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Background: The interaction between pollution and endometriosis is a pressing issue that demands immediate attention. The impact of pollution, particularly air and water pollution, or occupational hazards, on hormonal disruption and the initiation of endometriosis remains a major issue. Objectives: This narrative review aims to delve into the intricate connection between pollution and endometriosis, shedding light on how environmental factors contribute to the onset and severity of this disease and, thus, the possible public health policy implications. Discussion: Endocrine‐disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in pollutants dysregulate the hormonal balance, contributing to the progression of this major gynaecological disorder. Air pollution, specifically PM2.5 and PAHs, has been associated with an increased risk of endometriosis by enhancing chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and hormonal imbalances. Chemical contaminants in water and work exposures, including heavy metals, dioxins, and PCBs, disrupt the hormonal regulation and potentially contribute to endometriosis. Mitigating the environmental impact of pollution is required to safeguard women's reproductive health. This requires a comprehensive approach involving stringent environmental regulations, sustainable practices, responsible waste management, research and innovation, public awareness, and collaboration among stakeholders. Conclusion: Public health policies have a major role in addressing the interaction between pollution and endometriosis in a long‐term commitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Delivery of a breech baby with the mother in an upright position or on all fours has gained a renewed interest. In these positions, the obstetrician or midwife needs to learn new landmarks and maneuvers. A realistic simulation model would be a valuable adjunct for breech on all fours teaching programs.Material and Methods: This article describes the simulation model and training program we have developed to train an interprofessional team to assist breech births when the mother is on all fours. A questionnaire was used to evaluate the realism of the adapted mannequin and the impact of training on the confidence level of the participants.Results: On a Likert scale of 1 to 5, 92% of participants agreed or strongly agreed that the adapted mannequin used was realistic for training obstetric maneuvers for complicated breech births. After training, their confidence level supporting a breech birth in an upright position rose from an average of 2.5 to 5.7 on a scale of 1 to 10.Conclusion: Learning the skills for breech deliveries on all fours is made possible by targeted training with this adapted simulation model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L'insuffisance intestinale chronique (IIC) est une situation clinique rare dont la principale cause est le syndrome de grêle court (SGC). La pseudo-obstruction intestinale chronique (POIC) est également une cause d'IIC. La nutrition parentérale à domicile (NPAD) a permis d'augmenter la survie et la qualité de vie des patients ayant une insuffisance intestinale chronique. Plusieurs grossesses sous NPAD ont été décrites. L'objectif de cette revue est de faire la synthèse sur l'état des connaissances sur les grossesses en NPAD, et de faire le point sur les adaptations nécessaires des traitements et de la nutrition. En NPAD prolongée, les grossesses sont donc possibles, mais le taux de complications maternelles liées à la maladie sous-jacente et à la NP est élevé. Un suivi rapproché et une préparation à la grossesse doivent être réalisés afin de prévenir et traiter d'éventuelles carences et leurs effets délétères. Chronic intestinal failure is a rare disease and short bowel syndrome is its main etiology. Chronic intestinal pseudo obstruction (CIPO) is also a cause of IIC. Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) has improved survival and quality of life of patients with IIC. Some pregnancy during HPN have been reported. The aim of this review was to summarize the state of knowledge on pregnancy during HPN, and to resume the needed adaptations of treatments and PN. During long term HPN, pregnancy are possible but the complication rate, due to PN and to underlying disease, is high. A close follow-up end pregnancy preparation are necessary, in order to prevent and treat some deficiencies and their deleterious effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on our experiences since 2010 with pregnant women with rare blood types. The lack of compatible blood is a challenge for the anaesthetist whose priority is to prevent and treat anaemia in late pregnancy in order to avoid immunisation after transfusion of incompatible blood. In our hospital, the blood type is checked during the first obstetric consult, which is variable, starting from the fourth month of pregnancy. Rare blood types are most often diagnosed in an advanced stage of pregnancy (30 weeks of gestation: WG) due to the late inscription for obstetrics consult, resulting in even later anaesthetic visit. In our 13 patients, the most common blood systems are Duffy, MNS, and RH. 61.5% of the patients have associated antibodies (anti-MNS5). The majority of patients received iron with significant increase of ferritin (17.24 ± 12.95 μg/L versus 262.2 ± 404.4 μg/L, p =.033). Six of the patients had 2–3 