerican than in the Andean bean increased the cell surface area per unit of volume and consequently increased mesophyll conductance. Finally, smaller cells in the Mesoamerican also increased chlorophyll and protein content per unit of leaf area. In summary, we show that different cell sizes controls the overall net photosynthesis and could be used as a target for genetic manipulation to improve photosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Three-dimensional inertial focusing based impedance cytometer enabling high-accuracy characterization of electrical properties of tumor cells.
- Author
-
Chen Ni, Mingqi Yang, Shuai Yang, Zhixian Zhu, Yao Chen, Lin Jiang, and Nan Xiang
- Subjects
- *
MACHINE learning , *CELL size , *ELECTRODES , *FLUIDS , *SIGNALS & signaling - Abstract
The differences in the cross-sectional positions of cells in the detection area have a severe negative impact on achieving accurate characterization of the impedance spectra of cells. Herein, we proposed a threedimensional (3D) inertial focusing based impedance cytometer integrating sheath fluid compression and inertial focusing for the high-accuracy electrical characterization and identification of tumor cells. First, we studied the effects of the particle initial position and the sheath fluid compression on particle focusing. Then, the relationship of the particle height and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the impedance signal was explored. The results showed that efficient single-line focusing of 7–20 μm particles close to the electrodes was achieved and impedance signals with a high SNR and a low coefficient of variation (CV) were obtained. Finally, the electrical properties of three types of tumor cells (A549, MDA-MB-231, and UMUC-3 cells) were accurately characterized. Machine learning algorithms were implemented to accurately identify tumor cells based on the amplitude and phase opacities at multiple frequencies. Compared with traditional two-dimensional (2D) inertial focusing, the identification accuracy of A549, MDA-MB-231, and UM-UC-3 cells using our 3D inertial focusing increased by 57.5%, 36.4% and 36.6%, respectively. The impedance cytometer enables the detection of cells with a wide size range without causing clogging and obtains high SNR signals, improving applicability to different complex biological samples and cell identification accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Comprehensive assessment of corneal microstructural changes following V4c implantable collamer lens surgery using in vivo confocal microscopy.
- Author
-
Wei, Qiaoling, Chang, Weiteng, Jiang, Rui, Zhou, Xingtao, and Yu, Zhiqiang
- Subjects
ENDOTHELIAL cells ,CELL size ,STROMAL cells ,CONFOCAL microscopy ,ENDOTHELIUM - Abstract
Background: Implantable Collamer Lense (ICL) presents a viable alternative to conventional refractive surgeries, but their impact on corneal microstructure remains unclear. By employing in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM), we examined changes in stromal and endothelial cells following the insertion of V4c ICLs, with the goal of enhancing post-surgical care and outcomes. Methods: In this longitudinal investigation, we conducted detailed preoperative assessments on 103 eyes from 53 participants. Follow-up evaluations were carried out after surgery at set intervals: one day, one week, one month, three months, six months, and twelve months. We used IVCM to analyze changes in stromal and endothelial cells. To assess differences between pre- and post-surgery variables and to investigate correlations with age, axial length (AL), and spherical equivalent refraction (SER), we applied a repeated measures mixed-effects model, with statistical significance set at P < 0.05. Results: No vision-threatening complications were reported post-surgery. Significant reductions in stromal cell density (SCD) were observed postoperatively, with anterior and mid- SCD reaching their lowest values at 3 months and posterior SCD at 1 month, remaining below baseline at 12 months. endothelial cell density (ECD) and percentage of hexagonal cells (PHC) decreased initially, recovering by 12 months. Conversely, endothelial cellular area (ECA) and coefficient of variation of cell size (CoV) increased postoperatively, with the most significant change at 1 week. Endothelial deposits were detected in 49 of 101 eyes on postoperative day 1, half of them were absorbed within 3 months post-surgery. Changes in posterior SCD were negatively related to AL, while AL, SER, lens thickness showed associated with endothelium changes. Conclusion: Our findings elucidate the corneal microstructural changes following V4c ICL implantation, particularly the significant early reductions in stromal and endothelial cell densities. We recommend careful management of viscoelastics during surgery to minimize endothelial deposits that may harm the endothelium. Enhanced early postoperative monitoring and these surgical adjustments can lead to improved surgical and post-surgical care, ultimately supporting better patient recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Spectral Algal Fingerprinting and Long Sequencing in Synthetic Algal–Microbial Communities.
- Author
-
Meirkhanova, Ayagoz, Marks, Sabina, Feja, Nicole, Vorobjev, Ivan A., and Barteneva, Natasha S.
