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Este artículo reflexiona sobre las características constitutivas de las identidades políticas en el espacio universitario durante un momento de transición institucional. Este período de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México puede ser caracterizado por el consenso sobre la necesidad de modificaciones por parte de los actores universitarios. Aunque coincidieron en el objetivo, las autoridades definieron su proyecto en el eje narrativos de la “revolución”, mientras que los estudiantes organizados lo hicieron en el de la “democracia”; ello les dotó de un bagaje argumental fundado en nociones que los definieron frente a sus oponentes en la geometría política universitaria.

El dossier aborda la complejidad inherente a las identidades políticas de los actores universitarios y los movimientos estudiantiles en la historia reciente de América Latina. Los casos estudiados transcurren entre los años sesenta y finales de los ochenta, período en el cual se desataron grandes cambios político-ideológicos en la región que condicionaron las propias lecturas acerca de las prácticas, los discursos y los símbolos sobre los activismos universitarios y estudiantiles. A partir de la pesquisa de experiencias asociadas a países como Argentina, Brasil, Costa Rica, Chile, Uruguay y México, el dossier procura discutir las ópticas esquemáticas y reconocer la plasticidad que evidencian las identidades políticas de los actores universitarios y estudiantiles, las cuales se despliegan en una gama diversa que abarca derechas e izquierdas, pero también corrientes que no pueden ubicarse fácilmente en clasificaciones dicótomas. Esto con la finalidad de contribuir a una comprensión de las universidades como espacios políticos y de disputa.

Los movimientos estudiantiles constituyen una dimensión relevante en la historia contemporánea de América Latina, estos son reconocidos como un objeto de estudio complejo por su heterogeneidad y la diversidad de contextos en que se construyen. En este trabajo argumento que, aunque se ha avanzado en el conocimiento empírico de los movimientos, son pocas las propuestas para pensar las particularidades de la categoría en términos metodológicos. Por ello pongo a discusión que, a pesar de su singularidad como proceso, hay elementos que nos permiten identificar su especificidad como estrategia de análisis: el conflicto, los sujetos y la educación como productora de sociedad.

Muscle dysfunction and muscle atrophy are common complications resulting from Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). The evaluation of the peripheral muscles can be carried out through the assessment of their structural components from ultrasound images or their functional components through isometric and isotonic strength tests. This evaluation, performed mainly on the quadriceps muscle, is not only of great interest for diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of COPD, but also for the evaluation of the benefits of therapeutic interventions. In this work, bioimpedance spectroscopy technology is proposed as a low-cost and easy-to-use alternative for the evaluation of peripheral muscles, becoming a feasible alternative to ultrasound images and strength tests for their application in routine clinical practice. For this purpose, a laboratory prototype of a bioimpedance device has been adapted to perform segmental measurements in the quadriceps region. The validation results obtained in a pseudo-randomized study in patients with COPD in a controlled clinical environment which involved 33 volunteers confirm the correlation and correspondence of the bioimpedance parameters with respect to the structural and functional parameters of the quadriceps muscle, making it possible to propose a set of prediction equations. The main contribution of this manuscript is the discovery of a linear relationship between quadriceps muscle properties and the bioimpedance Cole model parameters, reaching a correlation of 0.69 and an average error of less than 0.2 cm regarding the thickness of the quadriceps estimations from ultrasound images, and a correlation of 0.77 and an average error of 3.9 kg regarding the isometric strength of the quadriceps muscle.

Este artículo analiza la oposición liderada por el Consejo Estudiantil Universitario (CEU) contra el proyecto del rector Jorge Carpizo que propuso modificaciones normativas que afectaron el acceso y permanencia de los estudiantes de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). El objetivo es identificar los principales repertorios de acción y argumentos que desplegaron los estudiantes para disputar el proyecto modernizador que coincidió con las políticas presupuestarias restrictivas del gobierno federal y las propuestas de los organismos internacionales de educación superior en occidente. Lo anterior se reconstruye desde una perspectiva histórica a partir de los materiales producidos por el movimiento estudiantil, documentos de archivo, hemerografía y de la transcripción del diálogo público que mantuvieron con las autoridades universitarias. Este texto sostiene que la CEU construyó novedosos repertorios de acción anclados en la negociación que los mostró como agentes de cambio no radicales y que los ejes de su discurso se articularon en torno a un ideal democrático.