injections of EPO between 29 – 36 + 1 WG. There were no transfers for paediatric management of haemolytic disease in the newborn following the birth. Overall, this treatment of patients with a rare blood group has also changed our practices for the follow-up of other pregnant women, and ferritin is more regularly prescribed. What is already known on this subject? For rare blood groups, the frequency in the general population is less than 1/4000. The most common antibodies at risk of haemolytic disease and 'hydrops fetalis' are anti-D, anti-E, anti-C, and anti-K. The survey of pregnant women with a rare blood type takes into account the maternal risk of 'transfusion deadlock' and haemolytic disease of the newborn. What do the results of this study add? Rare blood types are most often diagnosed in an advanced stage of pregnancy (30 WG) due to the late inscription for obstetrics consults at Maternity. The most common blood systems are Duffy, MNS, RH, and 61.5% of the patients have associated antibodies (anti-MNS5). The most efficient treatment of prenatal anaemia was iron perfusions who allowed significant increase of ferritin and a maternal haemoglobin concentration of 12.1±1.46 g/dL in the ninth month of pregnancy. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? A pregnant woman with a rare blood group is a situation that requires a technical platform specialised in haemorrhagic risk and a multidisciplinary team, including a blood bank as well as anaesthetic and obstetrical teams, with excellent interdisciplinary coordination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the transplacental pharmacokinetics of the HIV integrase inhibitor dolutegravir. Study design: Maternal-to-fetal transfer across the term human placenta was investigated with the ex-vivo dually perfused cotyledon model, in 5 closed-circuit, recirculating experiments. Dolutegravir was added to a maternal perfusate containing antipyrine, a marker to validate the cotyledon’s viability, and 2 g/liter of human albumin. Results: After 3h of recirculating perfusion, the mean (± SD) DTG concentrations in the maternal and in the fetal compartments were respectively 2450 ± 286 ng/mL and 715 ± 369 ng/mL, with a fetal-to-maternal ratio of 34% ± 18% and a clearance index (in comparison with antipyrine transfer) of 79% ± 23%. The mean cotyledon accumulation index was 153% ± 25%. Conclusion: Fetal transplacental exposure to dolutegravir was considerable as well as accumulation in placental tissue. Whether this may lead to risks for the exposed fetus requires more investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on our experiences since 2010 with pregnant women with rare blood types. The lack of compatible blood is a challenge for the anaesthetist whose priority is to prevent and treat anaemia in late pregnancy in order to avoid immunisation after transfusion of incompatible blood. In our hospital, the blood type is checked during the first obstetric consult, which is variable, starting from the fourth month of pregnancy. Rare blood types are most often diagnosed in an advanced stage of pregnancy (30 weeks of gestation: WG) due to the late inscription for obstetrics consult, resulting in even later anaesthetic visit. In our 13 patients, the most common blood systems are Duffy, MNS, and RH. 61.5% of the patients have associated antibodies (anti-MNS5). The majority of patients received iron with significant increase of ferritin (17.24 ± 12.95 μg/L versus 262.2 ± 404.4 μg/L, p = .033). Six of the patients had 2-3 injections of EPO between 29 - 36 + 1 WG. There were no transfers for paediatric management of haemolytic disease in the newborn following the birth. Overall, this treatment of patients with a rare blood group has also changed our practices for the follow-up of other pregnant women, and ferritin is more regularly prescribed.Impact statementWhat is already known on this subject? For rare blood groups, the frequency in the general population is less than 1/4000. The most common antibodies at risk of haemolytic disease and 'hydrops fetalis' are anti-D, anti-E, anti-C, and anti-K. The survey of pregnant women with a rare blood type takes into account the maternal risk of 'transfusion deadlock' and haemolytic disease of the newborn.What do the results of this study add? Rare blood types are most often diagnosed in an advanced stage of pregnancy (30 WG) due to the late inscription for obstetrics consults at Maternity. The most common blood systems are Duffy, MNS, RH, and 61.5% of the patients have associated antibodies (anti-MNS5). The most efficient treatment of prenatal anaemia was iron perfusions who allowed significant increase of ferritin and a maternal haemoglobin concentration of 12.1±1.46 g/dL in the ninth month of pregnancy.