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Purpose: The purpose of this study was 1) to compare condyle - fossa relationships in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and 2) to score condylar resorption by using a TMJ indexing system in patients with JIA and without JIA., Methods: The present retrospective cross-sectional study included cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images obtained from the sagittal, coronal, and axial slices. In the multidisciplinary Pediatric Rheumatology Outpatient Clinic at The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) children with JIA are also examined by a group of orthodontists working in the same institute from October 2018 to July 2019. The predictor variable consists of patients with JIA and without JIA. The primary outcome variables are the depth of the mandibular fossa, joint spaces, axial angles, medio-lateral width, and condyle resorption. Other study variables were age and sex. In this study, the measurements obtained from 2 different groups (with JIA and without JIA) are compared using a t-test, where Tukey is utilized to adjust for multiple comparisons. The left and right joints are analyzed separately as the paired t test conducted showed a significant difference between the 2 joints (P < .05)., Results: The study was comprised of 34 patients diagnosed with JIA and 34 healthy subjects. The depth of the mandibular fossa, the anterior joint spaces, the axial angles, and the resorption index showed statistically significant differences between the JIA and healthy groups in both left and right sides (P < .05). However, there was no statistically significant difference in the posterior joint spaces and mediolateral width between JIA and healthy groups in both sides (P > .05)., Conclusions: The results of our study presented the destructive potential of juvenile idiopathic arthritis by using CBCT. CBCT scanning is a helpful tool in the evaluation of the radiographic result of TMJ., (Copyright © 2021 The American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: We report the successful treatment of a 38-year-old woman with bilateral idiopathic condylar resorption and anterior open bite. She had incompetent lips, a gummy smile, increased lower facial height, high mandibular plane angle, skeletal and dental Class II malocclusion with mild mandibular crowding, increased overjet, and mandibular midline deviation to the right., Methods: The treatment plan included: (1) presurgical alignment and leveling of the teeth in both arches; (2) jaw motion tracking (JMT) to detect mandibular movement; (3) 3-piece maxillary osteotomies with mandibular reconstruction and bilateral coronoidectomies; and (4) postsurgical correction of the malocclusion. The orthodontic treatment was performed with the use of custom lingual braces and clear brackets and the orthognathic surgery was planned with the use of virtual surgical planning., Results: The idiopathic condylar resorption and anterior open bite were treated, crowding was eliminated in the lower anterior segment, correction of skeletal and dental Class II malocclusion was obtained, mandibular plane angle was reduced, and facial profile improved., Conclusions: The results suggest that esthetic and functional results can be achieved with the cooperation of 2 specialties and with the use of state-of-the-art technology., (Copyright © 2019 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: The aims of this study were to evaluate sexual dimorphism for facial features within Italian and Egyptian populations and to compare the facial morphology by sex between these 2 populations., Materials and Methods: Three-dimensional (3D) facial images were acquired by using the portable 3dMDface System, which captured 259 subjects from 2 population groups of Italian (n = 139) and Egyptian (n = 120). Each population was categorized into male and female groups for evaluation. All subjects in the groups were aged between 18 and 30 years and had no apparent facial anomalies. A total of 23 anthropometric landmarks were identified on the 3D faces of each subject. The independent t test was used to analyze each data set obtained within each subgroup., Results: Egyptian women tend to have distinct facial features when compared with Italian women; they had less prominent eyes, more nasal width, more height of upper and lower faces and more height of upper and lower vermilion lengths. Egyptian and Italian males demonstrated very close facial features. However, Egyptian males had more nasal width, length of alare, and mandibular height., Conclusions: Sexual dimorphism for facial features was presented in both the Italian and Egyptian populations. In addition, there were significant differences in facial morphology between these 2 populations, especially in females.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to evaluate sexual dimorphism for facial features within Colombian and Mexican-American populations and to compare the facial morphology by sex between these 2 populations., Materials and Methods: Three-dimensional facial images were acquired by using the portable 3dMDface system, which captured 223 subjects from 2 population groups of Colombians (n = 131) and Mexican-Americans (n = 92). Each population was categorized into male and female groups for evaluation. All subjects in the groups were aged between 18 and 30 years and had no apparent facial anomalies. A total of 21 anthropometric landmarks were identified on the 3-dimensional faces of each subject. The independent t test was used to analyze each data set obtained within each subgroup., Results: The Colombian males showed significantly greater width of the outercanthal width, eye fissure length, and orbitale than the Colombian females. The Colombian females had significantly smaller lip and mouth measurements for all distances except upper vermillion height than Colombian males. The Mexican-American females had significantly smaller measurements with regard to the nose than Mexican-American males. Meanwhile, the heights of the face, the upper face, the lower face, and the mandible were all significantly less in the Mexican-American females. The intercanthal and outercanthal widths were significantly greater in the Mexican-American males and females. Meanwhile, the orbitale distance of Mexican-American sexes was significantly smaller than those of the Colombian males and females. The Mexican-American group had significantly larger nose width and length of alare than the Colombian group regarding both sexes. With respect to the nasal tip protrusion and nose height, they were significantly smaller in the Colombian females than in the Mexican-American females. The face width was significantly greater in the Colombian males and females., Conclusions: Sexual dimorphism for facial features was presented in both the Colombian and Mexican-American populations. In addition, there were significant differences in facial morphology between these 2 populations.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze the amount of root resorption of maxillary lateral incisors by relating the position, location, and angulation of the impacted canine using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)., Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of panoramic and CBCT radiographs of 46 patients with a unilateral impacted canine (16 males and 30 females; mean age: 19.53 ± 6.66 and 19.44 ± 5.77 years, respectively). Sector location and canine angulation were measured in panoramics. All tomographs were obtained using CBCT (NewTom 5G, QR, Verona, Italy) and three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of the maxillary laterals assessed by Mimics 14.01 image analysis software., Results: Upper lateral incisor volume was smaller on the impacted side (401.95 ± 83.69 mm 3 ) than on the nonimpacted side (433.54 ± 92.6 mm 3 , P < 0.05). There were no significant differences of lateral root resorption volume when comparing the impacted canines being on the labial or palatal sides (P > 0.05), but impacted canine angulation was significantly steeper on the labial side (70.85°) than on the palatal side (46.09°, P < 0.05). The volume of root resorption of laterals when comparing the various positions of the canine in different sectors or canine angulation in 30 o intervals was not statistically significantly different (P > 0.05)., Conclusions: The impacted canines caused root resorption of lateral incisors. The angulation of the canine was steeper on the labial side than on the palatal side but root resorption of adjacent laterals was not different. There were no statistically significant differences in the amount of root resorption of the laterals when the canine was evaluated according to localization and angulation.