Objetivo: analizar la experiencia sonorense en el marco del conflicto entre la Iglesia y el Estado que ocurrió en México entre 1926 y 1929. Metodología: análisis de documentación contenida en acervos históricos locales, nacionales e internacionales con el fin de reconstruir el proceso sonorense a través de la identificación de actores, estrategias y circunstancias sociopolíticas en el periodo de estudio. Resultados: la investigación permitió caracterizar de pasiva la resistencia de la comunidad católica, expresada a través de cartas a las autoridades, contrabando de propaganda religiosa, distribución de volantes en defensa de la libertad religiosa y apoyo al boicot económico promovido por la Liga Nacional de la Defensa Religiosa. También se aborda el exilio del obispo Juan Navarrete y Guerrero en Estados Unidos y su participación en los arreglos firmados entre el Estado mexicano y la Santa Sede. Valor: el artículo reconstruye la expresión local de un conflicto heterogéneo que se manifestó de forma desigual en el país y presenta al laicado como actor central en el proceso. Así mismo aborda diferentes estrategias de resistencia por parte de la comunidad católica, definidas por la dinámica nacional y las especificidades de la región. Conclusiones: el conflicto religioso en Sonora entre 1926 y 1929 se caracterizó por la centralidad del activismo femenino en la movilización del laicado y por la elección de vías pacíficas para expresar inconformidades, lo cual estuvo enmarcado por la notable influencia del obispo y por el aprovechamiento de la frontera con Estados Unidos como espacio estratégico para la resistencia católica.

El presente documento tiene como objetivo estudiar la participación de las mujeres católicas en el marco de la campaña desfanatizadora en Sonora, puesta en marcha por el Gobernador Rodolfo Elías Calles en 1931. El primer apartado está dedicado describir la campaña desfanatizadora de Calles en el contexto nacional. El segundo apartado abordará la participación de las mujeres católicas en la construcción de la Iglesia en Sonora durante la década de los veintes, a fin de explicar su participación activa en la defensa de la misma durante el conflicto desarrollado a partir de 1931. En un tercer punto desarrolla el contexto de oportunidad política que representó la elección estatal y la participación de mujeres católicas en la misma para la resolución del conflicto, posteriormente esbozaré algunas consideraciones finales. The objective of this document is to study the participation of Catholic women in the framework of the defanatizing campaign in Sonora, started up by Governor Rodolfo Elías Calles in 1931. The first section is dedicated to describing the defanatization campaign of Calles in the national context. The second section will address the participation of Catholic women in the construction of the Church in Sonora during the 1920s, in order to explain their active participation in the defense of it during the conflict developed since 1931. In a third point develops the context of political opportunity that represented the state election and the participation of Catholic women in it for the resolution of the conflict, later I will outline some final considerations.

Los movimientos estudiantiles son considerados parte fundamental de la historia contemporánea de México. Aunque existe una amplia producción sobre el tema, la disciplina histórica ha reparado poco en la discusión sobre el movimiento estudiantil como una categoría y sus dimensiones. Este trabajo tiene por objetivo proponer una definición de este actor colectivo como una expresión de los movimientos sociales, reconociendo la relevancia de la idea de educación para su constitución. Partiendo de ello, busco delinear tres presupuestos: construcción, heterogeneidad y especificidad de lo local, como punto de partida para la construcción de una agenda de investigación dinámica. Analyze students movements Student movements are considered a fundamental part of the contemporary history of Mexico. Although there is ample production on the subject, the historical discipline has not noticed much in the discussion about the student movement as a category and its dimensions. This work aims to propose a definition of this collective actor as an expression of social movements, recognizing the relevance of the idea of education for its constitution. Starting from this, I seek to delineate three budgets: construction, heterogeneity and specificity of the local, as a starting point for the construction of a dynamic research agenda.

El libro de Víctor Hugo Reyna García es producto de su tesis de maestría y de posteriores ediciones que son evidentes en el cuerpo de trabajo, entre ellas se resalta que el autor incluye datos y referencias novísimos, posteriores a la presentación de su trabajo. El corpus del libro consta de cuatro capítulos, introducción y conclusiones, en los que el autor va entretejiendo conceptos, categorías y datos específicos que le permiten ofrecer un análisis coherente de la situación de la prensa y el periodismo sonorense contemporáneo, ante la crisis de seguridad que atraviesa el país, intensificada por políticas que aumentaron el combate al –y entre al- crimen organizado en México a partir de 2012.