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? A pregnant woman with a rare blood group is a situation that requires a technical platform specialised in haemorrhagic risk and a multidisciplinary team, including a blood bank as well as anaesthetic and obstetrical teams, with excellent interdisciplinary coordination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As in other specialties of medicine, there is more to clinical performance in reproductive endocrinology, infertility, and assisted reproductive technologies (REI-ART) than simply the individual knowledge and technical skills. Simulation is commonly used during fellowship training in REI-ART, aiming to produce a virtual cycle of professional development in order to improve patient outcome. With scientific certification and the joint development of evaluation tools, the contribution of digitalization, such as 3 D printing and digital simulators, will facilitate teamwork in REI-ART and enable a better transmission of knowledge in the specialty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case is presented of foetal compensated hypothyroidism due to persisting low maternal serum FT4 at the beginning of pregnancy. Diagnosis was made by means of foetal ultrasound followed by foetal blood sampling because of atypical findings. Foetal thyroid hypertrophy resolved progressively as exogenous thyroxine was administered to the mother. This case highlights once again the importance of adequate thyroid function during pregnancy. © 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiotocography is defined as the recording of fetal heart rate and uterine contractions and is widely used during labor as a screening tool to determine fetal wellbeing. The visual interpretation of the cardiotocography signals by the practitioners, following common guidelines, is subject to a high interobserver variability, and the efficiency of cardiotocography monitoring is still debated. Since the 1990s, researchers and practitioners work on designing reliable computer‐aided systems to assist practitioners in cardiotocography interpretation during labor. Several systems are integrated in the monitoring devices, mostly based on the guidelines, but they have not clearly demonstrated yet their usefulness. In the last decade, the availability of large clinical databases as well as the emergence of machine learning and deep learning methods in healthcare has led to a surge of studies applying those methods to cardiotocography signals analysis. The state‐of‐the‐art systems perform well to detect fetal hypoxia when evaluated on retrospective cohorts, but several challenges remain to be tackled before they can be used in clinical practice. First, the development and sharing of large, open and anonymized multicentric databases of perinatal and cardiotocography data during labor is required to build more accurate systems. Also, the systems must produce interpretable indicators along with the prediction of the risk of fetal hypoxia in order to be appropriated and trusted by practitioners. Finally, common standards should be built and agreed on to evaluate and compare those systems on retrospective cohorts and to validate their use in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Uterine necrosis is one of the rarest complications following pelvic arterial embolization for postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). With the increasing incidence of cesarean section and abnormal placental localization (placenta previa) or placental invasion (placenta accreta/increta/percreta), more and more cases of uterine necrosis after embolization are being diagnosed and reported. Pelvic computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging provides high diagnostic accuracy, and surgical management includes hysterectomy. We performed a Medline database query following the first description of uterine necrosis after pelvic embolization (between January 1985 and January 2013). Medical subheading search words were the following: “uterine necrosis”; “embolization”; “postpartum hemorrhage”. Seventeen citations reporting at least one case of uterine necrosis after pelvic embolization for PPH were included, with a total of 19 cases. This literature review discusses the etiopathogenesis, clinical and therapeutic aspects of uterine necrosis following pelvic arterial embolization, and guidelines are detailed. The mean time interval between pelvic embolization and diagnosis of uterine necrosis was 21 days (range 9–730). The main symptoms of uterine necrosis were fever, abdominal pain, menorrhagia and leukorrhea. Surgical management included total hysterectomy (n =15, 78%) or subtotal hysterectomy (n =2, 10%) and partial cystectomy with excision of the necrotic portion in three cases of associated bladder necrosis (15%). Uterine necrosis was partial in four cases (21%). Regarding the pathophysiology, four factors may be involved in uterine necrosis: the size and nature of the embolizing agent, the presence of the anastomotic vascular system and the embolization technique itself with the use of free flow embolization. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Mifepristone is a progesterone receptor antagonist widely used in obstetrics. The aim of the study was to focus on free corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and also describe modulation of adrenal and placental steroid hormone concentrations induced by mifepristone. Methods: Twenty-six women were enrolled in the study. They received mifepris-tone for termination of pregnancy. Maternal blood samples were retrieved before administration of mifepristone (600 mg) and 48 h after, just before induction of labor. Bound and free CRH levels were determined in maternal blood concomitantly with Cortisol, estriol, progesterone and SDHEA levels. Also paired fetal cord blood samples were collected. Results: Maternal plasmatic CRH level did not change after mifepristone absorption but free CRH increased significantly (0.500 ± 0.326 vs. 0.388 ± 0.303 ng/ml, p = 0.040). A significant decrease of progesterone was observed (83.6 ± 49.3 vs. 95.6 ± 54.9 ng/ml, p = 0.001) with a lower progester-one/estriol ratio (26.9 ± 15.7 vs. 40.7 ± 31.1, p = 0.004). There was a strong association between maternal and fetal free CRH (r² = 0.675, p = 0.001), Cortisol (r² = 0.570, p = 0.019), and positive but modest correlation for progesterone (r² = 0.341, p = 0.046) and estriol (r² = 0.379, p = 0.025) levels. Conclusion: Mifepristone has an effect on free CRH level and changes the estriol-progesterone balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fetal thyroid is essential for normal fetus development. Echography of fetuses from mothers with Graves' disease is extremely specific for detecting an intrauterine thyroid dysfunction. We report the first correlation of two cases between color Doppler and histologic study of fetal thyroid goiters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While the effectiveness of cardiotocography in reducing neonatal morbidity is still debated, it remains the primary method for assessing fetal well-being during labor. Evaluating how accurately professionals interpret cardiotocography signals is essential for its effective use. The objective was to evaluate the accuracy of fetal hypoxia prediction by practitioners through the interpretation of cardiotocography signals and clinical variables during labor. Material and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional online survey, involving 120 obstetric healthcare providers from several countries. One hundred cases, including fifty cases of fetal hypoxia, were randomly assigned to participants who were invited to predict the fetal outcome (binary criterion of pH with a threshold of 7.15) based on the cardiotocography signals and clinical variables. After describing the participants, we calculated (with a 95% confidence interval) the success rate, sensitivity and specificity to predict the fetal outcome for the whole population and according to pH ranges, professional groups and number of years of experience. Interobserver agreement and reliability were evaluated using the proportion of agreement and Cohen's kappa respectively. Results: The overall ability to predict a pH level below 7.15 yielded a success rate of 0.58 (95% CI 0.56-0.60), a sensitivity of 0.58 (95% CI 0.56-0.60) and a specificity of 0.63 (95% CI 0.61-0.65). No significant difference in the success rates was observed with respect to profession and number of years of experience. The success rate was higher for the cases with a pH level below 7.05 (0.69) and above 7.20 (0.66) compared to those falling between 7.05 and 7.20 (0.48). The proportion of agreement between participants was good (0.82), with an overall kappa coefficient indicating substantial reliability (0.63). Conclusions: The use of an online tool enabled us to collect a large amount of data to analyze how practitioners interpret cardiotocography data during labor. Despite a good level of agreement and reliability among practitioners, the overall accuracy is poor, particularly for cases with a neonatal pH between 7.05 and 7.20. Factors such as profession and experience level do not present notable impact on the accuracy of the annotations. The implementation and use of a computerized cardiotocography analysis software has the potential to enhance the accuracy to detect fetal hypoxia, especially for ambiguous cardiotocography tracings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synopsis: Physicians in France have less regular obstetrical follow‐up compared to women in the general population. The main risk factors were multiparity and high workload. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Shoulder dystocia is a major obstetric emergency defined as a failure of delivery of the fetal shoulder(s). This study evaluated whether an obstetric maneuver, the push back maneuver performed gently on the fetal head during delivery, could reduce the risk of shoulder dystocia.Study Design: We performed a multicenter, randomized, single-blind trial to compare the push back maneuver with usual care in parturient women at term. The primary outcome, shoulder dystocia, was considered to have occurred if, after delivery of the fetal head, any additional obstetric maneuver, beginning with the McRoberts maneuver, other than gentle downward traction and episiotomy was required.Results: We randomly assigned 522 women to the push back maneuver group (group P) and 523 women to the standard vaginal delivery group (group S). Finally, 473 women assigned to group P and 472 women assigned to group S delivered vaginally. The rate of shoulder dystocia was significantly lower in group P (1·5%) than in group S (3·8%) (odds ratio [OR] 0·38 [0·16-0·92]; P = 0·03). After adjustment for predefined main risk factors, dystocia remained significantly lower in group P than in group S. There were no significant between-group differences in neonatal complications, including brachial plexus injury, clavicle fracture, hematoma and generalized asphyxia.Conclusion: In this trial in 945 women who delivered vaginally, the push back maneuver significantly decreased the risk of shoulder dystocia, as compared with standard vaginal delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a patient who had uterine perforation with incarceration of the fallopian tube after surgical abortion. The diagnosis was made during hysteroscopy, realized after hysterosalpingography, and treated by laparoscopy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Describes a case of persistent vegetative state (PVS) with encephalitis in a pregnant woman with successful fetal outcome. Medical history of the patient; Result of her first medical examination; Association of PVS with pregnancy; Etiology of the disease.

