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1. Multimodal Integration of Olfactory and Visual Processing through DCM analysis: Contextual Modulation of Facial Perception

Author

Rho, Gianluca, Callara, Alejandro Luis, Bossi, Francesco, Ognibene, Dimitri, Cecchetto, Cinzia, Lomonaco, Tommaso, Scilingo, Enzo Pasquale, and Greco, Alberto

Subjects
Quantitative Biology - Neurons and Cognition
Abstract

This study examines the modulatory effect of contextual hedonic olfactory stimuli on the visual processing of neutral faces using event-related potentials (ERPs) and effective connectivity analysis. The aim is to investigate how odors' valence influences the cortical connectivity underlying face processing, and the role arousal enhanced by faces plays on such visual-odor multimodal integration. To this goal, a novel methodological approach combining electrodermal activity (EDA) and dynamic causal modeling (DCM) was proposed to examine cortico-cortical interactions changes. The results revealed that EDA sympathetic responses were associated with an increase of the N170 amplitude, which may be suggested as a marker of heightened arousal to faces. Hedonic odors had an impact on early visual ERP components, with increased N1 amplitude during the administration of unpleasant odor and decreased vertex positive potential (VPP) amplitude during the administration of both unpleasant and neutral odors. On the connectivity side, unpleasant odors strengthened the forward connection from the inferior temporal gyrus (ITG) to the middle temporal gyrus (MTG), involved in processing changeable facial features. Conversely, the occurrence of sympathetic responses was correlated with an inhibition of the same connection, and with an enhancement of the backward connection from ITG to the fusiform face gyrus. These findings suggest that negative odors may enhance the interpretation of emotional expressions and mental states, while faces capable of enhancing sympathetic arousal prioritize the processing of identity. The proposed methodology provides insights into the neural mechanisms underlying the integration of visual and olfactory stimuli in face processing.

Published
2023

14. Sniffing Out a Solution: Emotional Body Odors Can Improve Mindfulness Therapy for Social Anxiety Symptoms But Not for Depressive Symptoms

Author

Cecchetto, Cinzia, primary, Dal Bò, Elisa, additional, Eliasson, Emma T., additional, Vigna, Elisa, additional, Natali, Ludovica, additional, Scilingo, Enzo Pasquale, additional, Greco, Alberto, additional, Di Francesco, Fabio, additional, Hadlaczky, Gergö, additional, Lundström, Johan N., additional, Carli, Vladimir, additional, and Gentili, Claudio, additional

Published
2023
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15. Social Odor Scale validation in multiple languages

Author

Cecchetto, Cinzia, Dal Bò, Elisa, Gentili, Claudio, Fischmeister, Florian, Rekow, Diane, calce, Roberta, Parma, Valentina, de Groot, Jasper, Thunell, Evelina, Freiherr, Jessica, and Leleu, Arnaud

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, Cognition and Perception, Psychology, Multicultural Psychology, Social and Behavioral Sciences
Abstract

The purpose of this project is to validate the Social Odor Scale (SOS, Dal Bò et al., 2021) in several languages to promote its use across different countries, languages, and cultures. The SOS takes the form of a self-administered questionnaire where participants indicate their level of agreement with 12 propositions to assess one’s awareness of the social odor surroundings. Its short format makes it easy to implement in research protocols, for basic or clinical assays. It is already available in Italian and in German (Dal Bò et al., 2021, Plos One). Broadening the availability of the SOS across languages will help standardize the research procedures on body odor collection and perception across research laboratories, ultimately supporting the creation of directly comparable research results. The SOS score can help to phenotype both social odor donors and recipients based on their ability to be tuned in to body odors, and it can thus serve as correlate to the behavioral, psychophysiological, neural, and clinical data. Body odor research has been of great interest in several countries, including most prominently Italy, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States of America. Therefore, in this first standardization study, we include representatives of research groups from these countries to drive this set of translations of the SOS. The present study thus aims to validate translations of the SOS in: French, Dutch, Swedish and English, additionally to the Italian and German translation that has already been published (Dal Bò et al., 2021). In this study, we aim to determine whether the factor structure of each translation remains similar to the validated Italian version (Dal Bò et al., 2021): one higher-order factor representing social odor awareness in general and three lower-order factors representing Familiar, Partner, and Stranger social odors. In addition to evaluating the persistence of the three-factor structure of each translation, we will determine the convergent and divergent validity of the SOS. Several odor scales are already available in the literature. To test the convergent validity, we chose 1) the Body Odor Sniffing Questionnaire (BOSQ, Li et al., 2022), a 17-item questionnaire focusing on how much one smells self-private (e.g. Do you ever sniff/smell your own hands?), others’ (e.g., Do you ever sniff/smell your friends?) and self-common body odors (e.g., Do you ever smell the pillows/quilts you have- slept on?) ; and 2) the Odor Awareness Scale (Smeets et al., 2008), a 32-item questionnaire on one’s awareness of odors in general in the environment (e.g., Do you sniff at a new book?). To test the divergent validity, we chose to use the visual subscale (v) of the Sensory Sensitivity Scales (SeSS, Aykan et al., 2020) which includes among others a 10-item questionnaire addressing visual sensitivity independent of social dimensions (e.g., I feel the need to squint my eyes in bright sunlight).

