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The aim of this study was to develop eye-drops with cefuroxime (CEF) sodium or vancomycin (VAN) hydrochloride, antibiotics that are instable in water. Anhydrous self-emulsifying oils (SEO) are proposed as a carrier and antibiotics are suspended. In the contact with tear fluid, the formulation should transform into emulsion, with fast dissolution of an antibiotic. CEF or VAN (5% w/w) was suspended in SEO carriers prepared by dissolving surfactants (Tween 20 or Span 80 5% w/w) in Miglyol, castor oil, or olive oil. Formulations with or without sodium citrate (2% w/w) were compared. Six-months or 1-year stability tests were carried out at 40 °C. The content of CEF and VAN was evaluated using HPLC and the potency of the antibiotic was assessed with agar diffusion method. In contact with water, drug particles suspended in SEO dissolved rapidly and o/w emulsion was formed. After 1-year at 40 °C, the content of degradation products was at most 0.5% in CEF and 4.0% in VAN formulations. The agar diffusion assay has shown that CEF and VAN loaded into SEO retained its potency against the sensitive microorganisms comparable to an aqueous solution. Therefore, SEO can be used as a novel carrier for the active substances which may not require improved solubility or absorption but need to be protected from moisture. This is a formulation that can be produced on industrial scale, with no limitation of stability or drug concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored cefuroxime sodium (CXM) adsorption on sepiolite-rich dolomite, assessing the impact of various conditions like pH, contact time, temperature, and initial CXM concentration. The research utilized data mining, kinetic and isotherm models, and analytical techniques such as FTIR, SEM, and EDX to understand the adsorption mechanism and behavior. Findings indicated that pH significantly influenced CXM adsorption, with the highest efficiency at pH 5. Additionally, the adsorption kinetics were consistent with a pseudo-first-order model, showing that adsorption was rapid and cooperative and reached equilibrium within 60 minutes, while the Freundlich isotherm model best described the adsorption isotherm. The adsorption mechanism was mainly governed by the electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, and pore-filling processes, influenced by the adsorbent's surface heterogeneity and texture characteristics, the adsorbate functional groups, and the bulk solution. Thermodynamic parameters revealed the adsorption to be spontaneous, exothermic, and entropy-driven, suggesting a predominantly physical process. While the presence of negative ΔG values showed that adsorption preferred low temperatures, the presence of a positive ΔS value showed increased randomness at the solid-liquid interface during adsorption. SEM and FTIR results confirmed the changes in the sepiolite-rich dolomite's surface properties and functional groups after CXM adsorption. EDX analysis revealed that CXM's adsorption involved the replacement of Ca2+ ions by CXM's functional groups. The study proved that sepiolite-rich dolomite can be a very effective and environmentally friendly adsorbent to remove CXM and treat bacterial infections from domestic waste or wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to develop eye-drops with cefuroxime (CEF) sodium or vancomycin (VAN) hydrochloride, antibiotics that are instable in water. Anhydrous self-emulsifying oils (SEO) are proposed as a carrier and antibiotics are suspended. In the contact with tear fluid, the formulation should transform into emulsion, with fast dissolution of an antibiotic. CEF or VAN (5% w/w) was suspended in SEO carriers prepared by dissolving surfactants (Tween 20 or Span 80 5% w/w) in Miglyol, castor oil, or olive oil. Formulations with or without sodium citrate (2% w/w) were compared. Six-months or 1-year stability tests were carried out at 40 °C. The content of CEF and VAN was evaluated using HPLC and the potency of the antibiotic was assessed with agar diffusion method. In contact with water, drug particles suspended in SEO dissolved rapidly and o/w emulsion was formed. After 1-year at 40 °C, the content of degradation products was at most 0.5% in CEF and 4.0% in VAN formulations. The agar diffusion assay has shown that CEF and VAN loaded into SEO retained its potency against the sensitive microorganisms comparable to an aqueous solution. Therefore, SEO can be used as a novel carrier for the active substances which may not require improved solubility or absorption but need to be protected from moisture. This is a formulation that can be produced on industrial scale, with no limitation of stability or drug concentration.