Objective: The aim of this research project was to determine whether the sizes of the first molars allow clinicians to achieve the first goal of an ideal clinical outcome., Material and Methods: Seventy-eight sets of dental casts that have been presented to the American Board of Orthodontics were evaluated. A Boley gauge was used to measure the length from the mesiobuccal cusp to the distobuccal cusp of the maxillary first molar and the length from the mesiobuccal groove of the mandibular first molar to the occlusal embrasure between the mandibular first and second molars. These two measurements were taken on both sides of each set of dental casts for a total of four measurements per set., Results: The maxillary measurements ranged from 3.6 to 6.9 mm with an average of 5.2 mm. The mandibular measurements ranged from 5.0 to 8.0 mm with an average of 6.5 mm. The data were tested for normality and found to be equally distributed. A t -test revealed significant differences in tooth sizes between maxillary and mandibular first molars on both sides. On average, the mesiodistal length measured on maxillary first molars was about 80% of that of their mandibular counterparts. Only 5 of the 78 sets of dental casts evaluated had equal maxillary and mandibular measurements on one side (either left or right), and none of them had equal measurements on both sides., Conclusion: Clinicians have to understand that tooth size discrepancies do exist in patients and that these discrepancies make the completion of a perfect case challenging., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

This study aimed to compare the perception of smile esthetics and alterations among dentistry degree students and laypeople to identify differences in the esthetic perception of black spaces between the maxillary central incisors among Turkish laypeople and students in different study years. Photographs altered to include black spaces of various sizes at the midline were evaluated by 208 dentistry students in years 1-5 and 45 Turkish laypeople. Perceptional differences in different photographs were statistically significant. The students in years 2-5 were more aware of differences between photographs than year 1 students and laypeople. The proportion of participants who decided the most attractive photograph as A was highest among 3rd year students, followed by 5th year students. However, the proportion of students agreeing on the least attractive image was highest among 4th year students, followed by 3rd year students. Photographs A and H were selected as the most and least attractive, respectively, by all participants. The esthetic perception of 1st and 2nd year dentistry students was very different from that of laypeople. To increase esthetic perception among dentistry students, specific lessons with clinical photography should be included in dental education.