Published
2023
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20. The influence of depression and social anxiety in olfactory-related metacognitive abilities and social odor awareness

Author

Dal Bò, Elisa, Cecchetto, Cinzia, Castellani, Andrea, tripodi, Carmen, Fischmeister, Florian, and Gentili, Claudio

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, Cognition and Perception, Psychology, Social and Behavioral Sciences
Abstract

Previous literature has shown that affective disorders, such as depression and anxiety, are associated with reduced olfactory functioning (Burón & Bulbena, 2013; Kohli, Soler, Nguyen, Muus, & Schlosser, 2016; Taalman, Wallace, & Milev, 2017). This association has been explained by the partial overlap between brain areas involved in olfactory processing and brain areas associated with the pathophysiology of affective disorders, such as the limbic system and prefrontal structures (Kadohisa, 2013; Zhang, Chang, Guo, Zhang, & Wang, 2013). However, very few studies have investigated these patients’ tendency to note or pay attention to olfactory information in everyday life. Previous studies in healthy individuals demonstrated that better olfactory abilities and higher reactivity to smells are associated with olfactory awareness (Smeets, Schifferstein, Boelema, & Lensvelt-Mulders, 2008). In the same line, odor awareness has been positively associated with the impact of olfactory stimuli on emotions, cognition, and behavior (Arshamian, Willander, & Larsson, 2011; Burón, Bulbena, Barrada, & Pailhez, 2013; Burón, Bulbena, Pailhez, & Cabré, 2011). Recently, the olfactory sensitivity, the reactivity to odors, and olfactory awareness have been investigated in relation to depression and anxiety scales (Burón et al., 2013) and in patients with panic disorder (Burón, Bulbena, & Bulbena-Cabré, 2015): enhanced reactivity to odors as well as a greater olfactory awareness have been found with increased anxiety ratings and in patients with panic disorder. However, the scales used in these studies only partially explored the awareness for social odors. Social odors are a form of communication among conspecifics that transfers socially relevant information (Parma et al., 2017; Wyatt, 2014). It has been demonstrated that social odors are able to carry social information such as age, gender, health status, sexual availability, personal predisposition (Martins et al., 2005; McClintock et al., 2005; Mitro, Gordon, Olsson, Lundström, & Vainius, 2012; Parma et al., 2017), and emotional status that can modulate the behavior and the affective state of the receiver (de Groot & Smeets, 2017). Even though there are studies showing that socially anxious individuals report higher reactivity to social odors than controls (Adolph, Meister, & Pause, 2013; Pause, Adolph, Prehn-Kristensen, & Ferstl, 2009; Zhou, Hou, Zhou, & Chen, 2011), the social odor awareness in patients with affective disorders have not been previously assessed.

Published
2022
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21. Chemosensory impairments in Italian patients with COVID-19: is there any short-term a recovery?

Author

Cecchetto, Cinzia, DIBATTISTA, Michele, Parma, Valentina, and Di Pizio, Antonella

Subjects
Chemosensory abilities, Neuroscience and Neurobiology, Medicine and Health Sciences, Life Sciences, COVID-19, Social and Behavioral Sciences
Abstract

An online questionnaire has been globally deployed in over dozen languages to investigate the alterations in chemosensory functions in people with COVID-19. A first data analysis confirmed chemosensory impairment in patients with COVID-19 (Parma et al., 2020), however very little is known about timing, rate and modalities of recovery of the chemosensory functions, namely smell, taste and chemesthesis. The majority of anecdotal and clinical reports suggests that smell disturbances persist for approximately 1-2 weeks after the onset of the disease (Pellegrino et al., 2020). A study by Lechien et al., (2020) described that, of a total of 357 patients, 44% had a short-term recovery rate, and 72.6% showed a recovery of the olfactory functions within 8 days following the resolution of the disease. In another study (Yan et al., 2020), 74% on a total of 59 COVID-19 patients reported improvement of both olfactory dysfunction and overall illness symptoms within 2 weeks. Taste and chemesthesis recovery have been less investigated, and most of the information currently available were retrieved from Italian patients (see for example Giacomelli et al., 2020, Spinato et al 2020). However, we currently lack a large scale and detailed analyses of olfactory and taste recovery, while chemesthesis recovery have never been investigated. After China, Italy was the first country in which the COVID-19 pandemic rapidly spread. At the release of the Italian version of the online questionnaire (on April 10th), 98,275 Italians were infected (data provided by the Italian Ministry of Health) (http://www.salute.gov.it/portale/nuovocoronavirus/dettaglioContenutiNuovoCoronavirus.jsp?area=nuovoCoronavirus&id=5351&lingua=italiano&menu=vuoto). This data suggests the possibility that a high rate of data collected was from subjects in the recovery phase, which could provide valuable information on the recovery of smell/taste/chemesthesis alterations. In this study we will investigate and characterize smell, taste, and chemesthesis changes AFTER the peak of COVID-19 illness in the Italian residents, and correlate them with different features of the COVID-19 respiratory illness. In particular, we want to: - relate the chemosensory abilities and blocked nose recovery (described during the online-survey) with the onset of the respiratory illness - explore whether the degree of recovery of chemosensory abilities depends on the severity of the impairment during the respiratory illness - explore whether the results that we will find for the Italian residents can be generalize to other populations

