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2 groups of albino rats received the same schedule of reward and nonreward (NNNRN), the same magnitude of reward, the same intertrial interval but differed in terms of odor conditions. Each S in a partial reinforcement, within- Ss group received all 5 daily trials before the second S received its first daily trial, etc. Tor Ss in a between- Ss, odor group, 4 other Ss received a given trial before the first S received its second trial, etc. Thus, the only difference between these groups was whether an S followed itself or other Ss. The results showed that during acquisition there was no difference in goal approach rate between the groups, but during extinction, the group of Ss receiving all trials before others were tested extinguished significantly faster than the group of Ss run 1 trial at a time in the start, run, and goal segments of the runway. The study points to important methodological considerations for odor control.

4 groups ( ns = 10) of albino rats were given 40 acquisition and 25 extinction trials in a straight runway under one of the following conditions: (1) continuous reinforcement with an exhaust fan operative; (2) continuous reinforcement with exhaust fan operating but blocked from exhausting; (3) partial reinforcement with exhaust fan operating but blocked, and (4) partial reinforcement with exhaust fan operative. The results imply that exhausting odor(s) under a partial schedule increases running speeds during acquisition and resistance to extinction. The study points to important methodological implications for partial reinforcement research.

3 groups of albino rats were run in a runway under the same schedule of reward and nonreward, magnitude of reward, N-length and intertrial interval but differed in terms of odor conditions. Theoretically all groups should have been equally resistant to extinction. The results showed that evacuating odors during acquisition and extinction increased goal speed and resistance to extinction. When odors were not exhausted or were intensified, Ss extinguished at a much faster rate. The study points to the importance of odor control when running Ss in an alley.

Hierarchical cluster analysis produces a unique set of nested categories or clusters by sequentially pairing variables, clusters, or variables and clusters. At each step, beginning with the correlation matrix, all clusters and unclustered variables are tried in all possible pairs, and that pair producing the highest average intercorrelation within the trial cluster is chosen as the new cluster. In contrast to other types of cluster analysis in which a single set of mutually exclusive and exhaustive clusters is formed, this technique proceeds sequentially from tighter, less inclusive clusters through larger more inclusive clusters and is continued until all variables are clustered in a single group. A graph, constructed like the taxonomic dendrogram of the biological systematist, shows the class-inclusive relations between clusters and the value of the clustering criterion associated with each.

Rehearsal, backward counting, and production of alpha brainwaves were used as interpolated tasks in a Brown-Peterson paradigm to determine their effect upon verbal retention. A within-subjects design was used in which trained subjects were told on a given trial either to produce alpha rhythm, mentally rehearse, or count backward following presentation of a CCC trigram. Results for the backward-counting condition duplicate, for the retention intervals used, the shape of the classic Peterson and Peterson forgetting curve but indicate little loss of memory in either the rehearsal or alpha conditions. No significant difference was found between the alpha production and rehearsal conditions.

Si~nmary.-A rathrr general S-R paradigm is proposed in which stimulus biases, response biases, activation or general responsiveness, and association are defined as patterns of response strength or occurrence when a variety of responses are recorded to a variety of stimuli (an S-R matrix). Patterns of differences between similar matrices obtained on different occasions or with different groups of Ss are similarly defined as increments in stimulus biases, responses biases, activation, and association. Applications of the general paradigm to conditioning, verbal learning, and transfer srudies are suggested. In a recent experimenc (Babich, Jacobson, Bubash, e( Jacobson, 1965) riboniicleic acid (RNA) was excracted from the brains of rats previously crained co approach a food cup at the sound of a click. Untrained rats injected with this RNA made significantly more cup-approach responses when the click was sounded than a concrol group injected with RNA from uncrained rat brains. The authors state that various alternative interpretations of their results are possible, including memory coding in the RNA molecule. The ambiguity of the results of this experiment illustrates a methodological shortcoming common to many current S-R research efforcs: E is unablc to discriminate between general activation, stimulus and response biases, and S-R concingency or association. Although it is possible thac che parclculsr response of approaching the food cup when che click sounded was coded in the RNA from trained racs, there are ocher interpretations of the results which are more parsimonious. The RNA from trained animals might somehow increase the general activity of animals into which it is injected; perhaps the animals become more responsive in general to all stimu1i.l The obtained results might have been obtained by sensitizing the animals to the particular stimulus used; perhaps the RNA from trained animals made the experimental animals more sensitive to the click so that all responses to the click, including che cup-approach response, were made with greater frequency after injeccion. Finally, the RNA from crained animals might have produced a response bias; that is, approach responses might have been increased to all stimuli. In the - simple experimental design in which the observer records only a single response to a single stimulus, these differenc and potentially differentiable kinds of behavior are not discriminable. Without trying different stimuli, E cannoc show . that the response is stimulus specific; without recording a variety of possible responses, E cannot show that any response specificity exists, and without both 'An analogous activation effect might be obtained with white rats by injecting them with the blood of animals which hd undergone stressful training. The blood from the stressed animals might contain adrendin or some other activating substance, and the injected animals, becoming more active, might make the response of interest with greater frequency; such transfer of training a1ou;d hardly be regarded as memory coding.