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of centrally purchased cefuroxime sodium for injection and imported cefuroxime sodium for injection in preventing infection after cesarean section. METHODS: A total of 280 patients undergoing cesarean section in obstetrics of Tongzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Beijing from Jul. 2021 to May 2022 were retrospectively selected to be grouped according to different types of antibiotics. Group A was given imported cefuroxime sodium for injection in preventing infection, and group B received centrally purchased cefuroxime sodium for injection in preventing infection. Effect of infection prevention and incidence of adverse drug reactions were compared between two groups. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between two groups in amount of bleeding during surgery, treatment course of antibiotics and length of stay (P>0. 05). There was no significant difference in the ratio of leukocytes and neutrophils between two groups at 24 hours after surgery (P>0. 05). There was no statistically significant difference in the number of fever cases and postoperative infection rate (puerperal infection, incision infection and urinary system infection) between two groups (P>0. 05). The incidence of adverse drug reactions in both groups was lower, and the difference was not statistically significant (P>0. 05). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with imported cefuroxime sodium for injection, the efficacy and safety of centrally purchased cefuroxime sodium for injection are comparable in the prevention of postoperative infection after cesarean section. Due to the lower cost and higher economy, it can be widely used in the prevention of infection after cesarean section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The objective of this study was to determine the toxic effect and clinical characteristics of 1 mg/mL cefuroxime sodium on retinas after phacoemulsification in vitrectomized eyes. Methods: Cataract patients with vitrectomized eyes were studied retrospectively. Phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation was performed uneventfully. Best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, fundus photography, macular central thickness, and angiography were collected and analyzed. They were studied in patients with macular edema to evaluate macular toxicity. Results: Ninety two cases (92 eyes) were enrolled, including 44 eyes of males and 48 eyes of females with an average age of 55.35 ± 12.32 years. Univariate analysis showed that the intraoperative use of balanced salt solution containing 1 mg/mL cefuroxime sodium compound electrolyte and macular involvement in primary vitrectomy were important risk factors for macular edema on the first day after cataract surgery (p < 0.05). In addition, the characteristics of this kind of macular edema were studied; the thickness of macular fovea was significantly high at 1-day follow-up (p < 0.05), but there was no difference between pre-operation and 1-week post-operation (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Low-concentration cefuroxime sodium can cause acute macular edema in vitrectomized eyes, which can heal within 1 week after surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cesarean scar defect (CSD) is a long‐term outcome of cesarean section (CS) and associated with numerous gynecological and obstetric problems. Previous studies indicate that infection may be a risk factor for CSD. Adjunctive azithromycin was shown to reduce the risk of postoperative infection in patients undergoing non‐elective primary cesarean delivery in labor or after the rupture of membranes compared with standard antibiotic prophylaxis. This study investigated the protective effect of adjunctive azithromycin in combination with single‐dose cephalosporin against CSD in women undergoing non‐elective cesarean delivery. Material and methods: A randomized, double‐blind, controlled clinical trial was conducted in a University hospital in Shanghai, China. A total of 242 women who underwent their first non‐elective CS were randomly assigned to receive 1500 mg cefuroxime sodium plus 500 mg intravenous azithromycin (n = 121; experimental group) or 1500 mg cefuroxime sodium plus a placebo (n = 121; placebo group). The primary outcome was CSD prevalence, as determined by transvaginal ultrasound and saline infusion sonohysterography within 6 months of delivery. Secondary outcomes were changes in infectious indicators (eg hypersensitive C‐reactive protein and procalcitonin), postoperative morbidity, and use of postoperative antibiotics. We also examined the operative procedure, pathogenic microorganism cultures, and fetal outcomes. Outcomes were compared between groups with the chi‐squared test, Fisher's exact test, or Student's t test. Results: Between May 2018 and May 2021, 121 women were randomized to each arm. Because the sonographic follow up was disrupted by