Published
2022
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24. Olfactory abilities in alexithymic participants - Study 3

Author

Cecchetto, Cinzia, Osimo, Sofia, and Dal Bò, Elisa

Subjects
Social and Behavioral Sciences, Olfaction, alexithymia
Abstract

Alexithymia is a psychological construct characterized by deficits in processing emotional stimuli. However, to our knowledge, only two studies investigated the processing of odours in alexithymia, even though there is extensive proof that emotion and olfaction are closely linked. Lombion, et al. (2010) tested three groups of women: two groups with high and low alexithymia, as well as anorexia and depression, plus a third group of healthy controls. Alexithymics over-evaluate intensity and pleasantness of odorants compared to non-alexithymics or control subjects. However, this study does not allow us to draw firm conclusions regarding possible deficits in emotional odor perception associated with alexithymia. First, it has been shown that both severely depressed patients (Pause et al., 2001; Pollatos et al., 2007) and patients with anorexia (Schreder et al., 2008) present reduced olfactory sensitivity. Second, both patient groups received medications that could affect odor perception (Ship et al., 1993). In the second study (Cecchetto et al., 2017), emotional responses to unpleasant, neutral odors and clean air were collected through self-report ratings and psychophysiological measures in a sample of 62 healthy participants with high (HA), medium (MA) and low (LA) levels of alexithymia. HA and MA groups showed altered physiological responses to odors, compared to LA, while no differences among the groups were observed in odor ratings; and second, affective and cognitive alexithymia components were differently associated with the performance on olfactory tests, skin conductance response to odors, reaction times in the rating task, and scores on olfactory questionnaires. Even though this study suggests that the difficulties described in alexithymic individuals in processing visual and auditory emotional stimuli are extended also to olfactory emotional stimuli, it does not allow to drove comprehensive conclusions on whether alexithymic participants present lower basic olfactory abilities or only altered affective reactions and awareness to odors in the environment.

Published
2022
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25. Olfactory abilities in alexithymic participants - Study 2

Author

Cecchetto, Cinzia, Osimo, Sofia, and Dal Bò, Elisa

Subjects
Alexithymia, odor, bayesian, Social and Behavioral Sciences, olfaction
Abstract

Alexithymia is a psychological construct characterized by deficits in processing emotional stimuli. However, to our knowledge, only two studies investigated the processing of odours in alexithymia, even though there is extensive proof that emotion and olfaction are closely linked. Lombion, et al. (2010) tested three groups of women: two groups with high and low alexithymia, as well as anorexia and depression, plus a third group of healthy controls. Alexithymics over-evaluate intensity and pleasantness of odorants compared to non-alexithymics or control subjects. However, this study does not allow us to draw firm conclusions regarding possible deficits in emotional odor perception associated with alexithymia. First, it has been shown that both severely depressed patients (Pause et al., 2001; Pollatos et al., 2007) and patients with anorexia (Schreder et al., 2008) present reduced olfactory sensitivity. Second, both patient groups received medications that could affect odor perception (Ship et al., 1993). In the second study (Cecchetto et al., 2017), emotional responses to unpleasant, neutral odors and clean air were collected through self-report ratings and psychophysiological measures in a sample of 62 healthy participants with high (HA), medium (MA), and low (LA) levels of alexithymia. HA and MA groups showed altered physiological responses to odors, compared to LA, while no differences among the groups were observed in odor ratings; and second, affective and cognitive alexithymia components were differently associated with the performance on olfactory tests, skin conductance response to odors, reaction times in the rating task, and scores on olfactory questionnaires. Even though this study suggests that the difficulties described in alexithymic individuals in processing visual and auditory emotional stimuli are extended also to olfactory emotional stimuli, it does not allow to drove comprehensive conclusions on whether alexithymic participants present lower basic olfactory abilities or only altered affective reactions and awareness to odors in the environment.