A multiple-choice ink blot test was devised, consisting of 150 blots with 5 choices per blot. The test was given to 202 undergraduates. Responses were scored on 21 keys representing most common Rorschach response categories. Scores for all scales were correlated and the resulting matrix factor analyzed and rotated to approximate simple structure. Five rotated factors had appreciable loadings: I, “Failure,” II, “ M;” IV, “Evasion” (defined by the choice of “something else” as a response versus surface shading); V, “Anxiety” (defined by inanimate movement and diffusion); and VII, “Body Concern” (defined by anatomy, FM, and FC).

Rats were trained in a runway under consistent and partial reinforcement conditions. The reinforcement groups differed in the number of runway halts and reversals. In most cases the competing behavior conformed to the predictions of competing response theories of the partial reinforcement effect. Spontaneous recovery from competing responses occurred between days.

An earlier article reported that one 30-sec nonreinforced goal placement resulted in a facilitation of subsequent runway performance. The present experiment indicated that the effect was reliable, but it greatly modified the interpretation offered in the earlier article.

In two experiments, rats were trained on a fixed-ratio partial reinforcement schedule in a runway. Following training, the Ss were given one latent extinction placement in the goal box prior to their regular running trials. In the first experiment, 5 min. intervened between the latent extinction placement and the first running trial, and testing occurred on two days. In the second experiment, Ss were started in the runway immediately following the latent extinction placement, and all test trials were run on the same day. In both experiments, the latent extinction placement decreased running speeds initially, but on subsequent trials performance was enhanced. It was concluded that temporary facilitation may be expected to occur when mild latent extinction is given following training on fixed-ratio schedules.

From arguments elucidated by D. H. Funkenstein and others, it was hypothesized that the aggressive display of the Siamese fighting fish was under hormonal (i.e., norepinephrine) control. Fighteen visually isolated fish were observed for 10 min. each under a plain water control condition and with norepinephrine bitartrate solutions in their individual living tanks. Significant increases in the frequency of fin extensions and gill flaring responses, as well as increased coloration were found for the drug group. Six fish treated with epinephrine bitartrate resembled fish under the control condition except for color change; all six bleached during observation.

Eighty naive, male rats were trained on activity wheels and then randomly placed in one of 16 groups formed on the basis of days of activity deprivation (1, 2, 4, and 8) and activity deprivation cage (ADC) sizes of 25-, 50-, 100-, and 200 sq. in. After removal from the ADC, the rats were tested in the activity wheels. An increase in cage size produced a negatively accelerated activity curve, reaching asymptote at the 100 in. cage size. The effects for days were unclear, probably as a result of the complexity of the interaction. Additional investigation of the phenomena is being undertaken.

Rats were given partial or consistent reinforcement in a runway while satiated. They were then extinguished while deprived. Measures of runway halts and reversals indicated that the reinforcement groups differed in the frequency of competing behavior during both acquisition and extinction. Spontaneous recovery from competing responses was observed. Results were, in most cases, consistent with an earlier study where Ss were trained while deprived.

The device described here is an apparatus for the visual display of the patterns of speech, i.e. variations in frequency-time relationships. For deaf or partially deaf persons, a number of phonemes are not associated with visible movements of the speaker's tongue or lips, hence simple imitative learning is not possible. Some phonemes in foreign languages also resist learning by imitative methods, and additional visual cues might be useful in shaping correct pronunciation. This device provides a simple visual feedback as a substitute for missing or ignored auditory cues. In addition to applications in speech-training or teaching in the pronunciation of foreign languages, other aspects of speech may be investigated using this visual feedback.