the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and strict management policies, we merged the follow‐up time points (6 weeks and 6 months) into a single time period (6 weeks to 6 months); 104 and 108 women in the experimental and placebo groups, respectively, completed the first sonographic follow up. CSD was diagnosed by sonography in 34/104 (32.7%) and 50/108 (46.3%) patients in the experimental and placebo groups, respectively (relative risk 0.71, 95% confidence interval 0.50–0.99; p = 0.043). Characteristics of CSD and short‐term infection outcomes did not differ between groups. Conclusions: A single dose of intravenous 500 mg azithromycin adjunctive to single‐dose cefuroxime prophylaxis significantly reduced the incidence of CSD in women undergoing non‐elective CS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel solar light active photocatalyst, TiO2/kaolin-graphene carboxyl nanocomposite was synthesized by hydrothermal method for the degradation of cephalosporin antibiotic, cefuroxime sodium. The synthesized photocatalyst was characterized by various analytical and spectroscopic techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) thermogravimetry (TG), UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and photoluminescence (PL). The prepared TiO2/kaolin-graphene carboxyl nanocomposite exhibited efficient photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) upon illumination with the solar simulator as compared to unmodified TiO2. The incorporation of both kaolin and graphene carboxyl was found to immobilize TiO2, enhancing the visible light absorption range of TiO2. Scavenger study revealed that hydroxyl radicals act as the main active species in the photocatalytic degradation process. The hydroxyl group present on kaolin surface reacts with photo-generated holes to increase the amount of hydroxyl radical, and further the graphene carboxyl plays a role to impede the recombination of photo-generated electron–hole pairs. Furthermore, the synthesized photocatalyst was found to degrade cefuroxime sodium within 90 min of sunlight illumination, indicating that TiO2/kaolin-graphene carboxyl nanocomposites would be very beneficial for pharmaceutical waste management through the advanced oxidation process. Mass spectral analysis was also carried out for elucidating the photocatalytic degradation pathway of cefuroxime sodium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cefuroxime Sodium (CS) is a low-toxicity and highly effective antibiotic drug with a wide application market. Its polymorph form β has the advantage of thermal stability and resistance to degradation. However, poor powder properties cause filtration difficulties, severe electrostatic phenomena and difficulties in automated dispensing, which limit its application. In order to improve the powder properties and stability of CS from the source, we used a one-step crystallization method to prepare CS (form β) with high sphericity and uniform particle size. The spherulites of form β of CS (β spherulites) have excellent powder properties, with high flowability (32.8°), good sphericity (90.2%), low C.V. (45.6%), and adjustable particle size distribution. Thanks to improved powder properties, the β spherulites exhibits 40% higher thermal stability and maximum 41% faster dissolution rate in the compatible solutions, compared to commercially available products, which implies the β spherulites is more competitive in powder formulations. [Display omitted] • The spherulites of form β of CS are designed by one-step crystallization process. • Solvent systems are selected by solubility and product properties. • The formation and mechanism of polymorph form β are investigated. • The optimized product presents good powder properties and high stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Ag/ZnO/Bi 2 WO 6 tecomposi nanomaterials were synthesized by sol–gel and ultrasonic methods. • The molecular-imprinted composite MIT-Ag/ZnO/Bi 2 WO 6 was prepared using cefuroxime sodium as template molecule. • TEM results show that heterojunction is formed between ZnO and Bi 2 WO 6. • Diffuse reflectance shows the band gap of MIT-Ag/ZnO/Bi 2 WO 6 is about 3.08 eV. • MIT-Ag/ZnO/Bi 2 WO 6 has higher degradation rate of cefuroxime sodium. The purpose of this work is to study the crystal structural, element composition, valence state and optical properties of the MIT-Ag/ZnO/Bi 2 WO 6 in order to be used for antibiotic degradation application. MIT-Ag/ZnO/Bi 2 WO 6 materials were prepared by sol–gel and ultrasonic composite method using cefuroxime sodium as the template molecule. The obtained catalyst was characterized by different techniques. The crystal structure was analyzed by XRD and FTIR. The elemental and valence composition were analyzed by XPS. It was found that the imprinting process did not changed the crystal structure, elemental