Published
2022
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26. The effects of social chemosignals on the psychophysiological correlates of motivational dysregulation in social anxiety and depression

Author

Cecchetto, Cinzia, Dal Bò, Elisa, Gentili, Claudio, Greco, Alberto, Scilingo, Enzo, Callara, Alejandro, and Vanello, Nicola

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Biological Psychology, Psychology, Social and Behavioral Sciences
Abstract

Previous literature posited that human behavior is driven by the motivation to approach rewards and the motivation to avoid threats. The so-called approach and avoidance motivational systems are independent and separate, but they interact in orienting responses to emotional stimuli and in influencing ongoing affect (Lang et al., 1998). More recently, this model has been applied to the domain of social motivation (Gable, 2006). According to this model, approach social goals (e.g., “to make friends”) and avoidance social goals (e.g., “to not be lonely”) represent dispositional constructs that stimulate appetitive and aversive behaviour, respectively (Gable & Gosnell, 2013). Depression and social anxiety are mental disorders both characterized by impaired social functioning. Social anxiety is characterized by intense fear and avoidance of social situations (Hofmann & Bogels, 2006), and it has been associated with increased activity of the defensive motivational system (Davidson et al., 2000; Nusslock et al., 2015). Conversely, depressive disorders are characterized by anhedonia, apathy, and psychomotor retardation, which seem to be associated with hypoactivation of the appetitive motivational system (Henriques & Davidson, 1990; Stewart et al., 2010), resulting in a reduced propensity for approach-related action tendencies. Notably, humans transfer socially-relevant information (such as age, health status, and personality traits) and emotional states via body odors (also referred to as chemosignals) (Parma et al., 2017; Pause, 2012, 2017). Within the emotional states, individuals exposed to body odors report a partial reproduction of the affective, perceptual, and behavioral state of the sender, in a phenomenon called as “emotional contagion” (Semin, 2007). For example, anxiety chemosignals induce in the receivers an increase in withdrawal behaviors (measured by the startle reflex, Pause et al., 2009), a reduction in the perceptual acuity to happy facial expressions (Pause et al., 2004; Zernecke et al., 2011) and an augmented acuity to negative facial expressions (Zhou & Chen, 2009). On the other side, happiness body odors can induce in the receivers a happier facial expression than neutral body odors and a global processing style, which is typical under positive mood conditions (de Groot et al., 2015). However, despite the ability of body odors to convey emotional information, their role as a context in the processing of emotional stimuli is still widely unknown. Given the role of odors as powerful emotional stimuli and their role in affecting the subjective perceptual experiences and the psychophysiological processing of emotional stimuli, this project aims to investigate whether happiness and fear body odors could modulate subjective and psychophysiological processing of neutral facial expression in individuals with symptoms of depression and in individuals with symptoms of social anxiety.

Published
2022
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32. Increasing incidence of parosmia and phantosmia in patients recovering from COVID-19 smell loss

Author

Ohla, Kathrin, primary, Veldhuizen, Maria Geraldine, additional, Green, Tomer, additional, Hannum, Mackenzie E., additional, Bakke, Alyssa J., additional, Moein, Shima T., additional, Tognetti, Arnaud, additional, Postma, Elbrich M., additional, Pellegrino, Robert, additional, Hwang, Liang-Dar, additional, Albayay, Javier, additional, Koyama, Sachiko, additional, Nolden, Alissa, additional, Thomas-Danguin, Thierry, additional, Mucignat-Caretta, Carla, additional, Menger, Nick S., additional, Croijmans, Ilja, additional, Öztürk, Lina, additional, Yanık, Hüseyin, additional, Pierron, Denis, additional, Pereda-Loth, Veronica, additional, Nunez-Parra, Alexia, additional, Pineda, Aldair M. Martinez, additional, Gillespie, David, additional, Farruggia, Michael C., additional, Cecchetto, Cinzia, additional, Fornazieri, Marco A., additional, Philpott, Carl, additional, Voznessenskaya, Vera, additional, Cooper, Keiland, additional, Dominguez, Paloma Rohlfs, additional, Calcinoni, Orietta, additional, de Groot, Jasper, additional, Boesveldt, Sanne, additional, Bhutani, Surabhi, additional, Weir, Elisabeth M., additional, Exten, Cara, additional, Joseph, Paule V., additional, Parma, Valentina, additional, Hayes, John E., additional, and Niv, Masha Y., additional

Published
2021
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34. The best COVID-19 predictor is recent smell loss: a cross-sectional study