Objective: The aim of the this study was to evaluate the perception of smile esthetics and alterations in cases of gingival plastic surgery for correction of a gummy smile, by means of alterations in smile photograph among dentistry degree students., Materials and Methods: A frontal smile photograph of a 40-year-old woman having normal occlusion was used with diverse compositions of gingival exposure level and crown length of maxillary teeth. The eight photographs were evaluated by 216 dentistry students in five class groups (1(st), 2(nd), 3(rd), 4(th) and 5(th) classes)., Results: The results revealed that almost all of the class' students perceived differences between images, additionally, the highest percentage of students that answered "no difference" was 12% at 1(st) class' students. 1(st) and 2(nd) class' students most liked photograph which is 2.5 mm gingival display and 3(rd) class students liked two different photographs which are 2.5 mm gingival display and 2 mm gingival display whereas 4(th) class students preferred two different photographs which are 1.5 mm gingival display and 1 mm gingival display, 5(th) class students preferred photograph which is 1.5 mm gingival display as the most., Conclusion: Esthetic perception of smile improve as a student passes to higher study classes in terms of gingival exposure. The harmonious display of gingiva exhibits an important effect in the smile esthetics rather than reduced or excessive display.

Objective: The aim of this study was to clarify the morphological differences in the mandibular arches of Turkish and North American white subjects., Methods: The sample included 132 Turkish (34 Class I, 58 Class II, and 40 Class III) and 160 North American (60 Class I, 50 Class II, and 50 Class III) subjects. The most facial portion of 13 proximal contact areas was digitized from photocopied images of patients' mandibular dental arches. Clinical bracket points were calculated for each tooth based on mandibular tooth thickness data. Four linear and two proportional measurements were taken. The subjects were grouped according to arch form types (tapered, ovoid and square) in order to have frequency distribution compared between ethnic groups in each Angle classification., Results: The Turkish group showed significantly lower molar depth and more significant molar width-depth (W/D) ratio in all three Angle classifications. On the other hand, the Turkish group also showed a significantly larger intercanine width in Class III malocclusion and intermolar width in Class II malocclusion. The most frequent arch forms seen were the ovoid arch form in the Turkish group and the tapered form in the white group., Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that when treating Turkish patients, one should expect to use preformed ovoid arch form orthodontic wires in a significant percentage of patients.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in a large sample of Central Anatolian adolescents and compare them with European-other nations' adolescents., Methods: The sample included 1125 boys and 1204 girls aged between 12 and 16 years with no previous orthodontic treatment history. Occlusal variables examined were molar relationship, overjet, overbite, crowding, midline diastema, posterior crossbite, and scissors bite. The dental health (DHC) and aesthetic components (AC) of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) were used as an assessment measure of the need for orthodontic treatment for the total sample., Results: The results indicated a high prevalence of Class I (34.9%) and Class II, Division 1 malocclusions (40.0%). Moreover, increased (18%) and reduced bites (14.%), and increased (25.1%) and reversed overjet (10.%) were present in the sample., Conclusion: Using the DHC of the IOTN, the proportion of subjects estimated to have great and very great treatment need (grades 4 and 5) was 28.%. However, only 16.7% of individuals were in need (grades 8-10) of orthodontic treatment according to the AC.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate 1. the differences among the cleft sides of unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) patients, non-cleft sides of the same UCLP patients and well matched control patients in the root development and position of permanent upper central incisors and 2. possible gender differences., Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of 40 patient (20 males and 20 females; mean age: 14.84±3.2 years) with non-syndromic UCLP patients, and 40 control patients (20 males and 20 females; mean age: 13.38±1.6 years). Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were taken off from all patients. All tomographs were obtained in supine position by using CBCT (NewTom 5G, QR, Verona, Italy)., Results: Significant smaller root volume of central incisor was observed on the cleft side than on the non-cleft side of UCLP patients (P < 0.05). No significant difference in the root development and position of the central incisors was found between the non-cleft side of the UCLP and the control group (P > 0.05). There were no statistically significant gender differences in any linear, angular, or volumetric measurements (P > 0.05). Only the root volume of the cleft side was smaller in females than in males (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: In general, root volumes of central incisors on the cleft side were 12.15 per cent smaller than non-cleft side. Root development of the central incisor was much more influenced by the cleft in females than in males., (© The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Orthodontic Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Objective: To evaluate whether there is any correlation between ovarian activity and two potent bone-resorbing mediators (prostaglandin E(2) [PGE(2)], interleukin-1β [IL-1β]) secreted from the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) during orthodontic tooth movement., Materials and Methods: Eighteen female cats were included in this study. Animals were randomly divided into three groups (estrous, anestrous, and ovariectomized groups), each having six queens. Estrous was induced by administration of 150 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) to queens of the estrous group. A closed-coil spring, applied with 80 g of tipping force to the canine, was attached between the maxillary canine and mini-implant. GCF was collected on days 0, 6, and 12 from each cat to examine PGE(2) and IL-1β during orthodontic tooth movement in cats. The PGE(2) and IL-1β levels were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay., Results: There was no significant difference (P > .05) between anestrous and the ovariectomized groups in terms of tooth movement on days 6 and 12 of distalization. In contrast, tooth movement in the estrous group was lower (P < .05) than in the remaining two groups (anestrous and ovariectomized). The mean PGE(2) and IL-1β levels of the canine teeth of the estrous groups were significantly lower than the remaining two groups on days 6 and 12 (P < .05) of coil spring applications., Conclusions: These results indicate that ovarian activity can affect orthodontic tooth movement and GCF levels of IL-1β and PGE(2) in cats.