composition and valence state of Ag/ZnO/Bi 2 WO 6. The morphology was visualized by SEM. A heterojunction is formed between ZnO and Bi 2 WO 6 as investigated by TEM analysis. The optical proprieties have been evaluated by DRS, a bandgap of 3.08 eV was found. PL results showed that the imprinting process inhibits the recombination of electron-hole pairs. Photocatalytic experiments were further carried out. MIT-Ag/ZnO/Bi 2 WO 6 was selective to template cefuroxime sodium, and the degradation efficiency of cefuroxime sodium reached almost 100% under the irradiation of 250 W mercury lamp for 150 min. ·OH and h+ were the main active substances in the photocatalytic process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cefuroxime sodium is a second generation cephalosporin indicated for infections caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. Although this drug is highly studied and researched regarding the antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, there are few studies regarding the development of analytical methodology for this cephalosporin. Thus, research involving analytical methods is essential and highly relevant to optimize its analysis in the pharmaceutical industry and guarantee the quality of the product already sold. This study describes the development and validation of a microbiological assay applying the turbidimetric method for the determination of cefuroxime, using Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341 as micro-organism test and 3x3 parallel line assay design, with nine tubes for each assay, as recommended by the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia. The developed and validated method showed excellent results of linearity, seletivity, precision and robustness, in the concentration range from 30.0 to 120.0 mg/mL, with 100.21% accuracy and content 99.97% to cefuroxime sodium in injectable pharmaceutical form.

The interaction between cefuroxime sodium and transferrin in physiological buffer (pH 7.4) was investigated by spectroscopy at 298, 310, and 318 K. The analysis of data indicated that quenching mechanism of the transferrin–cefuroxime sodium system was probably static. The electrostatic force played an important role in the conjugation reaction between transferrin and cefuroxime sodium. The order of magnitude of binding constants (Ka) was 104, and the number of binding site (n) in the binary system was approximately equal to 1. Besides, the values of Hill’s coefficients were lager than 1, which indicated very weakly positive cooperativity in the transferrin–cefuroxime sodium system. The synchronous fluorescence spectra and circular dichroism spectra revealed that the microenvironment and the conformation of transferrin were changed during the binding reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two types of microparticles based on acrylic ion exchange resin were prepared and used as macromolecular supports for the adsorption of an antibiotic (cefuroxime sodium salt) from aqueous solution. The first type of microparticles was synthesized by aqueous suspension copolymerization of acrylonitrile, ethylacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate followed by the aminolysis reaction of ternary copolymer with hydrazine hydrate. For the preparation of the second type of microparticles the gellan was selected to cover the surface of acrylic ion exchanger in order to increase the biocompatibility of these systems. Batch adsorption studies regarding the effects of various parameters such as, temperature, contact time, initial concentration of drug, drug:microparticles ratio and pH were studied. To study the adsorption kinetic mechanism, the Lagergren, Ho, Elovich and Weber-Morris particle diffusion models were applied and it was found that the adsorption of the drug could be described by pseudo first order equation (Lagergren model). The calculated values of thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔH, ΔS) showed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. The drug release process was found to be controlled by diffusion of drug molecules through polymer networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical efficacy of Pudilan oral liquid combined with western medicine in treatment of upper respiratory tract infection. METHODS:104 patients with upper respiratory tract infection admitted into Zhaoqing the First People's Hospital from Feb. 2016 to Apr. 2017 were extracted to be divided into the observation group and the control group via the random number table, with 52 cases in each. Patients in the control group were treated with the intravenous cefuroxime sodium or ribavirin injection after routine symptomatic treatment, the observation group received Pudilan oral liquid on the basis of the control group. The clinical efficacy, complete antipyretic time, remission time of upper respiratory tract cataract symptoms, hypersensitive c-reactive protein (hs- CRP), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) levels and adverse drug reactions of two groups were observed. RESULTS: The total effective rate of observation group was 96. 