An abstract of the article "Modulations of Human Placental Transfer of Lopinavir, Ritonavir and Enfuvirtide," by Pierre-François Ceccaldi, Laurent Mandelbrot, Claudia Ferreira, Robert Farinotti, Francois Forestier and Sophie Gil is presented.

An abstract of the article "Cervical dysplasia in postmenopausal patients infected by HIV," by Pierre-François Ceccaldi, Claudia Ferreira1, Florence Coussy, Charlotte Mechler, Catherine Crenn-Hebert and Laurent Mandelbrot is presented.

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the effects of epidural analgesia on uterine artery, umbilical, and fetal cerebral Doppler velocities during labor. Methods: In a prospective study at Beaujon Hospital, Paris, France, between September and December 2010, uterine artery, umbilical, and fetal cerebral Doppler flow velocities were measured in 12 pregnant women during spontaneous labor with epidural analgesia. The data were registered in a period of uterine relaxation before, and 20 and 60minutes after the first administration of epidural analgesic drugs. The changes in Doppler velocimetry values and fetal heart rate after epidural analgesia were analyzed. Results: Uterine artery velocities, but neither umbilical nor fetal cerebral Doppler velocities, were decreased significantly at 20minutes and 1hour after epidural analgesia (P <0.005). Women with the greatest decrease in uterine artery Doppler flow velocities delivered neonates with the lowest values of umbilical artery blood pH. Conclusion: The data suggest that the Doppler flow velocity of uterine arteries is affected by epidural analgesia during labor. Numerous Doppler flow studies of the effect of neuraxial blockade during labor on umbilical and uterine arteries have been published with incredibly variable and inconsistent results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Podalic version and breech extraction require high obstetrical expertise. Identifying fetal extremities is the first crucial step for trainees. When this skill is not polished enough, it increases the inter-twin delivery interval and can even jeopardize the whole manoeuver.Material and Methods: We present a model for simulating and training this specific skill, with obstetrical mannequin, and 3D printed hands and feet. Five feet and five hands (five rights and five lefts of each one) were printed in 3D after initial ultrasound acquisition of a near term fetus. Each foot and hand, was individually set in a condom filled with 100 cc of water and closed with a knot. A Sophie's Mum Birth Simulator Version 4.0 de MODEL-med was placed on the edge of the table. Each hand and foot was inserted into the pelvic mannequin. An evaluation of the students' skills using this model was performed. A significant reduction of the global mean to extract the first foot and all the feet was noticed at three month of interval.Conclusion: This model is an option to train and assess a crucial skill for version and breech extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the rate of success and practicability of the intrauterine tamponade balloon (ITB) for managing PPH as a fertility-sparing tool. Methods: a five-year retrospective monocentric study in a tertiary care center including patients transferred for severe PPH. Results: In 231 patients, the success rate of ITB (n = 57), embolization (n = 58), and medical management (n = 114) was 84.21%, 74.13%, and 76.32%, respectively. Cesarean section during labor did not influence the risk of advanced interventional procedures (AIPs) for patients with ITB (odds ratio [OR] = 1.08) but did so in patients who were under expectant management in the intensive care (OR = 5.29). In the AIP subgroup of the ITB group, hemostasis was significantly deteriorated. Prothrombin time <50% (OR = 11.5), fibrinogen <2 g/L (OR = 6.88), and >4 red blood cells units (RBCs) transfused (OR = 17.2) were associated with a significantly higher risk of failure. Blood loss in the AIP patients in the embolization group was significantly higher. Patients requiring >4 units of RBCs were 22.9 times more likely to have an AIP (p =.0001). Conclusion: Compared with uterine embolization and medical management, ITB use in a tertiary care center was associated with lower risk of undergoing AIP, but further prospective study is required to confirm this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L'évaluation du risque suicidaire est une étape essentielle de l'entretien psychiatrique. Cependant, de nombreux médecins sont en difficultés ou redoutent d'interroger les patients sur leurs idées suicidaires. L'objectif de cette étude est d'évaluer l'intérêt d'un atelier de simulation avec des patients standardisés pour améliorer les compétences des étudiants en médecine concernant l'examen du risque suicidaire. Tous les étudiants en DFASM2 de l'université Paris Diderot en stage de psychiatrie entre mars 2017 et juin 2019 (n = 323) ont été invités à participer à un atelier de simulation sur la plateforme iLumens. Au cours de cet atelier, les étudiants (répartis en groupes de trois à cinq) ont réalisé trois entretiens avec des patients standardisés présentant des pathologies psychiatriques typiques (épisode dépressif caractérisé, Trouble