- Subjects
- *
CHEMICAL fingerprinting , *FLOW cytometry , *PIGMENT analysis , *CELL size , *CELL analysis , *SYNTHETIC biology , *ALGAL growth - Abstract
Synthetic biology has advanced in creating artificial microbial and algal communities, but technical and evolutionary complexities still pose significant challenges. Traditional methods, like microscopy and pigment analysis, are limited in throughput and resolution. In contrast, advancements in full-spectrum cytometry enabled high-throughput, multidimensional analysis of single cells based on size, complexity, and spectral fingerprints, offering more precision and flexibility than conventional flow cytometry. This study uses full-spectrum cytometry to analyze synthetic algal–microbial communities, enabling rapid species identification and enumeration. The workflow involves recording individual spectral signatures from monocultures, using autofluorescence to capture populations of interest, and creating a spectral library for further analysis. This spectral library was used for the analysis of the synthetic phytoplankton communities, revealing differences in spectral signatures. Moreover, the synthetic consortium experiment monitored algal growth, comparing results from different instruments, highlighting the advantages of the spectral virtual filter system for precise population separation and abundance tracking. By capturing the entire emission spectrum of each cell, this method enhances understanding of algal–microbial community dynamics and responses to environmental stressors. The development of standardized spectral libraries would improve the characterization of algal communities, further advancing synthetic biology and phytoplankton ecology research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. High-Quality Foaming and Weight Reduction in Microcellular-Injection-Molded Polycarbonate Using Supercritical Fluid Carbon Dioxide under Gas Counter Pressure.
- Author
-
Agustion, Yogi Hendra, Chen, Shia-Chung, Feng, Ching-Te, and Iskandar, Bermawi Priyatna
- Subjects
- *
SUPERCRITICAL carbon dioxide , *SUPERCRITICAL fluids , *CARBON foams , *FOAM cells , *CELL size , *INJECTION molding , *SURFACE active agents - Abstract
Microcellular injection molding (MuCell®) using supercritical fluid (SCF) as a foaming agent to achieve weight reduction has become popular in carbon emission reduction. In the typical MuCell® process, SCF N2 is commonly used. Although SCF CO2 exhibits high solubility and can achieve a high weight reduction, controlling the foaming is not easy, and its foaming cells are usually larger and less uniform, which limits its industrial application. Our previous studies have shown that gas counter pressure (GCP) can improve the foaming quality effectively. Here, we investigated whether or not the CO2 SCF foaming quality could be improved, and weight reduction was achieved for polycarbonate (PC) material. This is quite important for the electronics industry, in which most of the housing for devices is made of PC materials. MuCell® was subjected to molding experiments using the parameters of the SCF dosage, melt temperature, mold temperature, and injection speed. The results revealed that using CO2 gas for the PC material can reduce the size of microcellular cells to 40 µm and increase the cell densities to 3.97 × 106 cells/cm3. Using GCP significantly improved the microcellular injection-molded parts by reducing the cell size to 20.9 µm (a 45.41% improvement) and increasing the cell density to 8.04 × 106 cells/cm3 (a 102.48% improvement). However, implementing GCP may slightly decrease the target weight reduction. This study reveals that microcellular injection molding of PC parts using SCF CO2 can achieve high-quality foaming and reduce the weight by about 30%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Cell volume regulation modulates macrophage-related inflammatory responses via JAK/STAT signaling pathways.
- Author
-
Yang, Xueying, Wang, Qifan, Shao, Fei, Zhuang, Zhumei, Wei, Ying, Zhang, Yang, Zhang, Lijun, Ren, Changle, and Wang, Huanan
- Subjects
CELL size ,CELLULAR control mechanisms ,STEM cells ,POLYETHYLENE glycol ,GENETIC transcription - Abstract
Cell volume as a characteristic of changes in response to external environmental cues has been shown to control the fate of stem cells. However, its influence on macrophage behavior and macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses have rarely been explored. Herein, through mediating the volume of macrophages by adding polyethylene glycol (PEG), we demonstrated the feasibility of fine-tuning cell volume to regulate macrophage polarization towards anti-inflammatory phenotypes, thereby enabling to reverse macrophage-mediated inflammation response. Specifically, lower the volume of primary macrophages can induce both resting macrophages (M0) and stimulated pro-inflammatory macrophages (M1) to up-regulate the expression of anti-inflammatory factors and down-regulate pro-inflammatory factors. Further mechanistic investigation revealed that macrophage polarization resulting from changing cell volume might be mediated by JAK/STAT signaling pathway evidenced by the transcription sequencing analysis. We further propose to apply this strategy for the treatment of arthritis via direct introduction of PEG into the joint cavity to modulate synovial macrophage-related inflammation. Our preliminary results verified the credibility and effectiveness of this treatment evidenced by the significant inhibition of cartilage destruction and synovitis at early stage. In general, our results suggest that cell volume can be a biophysical regulatory factor to control macrophage polarization and potentially medicate inflammatory response, thereby providing a potential facile and effective therapy for modulating macrophage mediated inflammatory responses. Cell volume has recently been recognized as a significantly important biophysical signal in regulating cellular functionalities and even steering cell fate. Herein, through mediating the volume of macrophages by adding polyethylene glycol (PEG), we demonstrated the feasibility of fine-tuning cell volume to induce M1 pro-inflammatory macrophages to polarize towards anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, and this immunomodulatory effect may be mediated by the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. We also proposed the feasible applications of this PEG-induced volume regulation approach towards the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA), wherein our preliminary results implied an effective alleviation of early synovitis. Our study on macrophage polarization mediated by cell volume may open up new pathways for immune regulation through microenvironmental biophysical clues. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Robotic Manipulation of Cumulus–Oocyte Complexes for Cumulus Cell Removal.