Author

Gerkin, Richard, Ohla, Kathrin, Veldhuizen, Maria Geraldine, Joseph, Paule, Kelly, Christine, Bakke, Alyssa, Steele, Kimberley, Pellegrino, Robert, Pepino, Marta, Bouysset, Cédric, Soler, Graciela, Pereda-Loth, Veronica, Dibattista, Michele, Cooper, Keiland, Croijmans, Ilja, Di Pizio, Antonella, Ozdener, M. Hakan, D'Errico, Anna, Fischmeister, Florian Ph.S, Bock, María Adelaida, Domínguez, Paloma Paloma, Yanık, Hüseyin, Boesveldt, Sanne, de Groot, Jasper, Dinnella, Caterina, Freiherr, Jessica, Laktionova, Tatiana, Mariño, Sajidxa, Monteleone, Erminio, Nunez-Parra, Alexia, Abdulrahman, Olagunju, Ritchie, Marina, Thomas-Danguin, Thierry, Walsh-Messinger, Julie, Al Abri, Rashid, Alizadeh, Rafieh, Bignon, Emmanuelle, Cantone, Elena, Cecchini, Maria Paola, Chen, Jingguo, Guàrdia, Maria Dolors, Hoover, Kara, Karni, Noam, Navarro, Marta, Nolden, Alissa, Mazal, Patricia Portillo, Rowan, Nicholas, Sarabi-Jamab, Atiye, Archer, Nicholas, Chen, Ben, Di Valerio, Elizabeth, Feeney, Emma, Frasnelli, Johannes, Hannum, Mackenzie, Hopkins, Claire, Klein, Hadar, Mignot, Coralie, Mucignat, Carla, Ning, Yuping, Ozturk, Elif, Peng, Mei, Saatci, Ozlem, Sell, Elizabeth, Yan, Carol, Alfaro, Raul, Cecchetto, Cinzia, Coureaud, Gérard, Herriman, Riley, Justice, Jeb, Kaushik, Pavan Kumar, Koyama, Sachiko, Overdevest, Jonathan, Pirastu, Nicola, Ramirez, Vicente, Roberts, S. Craig, Smith, Barry, Cao, Hongyuan, Wang, Hong, Balungwe, Patrick, Baguma, Marius, Veldhuizen, Maria, Farruggia, Michael, Pizio, Antonella, Hakan Ozdener, M, Fjaeldstad, Alexander, Lin, Cailu, Sandell, Mari, Singh, Preet, Brindha, V. Evelyn, Olsson, Shannon, Saraiva, Luis, Ahuja, Gaurav, Alwashahi, Mohammed, Bhutani, Surabhi, Fornazieri, Marco, Golebiowski, Jérôme, Hwang, Liang-Dar, Öztürk, Lina, Roura, Eugeni, Spinelli, Sara, Whitcroft, Katherine, Faraji, Farhoud, Fischmeister, Florian, Heinbockel, Thomas, Hsieh, Julien, Huart, Caroline, Konstantinidis, Iordanis, Menini, Anna, Morini, Gabriella, Olofsson, Jonas, Philpott, Carl, Pierron, Denis, Shields, Vonnie, Voznessenskaya, Vera, Albayay, Javier, Altundag, Aytug, Bensafi, Moustafa, Bock, María, Calcinoni, Orietta, Fredborg, William, Laudamiel, Christophe, Lim, Juyun, Lundström, Johan, Macchi, Alberto, Meyer, Pablo, Moein, Shima, Santamaría, Enrique, Sengupta, Debarka, Rohlfs Dominguez, Paloma, Yanik, Hüseyin, Group, GCCR, Hummel, Thomas, Hayes, John, Reed, Danielle, Niv, Masha, Munger, Steven, Parma, Valentina, Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine [Jülich] (INM-1), Mersin University, National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), AbScent, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases [Bethesda], Yale University [New Haven], Tennessee State University, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System, Institut de Chimie de Nice (ICN), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), Buenos Aires University and GEOG (Grupo de Estudio de Olfato y Gusto), Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse (AMIS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Bari Aldo Moro (UNIBA), University of California [Irvine] (UCI), University of California, Utrecht University [Utrecht], Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), Monell Chemical Senses Center, Regional Hospital West Jutland [Denmark], University of Helsinki, University of Oslo (UiO), Karunya University, Tata Institute for Fundamental Research (TIFR), Research at Sidra Medicine Research Branch [Doha, Qatar], Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology [New Delhi] (IIIT-Delhi), Sultan Qaboos University (SQU), San Diego State University (SDSU), Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, State University of Londrina = Universidade Estadual de Londrina, University of Queensland [Brisbane], Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI), University College of London [London] (UCL), University of Graz, Howard University, Geneva University Hospital (HUG), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc [Bruxelles], Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati / International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA / ISAS), University of Gastronomic Sciences of Pollenzo (UNISG), Stockholm University, University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Towson University [Towson, MD, United States], University of Maryland System, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Universita degli Studi di Padova, Biruni University, Centre de recherche en neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hospital General de Barrio Obrero [Asunción, Paraguay] (Public Hospital Barrio Obrero ), Private practice [Milan], DreamAir Llc, Oregon State University (OSU), Cancer Center Karolinska [Karolinska Institutet] (CCK), Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], University of Insubria, Varese, Computational Biology Center (IBM T.J. Watson Research Center), IBM, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences [Tehran] (IPM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra [Pamplona, Spain] (IdiSNA), University of Extremadura, Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJ), University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), Temple