One of the most important components of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning is the evaluation of the patient's soft tissue profile. The main purpose of this study was to develop soft-tissue cephalometric standards for Turkish men and women and compare them with the cephalometric standards of normal European-American white people. The sample included 96 Turkish adults (48 women, 48 men), aged 20 to 27 years. Turkish subjects have increased facial convexity associated with retruded mandible, more obtuse lower face-throat angle, increased nasolabial angle and upper lip protrusion, deeper mentolabial sulcus, and smaller interlabial gap compared with European-American white people. It is appropriate to consider these differences during routine diagnosis and treatment planning of a Turkish patient or an American patient of European ancestry. Turkish males reveal more obtuse mandibular prognathism and upper lip protrusion, and smaller nasolabial angle than females.

Disharmony between tooth size and dental arch size induces orthodontic problems. So, dental indices were identified by various authors. One of these is Pont who determined a method of prediction of the ideal dental arch width which has become known as Pont's Index. The purpose of this study was to assess the applicability of Pont's Index to a Turkish population and to compare the results with those obtained from studies of different ethnic subjects. The sample comprised 64 male subjects and 78 female subjects with age range from 14 to 15 years. Measurements were obtained directly from plaster casts; they included mesiodistal crown diameters of the four maxillary incisors, as well as interpremolar and intermolar maxillary arch widths as specified by Pont. Correlation coefficients determined between the measured arch width values and those calculated according to Pont's Index were low in all cases, with r values ranging from 0.02 to 0.36. It was concluded that Pont's Index should not be used to predetermine ideal arch width values in Turkish individuals.

The kinetics of cleavage reactions of seven resin-bound thiophenol esters with three amines has been studied by single-bead FTIR. The reactivity of these seven thiophenol esters was dependent on their structures and could be summarized as follows: 5-benzimidazolecarboxylic thiophenol ester > alkyl thiophenol ester > aromatic thiophenol ester. The reactivity of three amines was summarized as follows: n-butylamine > 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine > 1-piperonylpiperazine. The rate of the cleavage reaction increased 2-fold per 10 degrees C rise in reaction temperature. Oxidation of the thiophenol linker increased the rate of the cleavage reaction by 580-fold.