- Author
-
Zhai, Rongan, Hao, Miao, Wang, Yong, Ru, Changhai, and Zhu, Junhui
- Subjects
ADAPTIVE control systems ,FERTILIZATION in vitro ,CELL size ,OVUM ,GENETIC testing - Abstract
The removal of cumulus cells from cumulus–oocyte complexes is a critical step in clinical in vitro fertilization. Since the oocyte is partially occluded by the surrounding cumulus cells and individual cumulus cells are small in size, it is difficult for embryologists to assess the oocyte's maturity before cumulus cell removal and to completely remove all the cumulus cells manually. Furthermore, it is easy for the oocyte to become lost inside the micropipette during aspiration due to the inaccuracy of manual control. To deal with these difficulties, a robotic system was developed to completely remove cumulus cells from mature oocytes. In this study, an EPSANet50 network was developed to accurately assess the maturity of oocytes, avoiding the removal of cumulus cells around the immature oocyte. An adaptive controller was designed to accurately position oocytes at the target position, reducing the loss of oocytes inside the micropipette. An improved Yolov5s network was proposed to quantify the number and size of cumulus cells and assess the completeness of cumulus cell removal. The experimental results on mouse cumulus–oocyte complexes showed that the robotic system had a higher success rate (98.0 ± 1.8% vs. 85.3 ± 2.4%) and lower discard rate (4.1 ± 2.7% vs. 19.6 ± 3.5%) than the manual operation. Moreover, a higher amplification rate and lower non-specific rate were also achieved by the robotic system in the subsequent genetic testing procedure, indicating reduced genetic contamination from the cumulus cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Inhibition of Hmbox1 Promotes Cardiomyocyte Survival and Glucose Metabolism Through Gck Activation in Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury.
- Author
-
Yihua Bei, Yujiao Zhu, Jingwen Zhou, Songwei Ai, Jianhua Yao, Mingming Yin, Meiyu Hu, Weitong Qi, Spanos, Michail, Lin Li, Meng Wei, Zhenzhen Huang, Juan Gao, Chang Liu, van der Kraak, Petra H., Guoping Li, Zhiyong Lei, Sluijter, Joost P. G., and Junjie Xiao
- Subjects
- *
HUMAN embryonic stem cells , *CELL size , *MYOCARDIAL infarction , *TREATMENT effectiveness , *REPERFUSION injury - Abstract
(I/R) injury. Homeobox-containing 1 (Hmbox1), a homeobox family member, has been identified as a putative transcriptional repressor and is downregulated in the exercised heart. However, its roles in exercise-induced physiological cardiac growth and its potential protective effects against cardiac I/R injury remain largely unexplored. METHODS: We studied the function of Hmbox1 in exercise-induced physiological cardiac growth in mice after 4 weeks of swimming exercise. Hmbox1 expression was then evaluated in human heart samples from deceased patients with myocardial infarction and in the animal cardiac I/R injury model. Its role in cardiac I/R injury was examined in mice with adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9) vector-mediated Hmbox1 knockdown and in those with cardiac myocyte--specific Hmbox1 ablation. We performed RNA sequencing, promoter prediction, and binding assays and identified glucokinase (Gck) as a downstream effector of Hmbox1. The effects of Hmbox1 together with Gck were examined in cardiomyocytes to evaluate their cell size, proliferation, apoptosis, mitochondrial respiration, and glycolysis. The function of upstream regulator of Hmbox1, ETS1, was investigated through ETS1 overexpression in cardiac I/R mice in vivo. RESULTS: We demonstrated that Hmbox1 downregulation was required for exercise-induced physiological cardiac growth. Inhibition of Hmbox1 increased cardiomyocyte size in isolated neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and human embryonic stem cell--derived cardiomyocytes but did not affect cardiomyocyte proliferation. Under pathological conditions, Hmbox1 was upregulated in both human and animal postinfarct cardiac tissues. Furthermore, both cardiac myocyte--specific Hmbox1 knockout and AAV9-mediated Hmbox1 knockdown protected against cardiac I/R injury and heart failure. Therapeutic effects were observed when sh-Hmbox1 AAV9 was administered after I/R injury. Inhibition of Hmbox1 activated the Akt/ mTOR/P70S6K pathway and transcriptionally upregulated Gck, leading to reduced apoptosis and improved mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis in cardiomyocytes. ETS1 functioned as an upstream negative regulator of Hmbox1 transcription, and its overexpression was protective against cardiac I/R injury. CONCLUSIONS: Our studies unravel a new role for the transcriptional repressor Hmbox1 in exercise-induced physiological cardiac growth. They also highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting Hmbox1 to improve myocardial survival and glucose metabolism after I/R injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.