Obsessionnel Compulsif, épisode maniaque avec caractéristiques psychotiques). Chaque étudiant a mené un entretien (dans certains groupes l'entretien a été mené par deux étudiants) et il a observé les deux autres entretiens derrière une vitre sans tain. Chaque entretien (durée = 15 minutes) a été suivi d'un débriefing (durée = 15 minutes) mené par un superviseur en présence du patient standardisé et de tous les étudiants du groupe. Avant et après l'atelier, les étudiants ont complété un questionnaire concernant leur difficulté et leur capacité perçues à interroger les patients sur leurs idées suicidaires (question principale, objectif pédagogique de l'atelier avec entraînement spécifique de l'étudiant) et sur leurs problèmes sexuels (question contrôle, qui n'était pas un des objectifs de l'atelier et donc sans entraînement spécifique de l'étudiant) (sur une échelle de Likert de 0 [non] à 10 [oui]). Ils ont également répondu à un questionnaire évaluant leur implication, leur satisfaction et l'apport théorique et pratique de l'atelier. Parmi les 323 étudiants contactés, 281 ont participé à l'atelier. L'atelier a significativement diminué la difficulté perçue à réaliser l'évaluation des idées suicidaires (d de Cohen = −0,54 ; p -value < 0,001) et dans une moindre mesure des problèmes sexuels (d de Cohen = −0,32 ; p -value < 0,001). L'atelier a modifié la capacité perçue par l'étudiant à réaliser un interrogatoire des idées suicidaires, mais pas des problèmes sexuels. Les étudiants étaient globalement impliqués dans l'atelier et satisfaits des apports théoriques et pratiques de l'atelier, ainsi que de son organisation. Cette étude fournit des arguments en faveur de l'intérêt pédagogique d'un atelier de simulation avec des patients standardisés pour améliorer les compétences des étudiants en médecine concernant l'évaluation du risque suicidaire. Assessment of suicidal risk is an essential step during the psychiatric interview. However, numerous doctors are uncomfortable or reluctant to question patients about their suicidal ideations. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the interest of teaching medical students to assess suicide risk using a standardized patient module. All students from Paris Diderot University, in the 5th year of medical training and in psychiatric internship between March 2017 and June 2019, were invited to participate in a standardized patient module in the iLumens Paris 7 platform. During this module, students (divided into groups of 3 to 5) conducted three interviews with standardized patients presenting with typical psychiatric disorders (major depressive episode, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, mania with psychotic features). All students conducted one interview and observed the others for two interviews behind a one-way window. Each interview (duration = 15 minutes) was followed by a debriefing (duration = 15 minutes) supervised by a trained psychiatrist in the presence of the standardized patient and all students of the group. Before and after the module, students completed a questionnaire assessing their perceived difficulty and ability to interview patients about their suicidal ideations (main question, objective of the training) and about their sexual dysfunctions (control question, which was not an objective of the training) (on a Likert scale ranging from 0 [no] to 10 [yes]). They also completed a questionnaire assessing their involvement, their satisfaction, and the theoretical and practical contribution of the module. Of the 323 students who were contacted, 281 participated to the module. The module significantly reduced the perceived difficulty to question patients about their suicidal ideations (Cohen's d = −0.54, P -value < 0.001) and reduced to a lesser extent the perceived difficulty to question patients about sexual problems (Cohen's d = −0.32; P -value < 0.001). The module did change the students' ability towards asking questions about suicidal ideations but not sexual problems. The students were generally involved in the module and satisfied with the theoretical and practical contributions of the module as well as its organization. This study provides arguments for the educational value of a simulation module with standardized patients to change the perceived difficulty and ability of medical students towards asking questions about suicidal ideations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Pregnancy should not be contraindicated in women with well-controlled INCPH. • Women should be informed of the risk of liver-related events. • Women should be informed of the high rate of miscarriage and preterm birth. • Follow-up should be performed by hepatologists and obstetricians well versed in high-risk pregnancies. Background & Aims A total of 15% of patients with idiopathic non-cirrhotic portal hypertension (INCPH) are women of childbearing age. We aimed to determine maternal and fetal outcome of pregnancies occurring in women with INCPH. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the charts of women with INCPH followed in the centers of the VALDIG network, having had ≥1 pregnancy during the follow-up of their liver disease. Data are represented as median (interquartile range). Results A total of 24 pregnancies occurred in 16 women within 24 (5–66) months after INCPH diagnosis. Four women had associated partial portal vein thrombosis before pregnancy. At conception, 2 out of the 16 women had detectable ascites and others were asymptomatic. Out of these 24 pregnancies, there were four miscarriages, one ectopic pregnancy, and one medical termination of pregnancy at 20 weeks of gestation. Out of the 18 other pregnancies reaching 20 weeks of gestation (in 14 patients), there were nine preterm and nine term deliveries. All infants were healthy at delivery, but one died at day 1 of unknown cause and one at day 22 of infectious meningitis; both were preterm. Concerning mothers, two had worsening of ascites, two had variceal bleeding despite non-selective betablockers during pregnancy and one developed a main portal vein thrombosis in early postpartum. Genital bleeding occurred in three patients, including two receiving anticoagulation. All 16 women were alive and asymptomatic after a median follow-up of 27 (9–93) months after last delivery. Conclusion The overall outcome of women with INCPH who become pregnant is favorable despite a significant incidence of complications related to portal hypertension. Fetal outcome is favorable in most pregnancies reaching 20 weeks of gestation. Lay summary About 15% of patients with idiopathic non-cirrhotic portal hypertension are women of childbearing age, who can become pregnant. As available reports on pregnancy in these women are scarce and heterogeneous, it is unclear whether or not pregnancy should be contraindicated in this setting. We provide detailed data showing that, regardless of the associated conditions, the overall outcome of women with idiopathic non-cirrhotic portal hypertension becoming pregnant is good despite a significant incidence of complications related to portal hypertension, and that fetal outcome is favorable in most pregnancies reaching 20 weeks of gestation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simulation-based trainings represent an interesting approach to teach medical students the management of pediatric asthma exacerbations (PAEs). In this study, we compared two pedagogical approaches, training students once on three different scenarios of PAEs versus training students three times on the same scenario of PAE. Eighty-five third-year medical students, novice learners for the management of PAEs, were randomized and trained. Students were assessed twice, 1 week and 4 months after the training, on a scenario of PAE new to both groups and on scenarios used during the training. The main outcome was the performance score on the new scenario of PAE at 1 week, assessed on a checklist custom-designed for the study. All students progressed rapidly and acquired excellent skills. One week after the training, there was no difference between the two groups on all the scenarios tested, including the new scenario of PAE (median performance score (IQR) of 8.3 (7.4-10.0) in the variation group versus 8.0 (6.0-10.0) in the repetition group (p = 0.16)). Four months later, the performance of the two groups remained similar.Conclusion: Varying practice with different scenarios was equivalent to repetitive practice on the same scenario for novice learners, with both methods leading to transfer and long-term retention of the skills acquired during the training. What is known: • Simulation-based trainings represent an interesting approach to teach medical students the management of pediatric asthma exacerbations. • It is unclear whether students would benefit more from repetitive practice on the same scenario of asthma exacerbation or from practice on different scenarios in terms of transfer of skills. What is new: • An individual 30-min training on the management of pediatric asthma exacerbations using simulation allows transfer and long-term retention of the skills acquired. • Varying practice with different scenarios is equivalent to repetitive practice on the same scenario in terms of transfer of skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vascular disorders of the liver frequently affect women of childbearing age. Pregnancy and the postpartum are prothrombotic states. Pregnancy seems to be a trigger for Budd–Chiari syndrome in patients with an underlying prothrombotic disorder. Whether pregnancy is a risk factor for other vascular liver disorders is unknown. In women with a known vascular liver disorder and a desire for pregnancy, stabilisation of the liver disease, including the use of a portal decompressive procedure when indicated, should be reached prior to conception. The presence of esophageal varices should be screened and adequate prophylaxis of bleeding applied in a manner similar to what is recommended for patients with cirrhosis. Most women likely benefit from anticoagulation during pregnancy and the postpartum. Labor and delivery are best managed by a multidisciplinary team with experience in this situation. Assisted vaginal delivery is the preferred mode of delivery. Although the risk of miscarriage and premature birth is heightened, current management of these diseases makes it very likely to see the birth of a live baby when pregnancy reaches 20 weeks of gestation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The management of foreign body aspirations (FBA) is dreaded by pediatric physicians due to the high risk of respiratory distress and a potential fatal outcome, favored by a lack of experience of young specialists. Furthermore, there has been an increasing requirement for low-cost simulation. The aim was to describe the step-by-step manufacturing process and to validate a low-cost, easily