University [Philadelphia], Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE), Non-byline authors (to be listed as collaborators in PubMed under the GCCR Group Author): Sanne Boesveldt, Jasper H.B. de Groot, Caterina Dinnella, Jessica Freiherr, Tatiana Laktionova, Sajidxa Mariño, Erminio Monteleone, Alexia Nunez-Parra, Olagunju Abdulrahman, Marina Ritchie, Thierry Thomas-Danguin, Julie Walsh-Messinger, Rashid Al Abri, Rafieh Alizadeh, Emmanuelle Bignon, Elena Cantone, Maria Paola Cecchini, Jingguo Chen, Maria Dolors Guàrdia, Kara C. Hoover, Noam Karni, Marta Navarro, Alissa A. Nolden, Patricia Portillo Mazal, Nicholas R. Rowan, Atiye SarabiJamab, Nicholas S. Archer, Ben Chen, Elizabeth A. Di Valerio, Emma L. Feeney, Johannes Frasnelli, Mackenzie E. Hannum, Claire Hopkins, Hadar Klein, Coralie Mignot, Carla Mucignat, Yuping Ning, Elif E. Ozturk, Mei Peng, Ozlem Saatci, Elizabeth A. Sell, Carol H. Yan, Raul Alfaro, Cinzia Cecchetto, Gérard Coureaud, Riley D. Herriman, Jeb M. Justice, Pavan Kumar Kaushik, Sachiko Koyama, Jonathan B. Overdevest, Nicola Pirastu, Vicente A. Ramirez, S. Craig Roberts, Barry C. Smith, Hongyuan Cao, Hong Wang, Patrick Balungwe Birindwa, Marius Baguma, Karl-Franzens-Universität [Graz, Autriche], Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, The Pennsylvania State University, University of Tennessee, University of Buenos Aires [Argentina], Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro (UNIBA), Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Radboud university [Nijmegen], Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, 119071, Russia., RespiraLibre - Centro de Otorrinolaringología, Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Partenaires INRAE, Universidad de Chile = University of Chile [Santiago] (UCHILE), Federal University of Technology of Akure (FUTA), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation [Dijon] (CSGA), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), University of Dayton, Iran University of Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, University of Verona (UNIVR), Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center [Jerusalem], University of Southern Queensland (USQ), University of Massachusetts, Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano [Buenos Aires, Argentina], Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine [Baltimore], Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (GMU), University College Dublin [Dublin] (UCD), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, University of Padova [Padova, Italy], Kilis Yedi Aralik University, University of Otago [Dunedin, Nouvelle-Zélande], Sancaktepe Education and Research Hospital, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (HUP), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia]-University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia], UC San Diego Health, University ofFlorida, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Indiana University [Bloomington], Indiana University System, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC), University of Edinburgh, University of California [Merced], University of Stirling, University of London [London], Florida State University [Panama City], Université catholique de Bukavu, Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Sidra Medicine, School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, Howard University College of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva University , Geneva , Switzerland., CHU Genève, General Hospital Papageorgiou, University of Toulouse, University of Padova, Lyon Neuroscience Research center, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Navarrabiomed-IdiSNA, Temple University, Julien, Sabine, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Universitad de Buenos Aires = University of Buenos Aires [Argentina], Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro = University of Bari Aldo Moro (UNIBA), University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), University of California (UC), Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Universidad de Extremadura - University of Extremadura (UEX), Radboud University [Nijmegen], Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence (UniFI), University of Naples Federico II = Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Università degli studi di Verona = University of Verona (UNIVR), Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries = Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua (Unipd), University of Pennsylvania-University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine [Univ California San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)-University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Centre de recherche en neurosciences de Lyon - Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research [Bangalore], University of California [Merced] (UC Merced), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Sidra Medicine [Doha, Qatar], Universitá degli Studi dell’Insubria = University of Insubria [Varese] (Uninsubria), and Universitá degli Studi dell’Insubria