Eduardo Márquez-Martín1, Pilar Cejudo Ramos1, José Luis López-Campos1, María del Pilar Serrano Gotarredona2, Silvia Navarro Herrero2, Rodrigo Tallón Aguilar1, Emilia Barrot Cortes1, Francisco Ortega Ruiz11Medical-Surgical Unit of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain; 2Radiodiagnostic Unit, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, SpainBackground: More accurate phenotyping of COPD is of great interest since it may have prognostic and therapeutic consequences. We attempted to explore the possible relationship between the extent of emphysema, as assessed by high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), and COPD severity. We also included some study variables involving exercise tolerance evaluation and peripheral muscle strength (PMS) measurement.Methods: Sixty-four patients with COPD (mean age 64 ± 7 years) were enrolled in a prospective observational cross-sectional study. All patients underwent clinical and functional evaluations: assessment of dyspnea, body mass index (BMI), health status assessment, spirometry testing, and arterial blood gas analysis. The extent of emphysema was graded using HRCT. Functional capacity was evaluated by a cardiopulmonary maximal exercise testing (CPET), the shuttle walking test, and by estimation of PMS.Results: Half of the study patients had an emphysematous phenotype. There was a significant correlation between the score derived from analysis of HRCT images and BMI and respiratory functional parameters, as well as VO2 max (maximal oxygen uptake) and chest pull 1RM (1 rep max). Compared with subjects with a nonemphysematous phenotype, those with an emphysematous phenotype showed a lower BMI, a reduced PMS, and displayed a lower power at CPET. Significant differences in lung function tests were found for diffusing capacity and hyperinflation. No significant differences in quality of life were observed between the two study groups.Conclusions: Compared with subjects with a nonemphysematous phenotype, subjects with an emphysematous phenotype has a different profile in terms of BMI, lung function, PMS, and exercise capacity.Keywords: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, exercise tolerance, emphysema, phenotypes, lung function

In this paper, a first approach to the design of a portable device for non-contact monitoring of respiratory rate by capacitive sensing is presented. The sensing system is integrated into a smart vest for an untethered, low-cost and comfortable breathing monitoring of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients during the rest period between respiratory rehabilitation exercises at home. To provide an extensible solution to the remote monitoring using this sensor and other devices, the design and preliminary development of an e-Health platform based on the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) paradigm is also presented. In order to validate the proposed solution, two quasi-experimental studies have been developed, comparing the estimations with respect to the golden standard. In a first study with healthy subjects, the mean value of the respiratory rate error, the standard deviation of the error and the correlation coefficient were 0.01 breaths per minute (bpm), 0.97 bpm and 0.995 (p < 0.00001), respectively. In a second study with COPD patients, the values were −0.14 bpm, 0.28 bpm and 0.9988 (p < 0.0000001), respectively. The results for the rest period show the technical and functional feasibility of the prototype and serve as a preliminary validation of the device for respiratory rate monitoring of patients with COPD.

Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the effect of target-flow inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on respiratory muscle function, exercise performance, dyspnea, and health-related quality of life (HRQL) in patients with COPD.Patients and Methods: Twenty patients with severe COPD were randomly assigned to a training group (group T) or to a control group (group C) following a double-blind procedure. Patients in group T (n = 10) trained with 60 to 70% maximal sustained inspiratory pressure (SIPmax) as a training load, and those in group C (n = 10) received no training. Group T trained at home for 30 min daily, 6 days a week for 6 months.Measurements: The measurements performed included spirometry, SIPmax, inspiratory muscle strength, and exercise capacity, which included maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2)), and minute ventilation (VE). Exercise performance was evaluated by the distance walked in the shuttle walking test (SWT). Changes in dyspnea and HRQL also were measured.Results: Results showed significant increases in SIPmax, maximal inspiratory pressure, and SWT only in group T (p < 0.003, p < 0.003, and p < 0.001, respectively), with significant differences after 6 months between the two groups (p < 0.003, p < 0.003, and p < 0.05, respectively). The levels of VO(2) and VE did not change in either group. The values for transitional dyspnea index and HRQL improved in group T at 6 months in comparison with group C (p < 0.003 and p < 0.003, respectively).Conclusions: We conclude that targeted IMT relieves dyspnea, increases the capacity to walk, and improves HRQL in COPD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Muscle dysfunction and muscle atrophy are common complications resulting from Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). The evaluation of the peripheral muscles can be carried out through the assessment of their structural components from ultrasound images or their functional components through isometric and isotonic strength tests. This evaluation, performed mainly on the quadriceps muscle, is not only of great interest for diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of COPD, but also for the evaluation of the benefits of therapeutic interventions. In this work, bioimpedance spectroscopy technology is proposed as a low-cost and easy-to-use alternative for the evaluation of peripheral muscles, becoming a feasible alternative to ultrasound images and strength tests for their application in routine clinical practice. For this purpose, a laboratory prototype of a bioimpedance device has been adapted to perform segmental measurements in the quadriceps region. The validation results obtained in a pseudo-randomized study in patients with COPD in a controlled clinical environment which involved 33 volunteers confirm the correlation and correspondence of the bioimpedance parameters with respect to the structural and functional parameters of the quadriceps muscle, making it possible to propose a set of prediction equations. The main contribution of this manuscript is the discovery of a linear relationship between quadriceps muscle properties and the bioimpedance Cole model parameters, reaching a correlation of 0.69 and an average error of less than 0.2 cm regarding the thickness of the quadriceps estimations from ultrasound images, and a correlation of 0.77 and an average error of 3.9 kg regarding the isometric strength of the quadriceps muscle.