home-made training model of pediatric tracheo-bronchial tree (pTBT) for simulation-based training in order to teach young physicians to practice foreign body (FBA) extractions. A simulator was designed in order to reproduce the physical and esthetic properties of a pTBT. The production cost of a single simulator was estimated. The simulator was then tested by experienced physicians using a rigid bronchoscope. A manufacturing manual of the simulator is hereby presented. A group of 7 experienced pediatric otolaryngologists performed a FBA extraction in the conditions of installation of an operating room. The result of the survey showed a high fidelity of the simulator in mimicking the biological esthetics and physical properties of a pTBT during a FBA extraction (mean 4.3 ± 0.8). The total cost of the custom-made simulator is about 20.5 € ($23.4) for the production of the first simulator. A highly realistic and easily reproducible pediatric tracheo-bronchial tree simulator is presented and can therefore be used during simulation-based training. • We hereby propose a pediatric tracheo-bronchial tree simulator. • The production of the simulator was designed at low-cost. • The simulator was validated by experienced physicians. • A step-by-step manufacturing manual is presented in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is the principal aetiology of hypothyroidism with presence of anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies (anti-TPO). The association between anti-TPO and foeto-placental complications has been observed in previous studies. To go further in the understanding, the current study compares the level of anti-TPO in maternal blood and in the cord blood of her fetus at the moment of childbirth to demonstrate the passage of anti-TPO through the placenta barrier. Methods and Findings: This study was realised in a maternity ward located in the Northern district of Paris, France from 2006 to 2007. Women with normal pregnancy were included in a first study and only women with no abnormal thyroid dosage at baseline and tested positive with anti-TPO were prospectively enrolled. Maternal blood samples were collected in the third trimester and at the arrival to the ward when patients came to deliver. After delivery, cord blood sample was collected. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was computed. 5941 patients delivered in the ward during the study, 33 pregnant women were included. We found a correlation between the anti-TPO levels in maternal and in the cord blood of their fetus with a correlation coefficient of 0.98 and a p-value<0.001. Conclusions: This is the first demonstration of the free passage through the placental barrier of anti-TPO from the mother to the fetus at the moment of childbirth. These findings can be extrapolated all along pregnancy and open the door to a direct action of the anti-TPO on fetus and to a possible action on the fetal thyroid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Portal vein cavernoma (PVC) is a rare disease resulting from extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis and development of collateral venous circulation. The management of pregnancy and delivery in woman with PVC has rarely been described. Cases: Two primiparous women are presented to illustrate the management of PVC during pregnancy and discuss the delivery route according to the symptoms and the PVC complications. The first patient presented PVC associated with large jejunal varices and high anticardiolipid antibodies. She was treated with β-blocker therapy and low molecular weight heparin during pregnancy, and delivered by cesarean section. The second patient presented protein S deficiency complicated by PVC and thrombocytopenia and delivered vaginally without complications. Conclusion: Many issues should be considered when counseling women with PVC, including the management before and during pregnancy according to symptoms and PVC complications. A multidisciplinary approach seems to be key to the management of delivery. Our advice to caregivers is that elective cesarean section seems necessary in cases with digestive varices. Vaginal delivery, with a passive second stage, seems to be relatively safe and less morbid in women without digestive varices, when maternal and fetal tolerance permits. Copyright © 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: Preconception care is advocated throughout the world as a tool for improving perinatal outcomes. However, the proportion of women in France who attend a dedicated medical preconception visit is unknown. Methods: We undertook a retrospective study among 401 women who delivered at a maternity clinic or hospital in France to determine how many of them had attended a preconception visit. We also collected information on various preconception care behaviors such as folate supplementation and alcohol or tobacco cessation. Results: In total, 21.6% of the women took a folate prescription, and 91.3% and 68.6% of women stopped alcohol and tobacco consumption, respectively. Of the 80.2% of women who visited a doctor within the 6 months before conception, only 13.8% discussed their planned pregnancy at this visit. Conclusion: Although the rate of vitamin supplementation remains low, there has been an increase in adequate preconception care behavior. This indicates that improvement is possible and should be implemented. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]