Subjects
Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Cross-sectional study, Visual analogue scale, Anosmia, Audiology, Logistic regression, AcademicSubjects/SCI01180, Article, Odds, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Hyposmia, Humans, Medicine, [SDV.MHEP.OS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Sensory Organs, 030223 otorhinolaryngology, SARS-CoV-2, business.industry, [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, COVID-19, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Smell, [SDV.AEN] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition, Cross-Sectional Studies, [SDV.MHEP.OS] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Sensory Organs, Smell loss, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Female, Original Article, Self Report, medicine.symptom, business, [SDV.AEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology
Abstract

BackgroundCOVID-19 has heterogeneous manifestations, though one of the most common symptoms is a sudden loss of smell (anosmia or hyposmia). We investigated whether olfactory loss is a reliable predictor of COVID-19.MethodsThis preregistered, cross-sectional study used a crowdsourced questionnaire in 23 languages to assess symptoms in individuals self-reporting recent respiratory illness. We quantified changes in chemosensory abilities during the course of the respiratory illness using 0-100 visual analog scales (VAS) for participants reporting a positive (C19+; n=4148) or negative (C19-; n=546) COVID-19 laboratory test outcome. Logistic regression models identified singular and cumulative predictors of COVID-19 status and post-COVID-19 olfactory recovery.ResultsBoth C19+ and C19-groups exhibited smell loss, but it was significantly larger in C19+ participants (mean±SD, C19+: -82.5±27.2 points; C19-: -59.8±37.7). Smell loss during illness was the best predictor of COVID-19 in both single and cumulative feature models (ROC AUC=0.72), with additional features providing negligible model improvement. VAS ratings of smell loss were more predictive than binary chemosensory yes/no-questions or other cardinal symptoms, such as fever or cough. Olfactory recovery within 40 days was reported for ∼50% of participants and was best predicted by time since illness onset.ConclusionsAs smell loss is the best predictor of COVID-19, we developed the ODoR-19 tool, a 0-10 scale to screen for recent olfactory loss. Numeric ratings ≤2 indicate high odds of symptomatic COVID-19 (4

Published
2020

35. From loss to recovery: how to effectively assess chemosensory impairments during COVID-19 pandemic

Author

Cecchetto, Cinzia, primary, Pizio, Antonella Di, additional, Genovese, Federica, additional, Calcinoni, Orietta, additional, Macchi, Alberto, additional, Dunkel, Andreas, additional, Ohla, Kathrin, additional, Spinelli, Sara, additional, Farruggia, Michael C., additional, Joseph, Paule V., additional, Menini, Anna, additional, Cantone, Elena, additional, Dinnella, Caterina, additional, Cecchini, Maria Paola, additional, D’Errico, Anna, additional, Mucignat-Caretta, Carla, additional, Parma, Valentina, additional, and Dibattista, Michele, additional

Published
2021
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38. Social Odor Scale

Author

Dal Bò, Elisa, primary, Gentili, Claudio, additional, Spoto, Andrea, additional, Bruno, Giovanni, additional, Castellani, Andrea, additional, Tripodi, Carmen, additional, Fischmeister, Florian Ph. S., additional, and Cecchetto, Cinzia, additional

Published
2021
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39. Recent smell loss is the best predictor of COVID-19: a preregistered, cross-sectional study

Author

Parma, Valentina, Overdevest, Jonathan B, Peng, Mei, Saatci, Ozlem, Sell, Elizabeth A, Yan, Carol H, Alfaro, Raul, Cecchetto, Cinzia, Coureaud, Gérard, Herriman, Riley D, Justice, Jeb M, Kaushik, Pavan Kumar, Koyama, Sachiko, Pirastu, Nicola, Ning, Yuping, Ramirez, Vicente A, Roberts, S Craig, Smith, Barry C, Cao, Hongyuan, Wang, Hong, Balungwe, Patrick, Baguma, Marius, Hummel, Thomas, Hayes, John E, Reed, Danielle R, Niv, Masha Y, Munger, Steven D, Ozturk, Elif E, Gerkin, Richard C, Ohla, Kathrin, Veldhuizen, Maria Geraldine, Joseph, Paule V, Kelly, Christine E, Bakke, Alyssa J, Steele, Kimberley E, Farruggia, Michael C, Pellegrino, Robert, Pepino, Marta Y, Bouysset, Cédric, Soler, Graciela M, Pereda-Loth, Veronica, Dibattista, Michele, Cooper, Keiland W, Croijmans, Ilja, Di Pizio, Antonella, Ozdener, M Hakan, Fjaeldstad, Alexander W, Lin, Cailu, Sandell, Mari A, Singh, Preet B, Brindha, V Evelyn, Olsson, Shannon B, Saraiva, Luis R, Ahuja, Gaurav, Alwashahi, Mohammed K, Bhutani, Surabhi, D'Errico, Anna, Fornazieri, Marco A, Golebiowski, Jérôme, Hwang, Liang-Dar, Öztürk, Lina, Roura, Eugeni, Spinelli, Sara, Whitcroft, Katherine L, Faraji, Farhoud, Fischmeister, Florian Ph S, Heinbockel, Thomas, Hsieh, Julien W, Huart, Caroline, Konstantinidis, Iordanis, Menini, Anna, Morini, Gabriella, Olofsson, Jonas K, Philpott, Carl M, Pierron, Denis, Shields, Vonnie D C, Voznessenskaya, Vera V, Albayay, Javier, Altundag, Aytug, Bensafi, Moustafa, Bock, María Adelaida, Calcinoni, Orietta, Fredborg, William, Laudamiel, Christophe, Lim, Juyun, Lundström, Johan N, Macchi, Alberto, Meyer, Pablo, Moein, Shima T, Santamaría, Enrique, Sengupta, Debarka, Domínguez, Paloma Paloma, Yanık, Hüseyin, Boesveldt, Sanne, de Groot, Jasper H B, Dinnella, Caterina, Freiherr, Jessica, Laktionova, Tatiana, Mariño, Sajidxa, Monteleone, Erminio, Nunez-Parra, Alexia, Abdulrahman, Olagunju, Ritchie, Marina, Thomas-Danguin, Thierry, Walsh-Messinger, Julie, Al Abri, Rashid, Alizadeh, Rafieh, Bignon, Emmanuelle, Cantone, Elena, Cecchini, Maria Paola, Chen, Jingguo, Guàrdia, Maria Dolors, Hoover, Kara C, Karni, Noam, Navarro, Marta, Nolden, Alissa A, Mazal, Patricia Portillo, Rowan, Nicholas R, Sarabi-Jamab, Atiye, Archer, Nicholas S, Chen, Ben, Di Valerio, Elizabeth A, Feeney, Emma L, Frasnelli, Johannes, Hannum, Mackenzie, Hopkins, Claire, Klein, Hadar, Mignot, Coralie, Mucignat, Carla, UCL - (SLuc) Service d'oto-rhino-laryngologie, and UCL - SSS/IONS/NEUR - Clinical Neuroscience