Introduction: There are no data on the association of type of pneumonia and long-term mortality by the type of pneumonia (COVID-19 or community-acquired pneumonia [CAP]) on long-term mortality after an adjustment for potential confounding variables. We aimed to assess the type of pneumonia and risk factors for long-term mortality in patients who were hospitalized in conventional ward and later discharged., Methods: Retrospective analysis of two prospective and multicentre cohorts of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and CAP. The main outcome under study was 1-year mortality in hospitalized patients in conventional ward and later discharged. We adjusted a Bayesian logistic regression model to assess associations between the type of pneumonia and 1-year mortality controlling for confounders., Results: The study included a total of 1,693 and 2,374 discharged patients in the COVID-19 and CAP cohorts, respectively. Of these, 1,525 (90.1%) and 2,249 (95%) patients underwent analysis. Until 1-year follow-up, 69 (4.5%) and 148 (6.6%) patients from the COVID-19 and CAP cohorts, respectively, died ( p  = 0.008). However, the Bayesian model showed a low probability of effect (PE) of finding relevant differences in long-term mortality between CAP and COVID-19 (odds ratio 1.127, 95% credibility interval 0.862-1.591; PE = 0.774)., Conclusion: COVID-19 and CAP have similar long-term mortality after adjusting for potential confounders., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Méndez, González-Jiménez, Latorre, Mengot, Zalacain, Ruiz, Serrano, España, Uranga, Cillóniz, Hervás, Torres, Menéndez, NEUMONAC and RECOVID.)

At rest, a good Fontan circulation can provide a normal cardiac output (CO). However, as a consequence of its unique hemodynamic nature, the limitations of the Fontan circuit are exposed during exercise. We aimed to provide a comprehensive assessment of the pathophysiology of exercise in adult Fontan patients (FPs) and identify factors limiting their functional capacity (FC). In a single-center study conducted in 37 FPs aged ≥16 years and 19 healthy-controls (HCs) who underwent CPET on a cycle ergometer in February and March 2022, the mean peakVO 2 was 21 ± 5.4 mL/kg/min, which was 55% of the predicted value. Morphologically, the left single ventricle showed a higher peakVO 2 % predicted value (57.4 ± 14.4% vs. 43.4 ± 8.1%, p = 0.045). The factors associated with low peakVO 2 values were an early flattened or descending O 2 pulse at maximal exertion (52 ± 14% vs. 62 ± 12.5, p = 0.04 and 47.6 ± 9% vs. 60 ± 14, p = 0.018, respectively) and chronotropic insufficiency (53 ± 12% vs. 69.8 ± 20%, p = 0.008). The OUES was found to be a useful parameter to assess the FC in FPs in maximal and submaximal exercise testing. A strong positive correlation was observed between the %OUES and peakVO 2 %predicted (r = 0.726, p > 0.001). The lung function was impaired in the FPs, mostly with a mild restrictive pattern (56.8%). The FPs showed lower inspiratory muscle strength compared to the HCs but it was not statistically associated with either the peakVO 2 or VE/VCO 2 slope. Regular intense physical activity improves one's FC. Although FPs have inspiratory muscle weakness, its impact on their FC is unclear. The peakVO 2 % predicted grew progressively higher as the level of physical activity increased (low level 49.5 ± 14%, moderate level 55 ± 12%, intense level 69 ± 20%).