15% (50/52), significantly higher than that of control group (82. 69%, 43/52), the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). In the observation group, the average complete antipyretic time and remission time of upper respiratory tract cataract symptoms were (47.30 ± 4.61) and (50.42 ±7.23) h, respectively, which were significantly shorter than those in the control group [(69.54 ± 5.73) and (70.49 ±4.47) h], and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). After treatment, the levels of hs-CRP and TNF-α in the groups were significantly lower than those before treatment, and the observation group were significantly lower than the control group, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). The incidence of adverse drug reactions in observation group and control group were 7.69% (4/52) and 5.77% (3/52), respectively, and the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). RESULTS: The efficacy of Pudilan oral liquid combined with western medicine in treatment of upper respiratory tract infection is significant, which can quickly relieve the symptoms and reduce the inflammation with higher safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have studied the interaction between cefuroxime sodium (CXS) and papain at different temperatures by a fluorescence method, and confirmed that the mechanism of fluorescence quenching of CXS to papain is mainly static quenching. We also determined the binding constant K. Based on the thermodynamic functions at different temperatures, the results show that the major forces between CXS and papain are van der Waals' forces and H bond. According to the Forster non-radiation energy transfer mechanism, we determined the binding distance between CXS and papain, and studied the confirmation effect of CXS to papain by synchronous fluorescence and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Molecular simulations show that the binding types of CXS and papain are van der Waals' forces, hydrophobic interaction, and H-bond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Two molecular imprinting polymers (MIPs) based on solution and suspension polymerization were prepared with 1-(N,N-bis-carboxymethyl)amino-3-allylglycerol and N,N-dimethylacrylamide as functional monomers, and copper ion-cefuroxime sodium complex as the template. The imprinted polymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, elemental analysis, Brunauer, Emmett and Teller method and scanning electron microscopy. The effects of the analytical parameters such as sample pH, contact time on sorption capacity of the polymeric sorbent and interfering drugs were investigated and compared for both polymers with different polymerization methods. The imprinted polymer sorbent was selective for the template. The profile of cefuroxime sodium uptake by the both sorbents reflects good accessibility of the active sites in the imprinted polymer sorbents. The equilibrium adsorption data of cefuroxime sodium on polymeric sorbents were analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Redlich–Peterson isotherm models. The developed method was utilized for determination of cefuroxime sodium in pharmaceutical and fluids biological samples like human plasma and urine by high performance liquid chromatography with satisfactory results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Supercritical impregnation can be used for the elaboration of controlled release systems that may be applied to pharmaceutical and medicinal fields. The present work is dedicated to the impregnation of intraocular lenses (IOLs) with antibiotics using supercritical carbon dioxide as impregnation vector. Commercially available intraocular lenses have been impregnated with cefuroxime sodium in order to obtain ophthalmic drug delivery systems dedicated to the prevention of postoperative endophthalmitis in cataract surgery. The influence of the variation of some experimental operating conditions such as the pressure (8–20MPa), the temperature (308 and 333K), the impregnation duration (1–5h), the addition of a cosolvent (ethanol) or the depressurisation rate (slow and rapid depressurisation) has been studied. In certain experimental conditions, foaming phenomena have been observed. In order to evaluate the impregnation efficiency, the impregnation yields were quantified gravimetrically and the drug release profiles were determined through in vitro drug release studies carried out at 310K and in a solution simulating the aqueous humor. At rapid depressurisation rates, controlled drug release IOLs with impregnation yields varying