Abstract

COVID-19 has heterogeneous manifestations, though one of the most common symptoms is a sudden loss of smell (anosmia or hyposmia). We investigated whether olfactory loss is a reliable predictor of COVID-19. This preregistered, cross-sectional study used a crowdsourced questionnaire in 23 languages to assess symptoms in individuals self-reporting recent respiratory illness. We quantified changes in chemosensory abilities during the course of the respiratory illness using 0-100 visual analog scales (VAS) for participants reporting a positive (C19+; n=4148) or negative (C19-; n=546) COVID-19 laboratory test outcome. Logistic regression models identified singular and cumulative predictors of COVID-19 status and post-COVID-19 olfactory recovery. Both C19+ and C19- groups exhibited smell loss, but it was significantly larger in C19+ participants (mean±SD, C19+: -82.5±27.2 points; C19-: -59.8±37.7). Smell loss during illness was the best predictor of COVID-19 in both single and cumulative feature models (ROC AUC=0.72), with additional features providing no significant model improvement. VAS ratings of smell loss were more predictive than binary chemosensory yes/no-questions or other cardinal symptoms, such as fever or cough. Olfactory recovery within 40 days was reported for ~50% of participants and was best predicted by time since illness onset. As smell loss is the best predictor of COVID-19, we developed the ODoR-19 tool, a 0-10 scale to screen for recent olfactory loss. Numeric ratings ≤2 indicate high odds of symptomatic COVID-19 (10

Published
2020

45. Human Chemosignals and Brain Activity: A Preliminary Meta-analysis of the Processing of Human Body Odors.

Author

Bò, Elisa Dal, Gentili, Claudio, and Cecchetto, Cinzia

Abstract

Across phyla, chemosignals are a widely used form of social communication and increasing evidence suggests that chemosensory communication is present also in humans. Chemosignals can transfer, via body odors, socially relevant information, such as specific information about identity or emotional states. However, findings on neural correlates of processing of body odors are divergent. The aims of this meta-analysis were to assess the brain areas involved in the perception of body odors (both neutral and emotional) and the specific activation patterns for the perception of neutral body odor (NBO) and emotional body odor (EBO). We conducted an activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis on 16 experiments (13 studies) examining brain activity during body odors processing. We found that the contrast EBO versus NBO resulted in significant convergence in the right middle frontal gyrus and the left cerebellum, whereas the pooled meta-analysis combining all the studies of human odors showed significant convergence in the right inferior frontal gyrus. No significant cluster was found for NBOs. However, our findings also highlight methodological heterogeneity across the existing literature. Further neuroimaging studies are needed to clarify and support the existing findings on neural correlates of processing of body odors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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50. Emotional reactions in moral decision-making are influenced by empathy and alexithymia.

Author

Cecchetto, Cinzia, Korb, Sebastian, Rumiati, Raffaella Ida, and Aiello, Marilena

Subjects
*EMOTIONS, *EMPATHY, *ALEXITHYMIA, *TASK performance, *CHOICE (Psychology), *MEDICAL decision making
Abstract

The role of emotional processes in driving moral choices remains debated. In particular, diminished emotional processing and reduced empathy have been associated with unusual high rates of utilitarian responses in moral judgments while, to date, the effects of diminished emotional processing and empathy on moral decision-making have been only partially considered. In this study, we investigated the influence of empathy and alexithymia on behavior and emotional responses while participants performed a moral decision task. Self-report (valence and arousal ratings) and physiological (skin conductance and heart rate) measures were collected during the task. Results showed that empathy and alexithymia shaped emotional reactions to moral decisions but did not bias moral choices. The more empathic the participants, the more dilemmas were perceived as unpleasant and arousing, and the greater the increase in skin conductance. Conversely, alexithymia was characterized by a reduced physiological activation during moral decisions, but normal self-report ratings. Heart rate was not modulated by empathy or alexithymia. These results add new evidence to the field of moral decision showing that empathy and alexithymia modulate emotional reactions to moral decision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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