Objectives: The aim of this work is to present a review on the impact of genetics and altitude on lung function from classic and recent studies., Data Source: A systematic search has been carried out in different databases of scientific studies, using keywords related to lung volumes, spirometry, altitude and genetics., Results: The results of this work have been structured into three parts. First, the relationship between genes and lung function. Next, a review of the genetic predispositions related to respiratory adaptation of people who inhabit high-altitude regions for millennia. Finally, temporary effects and long-term acclimatisation on respiratory physiology at high altitude are presented., Conclusions: The works focused on the influence of genetics and altitude on lung function are currently of interest in terms of studying the interactions between genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors in the configuration of the pathophysiological adaptation patterns., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The purpose of this work is to describe a first approach to a smart bioimpedance spectroscopy device for its application to the estimation of body composition. The proposed device is capable of carrying out bioimpedance measurements in multiple configurable frequencies, processing the data to obtain the modulus and the bioimpedance phase in each of the frequencies, and transmitting the processed information wirelessly. Another novelty of this work is a new algorithm for the identification of Cole model parameters, which is the basis of body composition estimation through bioimpedance spectroscopy analysis. Against other proposals, the main advantages of the proposed method are its robustness against parasitic effects by employing an extended version of Cole model with phase delay and three dispersions, its simplicity and low computational load. The results obtained in a validation study with respiratory patients show the accuracy and feasibility of the proposed technology for bioimpedance measurements. The precision and validity of the algorithm was also proven in a validation study with peritoneal dialysis patients. The proposed method was the most accurate compared with other existing algorithms. Moreover, in those cases affected by parasitic effects the proposed algorithm provided better approximations to the bioimpedance values than a reference device.

In this paper, a first approach to the design of a portable device for non-contact monitoring of respiratory rate by capacitive sensing is presented. The sensing system is integrated into a smart vest for an untethered, low-cost and comfortable breathing monitoring of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients during the rest period between respiratory rehabilitation exercises at home. To provide an extensible solution to the remote monitoring using this sensor and other devices, the design and preliminary development of an e-Health platform based on the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) paradigm is also presented. In order to validate the proposed solution, two quasi-experimental studies have been developed, comparing the estimations with respect to the golden standard. In a first study with healthy subjects, the mean value of the respiratory rate error, the standard deviation of the error and the correlation coefficient were 0.01 breaths per minute (bpm), 0.97 bpm and 0.995 ( p < 0.00001), respectively. In a second study with COPD patients, the values were &minus;0.14 bpm, 0.28 bpm and 0.9988 ( p < 0.0000001), respectively. The results for the rest period show the technical and functional feasibility of the prototype and serve as a preliminary validation of the device for respiratory rate monitoring of patients with COPD.

Aim: Serum ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) is known to be a smoking-associated inflammatory marker, but data in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are lacking., Patients & Methods: A total of 142 COPD cases (48 active smokers) and 55 controls (41 active smokers) were consecutively enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The peripheral blood concentrations of sICAM-1, IL-8 (CXCL8), CRP and serum amyloid A (SAA) were determined by ELISA., Results: CRP and SAA (log-scale) were elevated in the patients with COPD compared with the control subjects (p = 0.005 for CRP and p = 0.024 for SAA). sICAM-1 was associated with active smoking when corrected for age, gender, the presence of COPD, inhaled corticosteroid use, BMI and forced expiratory volume in 1 s as covariates., Conclusion: The present study confirms an association between sICAM-1 levels and active smoking in a group of COPD and non-COPD active smokers.

Background and Objective: To describe the characteristics observed in patients diagnosed of hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) waiting for orthotopic liver transplantation and those who underwent liver trasplantation., Patients and Method: An observational prospective descriptive study was carried out of patients waiting for liver transplantation in whom data of liver illness and lung function tests were analyzed., Results: 107 patients of 53.69 years average age were studied (7.7 standard deviation). 24 of them (22.4%) had criteria of HPS. Ortodeoxia was present in the 34% of cases. The lung function tests were normal. In the comparative study between patients with HPS and no HPS, differences in diffusion were found (7.1 vs. 8.6 mmol/min/kPa; p = 0.04), as well as in the shunt (8% vs. 5.3%; p = 0.05) and the forced expiratory volume in one second (2,390 vs. 2,743 ml; p = 0.03). Seven patients were transplanted with correction of oxygenation and vascular dilatations in all of them., Conclusions: HPS is a frequent illness in patients waiting for orthotopic liver transplantation. The main alteration in the blood oxygenation seems owe to shunt, and the diffusion tests is the analysis that could best differentiate patients with HPS. Orthotopic liver transplantation corrects the syndrome in all cases.