between 0.002 and 0.063mgdrug/mgIOL were obtained. Increasing the pressure or adding a cosolvent were favourable to enhance the impregnation yields. However, a non desired foaming phenomenon was observed for the most favourable conditions. By carrying out slow depressurisations, foaming phenomena were avoided. Nevertheless, in these conditions, the impregnation process was less efficient. The drug partition seems to be more favourable towards the supercritical phase than towards the polymer and the impregnation phenomena governed by a deposition mechanism rather than a molecular dispersion of the active ingredient. The drug is almost deposited within the porosity created during the rapid depressurisation phase. This result was confirmed by the results of the drug release studies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: This study presents a pharmacokinetic study of the cefuroxime sodium and cefquinome sulphate in cattle plasma after repeated intramusculary and intramammary administrations. Methods: The plasmatic concentrations of the two cephalosporins were determined by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method developed and validated. The analyte was extracted from plasma samples by using protein precipitation with a mixture of perchloric acid 12% in acetonitrile. Starting from the cephalosporins' plasmatic concentrations, monocompartmental pharmacokinetical analysis was performed. Results: The pharmacokinetically determined parameters were: the absorption constant [ka], the elimination constant [kel], the apparent volume of distribution [Vd], half life (T½). In order to perform the divided pharmacokinetical analysis Kinetica 4.2. (Thermo LabSystems) was used. Conclusions: Our results of pharmacokinetic studies in cattle show that cefuroxime and cefquinome is rapidly eliminated after being administered by intramuscular or intramammary injection with a half-life of 2.5 hours for the cefuroxime and 13.87 hours for cefquinome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To probe into the efficacy of 3 kinds of cephalosporins antibiotics in treatment of lower respiratory tract infection and the economic value. METHODS: 150 patients with lower respiratory tract infections admitted from Feb. 2014 to Oct. 2015 were selected to be divided into group A, B and C via the random number table. Patients in group A were treated with cefuroxime sodium, group B were given ceftriaxone sodium and group C received cefoperazone sodium; the efficacy and adverse drug reactions were compared among three groups;and pharmacoeconomics analysis was conducted. RESULTS: The total effective rate of group A was 86.00% (43/50), group B was 88.00% (44/50), and group C was 82.00%(41/50), without any statistical significance (P>0.05). The treatment costs of group A was 762.18 yuan, group B was 702.56 yuan, and group C was 1 192.36 yuan. The cost-effectiveness ratio of group A was 8.86, group B was 7.98 and group C was 14.54, therefore, the economic value of group was the highest. And there was no statistical significance in three groups in incidence of adverse drug reactions (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with cefuroxime sodium and cefoperazone sodium, the economic value of ceftriaxone sodium in treatment of lower respiratory tract infection is the highest without any obvious adverse drug reactions. It is a better treatment scheme for lower respiratory tract infections and worthy of clinical application and promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Cefuroxime (CFU) is a semi-synthetic cephalosporin with a relatively broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, and belongs to the second generation of cephalosporins. Regarding the quality control of medicines, a validated microbiological assay for determination of cefuroxime sodium in pharmaceutical formulations has not been reported yet. With this purpose, this paper reports the development and validation of a simple, sensitive, accurate and reproducible agar diffusion method to quantify CFU sodium in injectable formulations. The assay is based on the inhibitory effect of CFU upon the strain of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P used as test microorganism. The results were treated statistically by analysis of variance and were found to be linear (r =0.9998) in the selected range of 8.0–32.0 μg/ml; precise [repeatability: relative standard deviation (RSD)=1.56%; intermediate precision: between-day RSD=1.27%; between analyst RSD=1.13%] and accurate (101.58%). The bioassay specificity was studied by evaluation of degraded sample at 50 °C with analysis at 0, 24 and 48 h in parallel with the pharmacopeial liquid chromatography method for CFU. The results demonstrated the validity of the proposed bioassay, which allows reliable quantitation of CFU sodium in pharmaceutical samples and therefore can be used as a useful alternative methodology for the routine quality control of this medicine. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The effects of Amoxicillin Sodium and Cefuroxime Sodium on the growth of E. coli DH5α were investigated by microcalorimetry. The metabolic power-time curves of E. coli DH5α growth were determined by using a TAM air isothermal microcalorimeter at 37°C. By evaluation of the obtained parameters, such as growth rate constants ( k), inhibitory ratio ( I), the maximum heat power ( P m) and the time of the maximum heat power ( t m), one found that the inhibitory activity of Amoxicillin Sodium vs. E. coli DH5α is enhanced with the increasing of the Amoxicillin Sodium concentration, and the Cefuroxime Sodium has a stimulatory effect on the E. coli DH5α growth when the concentration is about 1 μg mL−1. The IC50 for the Amoxicillin Sodium and the Cefuroxime Sodium are 1.6 and 2.0 μg mL−1, respectively, it implicates that the E. coli DH5α is more sensitive to Amoxicillin Sodium than Cefuroxime Sodium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple and reproducible spectrophotometeric method for the assay of cefotaxime sodium, cefuroxime sodium, and ceftriaxone disodium with metol-chromium(VI) reagent has been developed. The procedure is based on direct oxidation of metol by potassium dichromate in presence of drug in acidic medium and subsequent formation of ternary complex. Beer’s law is obeyed in the range 0.2–28 μg ml-1 at λmax 520 nm. For more accurate analysis, Ringbom optimum concentration range is found to be 0.8–26.5 μg ml-1. The molar absorptivity and Sandell sensitivity were calculated. Six replicate analysis of solutions containing seven different concentrations of the examined drugs were carried out and gave a mean correlation coefficient ≤0.9996; the factors of the regression line equation for the three cephalosporins were calculated. The proposed method was applied to the determination of the examined drugs in pharmaceutical formulations and the results demonstrated that the method is equally accurate, precise, and reproducible as the official methods. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Two simple, accurate, sensitive and selective procedures for the determination of eight cephalosporins are described. These procedures are based on the formation of ion-pair complexes between the drugs and ammonium reineckate, the formed precipitates are quantitatively determined either colourimetrically or by atomic absorption spectrometrically. The methods consist of reacting drugs with Reinecke''s salt in an acidic medium at 25±2°. The first colourimetric procedure (procedure I) is based on dissolving the formed precipitate with acetone, the volume was completed quantitatively and the absorbance of the solution was measured at 525 nm against pure solvent blank. Also, the formed precipitates on the atomic absorption spectrometric procedure (procedure II) are quantitatively determined directly or indirectly through the chromium precipitate formed or the residual unreacted chromium in the filtrate at 358.6 nm. The optimum conditions for precipitation have been carefully studied. Beer''s law is obeyed for the studied drugs in the range 5–35 μg ml−1 with correlation coefficients ≮0.9989. Both procedures I and II hold well accuracy and precision when applied to the analysis of the cited cephalosporins in different dosage forms with good recovery percent ranged from 98.7±0.90 to 100.1±0.74 without interference from additives. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This work reports a case of rashes on multiple parts of the body following cesarean delivery caused by routine use of cefuroxime sodium and morphine during the perioperative period. A 29-year-old woman underwent a lower segment cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia. During surgery, cefuroxime sodium was administered intravenously following the division of the umbilical cord for the prevention of infection. Morphine hydrochloride was given for analgesia at the end of the procedure. Rashes and pruritus appeared on the patient's abdomen, back and thighs. Cephalosporins and opioids may cause rashes and pruritus. According to the patient's physical signs and the time of drug injection, we considered the rash and pruritus adverse reactions caused by cefuroxime sodium and morphine hydrochloride. After the discontinuation of the medications, antiallergic treatment and the other treatment of symptoms, the patient's symptoms gradually subsided. To this end, we speculate that cefuroxime sodium or morphine hydrochloride cause adverse reactions, including rashes in patients. Physicians, nurses, and clinical pharmacists should closely observe patients who receive these medications. The medications should be at once stopped if an adverse reaction occurs.