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Objective: To assess the incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in children under 18 years of age in the northwest region of Turkey during 2013-2015., Methods: All newly diagnosed T1DM cases were recorded prospectively during 2013-2015. Total, as well as gender and age group specific (0-4, 5-9, 10-14 and 15-17 age) mean incidences per 100,000 per year were calculated., Results: There were 1,773 patients diagnosed during 2013-2015 (588 cases in 2013, 592 cases in 2014, 593 cases in 2015). Of these, 862 (48.6%) were girls and 911 (51.4%) were boys. The mean age at diagnosis was 9.2±4.2 years and it was not significantly different between girls (9.0±4.1 years) and boys (9.4±4.4 years) (p=0.052). The crude mean incidence was 8.99/100.000 confidence interval (CI) (95% CI: 8.58-9.42). Although mean incidence was similar between boys [8.98/100.000 (CI: 8.40 to 9.58)] and girls [9.01/100.000 (CI: 8.42 to 9.63)], there was male predominance in all groups except for 5-9 year age group. The standardized mean incidence was 9.02/100.000 according to the World Health Organization standard population. The mean incidence for the 0-4, 5-9, 10-14 and 15-17 age groups was 6.13, 11.68, 11.7 and 5.04/100.000 respectively. The incidence of T1DM was similar over the course of three years (p=0.95). A significant increase in the proportion of cases diagnosed was observed in the autumn-winter seasons., Conclusion: The northwest region of Turkey experienced an intermediate incidence of T1DM over the period of the study.

Study Objective: To investigate the characteristics of children with ovarian cysts and evaluate treatment strategies., Design: Retrospective study., Setting: Eight pediatric endocrinology clinics, Turkey., Participants: A total of 100 children and adolescents with ovarian cysts., Interventions: Patient data collected via retrospective chart review. Patients were stratified according to age into 4 groups (newborns, 1-12 months, 1-8 years, and 8-18 years)., Main Outcome Measures: Special emphasis was given to torsion and tumor cases, concomitant diseases, treatment modalities, and problems during follow-up., Results: Most newborns and infants were asymptomatic with the cysts being discovered incidentally; in girls ages 1-8, symptoms were common, including breast budding (47.1%, 16 of 34) and vaginal bleeding (29.4%, 10 of 34). Girls older than 8 years mostly presented with abdominal pain (31.6%, 12 of 38) and menstrual irregularity (21.1%, 8 of 38). Most of our patients were diagnosed with a simple ovarian cyst, but 9 patients were found to have ovarian tumors. Ovarian torsion was detected in 7 patients; 5 with large and 2 with small cysts (<20 mm). Two patients had central precocious puberty (CPP) at presentation and 5 patients developed CPP during follow-up. The surgical intervention rate was high (38%, 38 of 100), but was associated with earlier treatment year, and this association remained significant after adjusting for confounders (P = .035)., Conclusion: Most girls have simple cysts, which have a favorable prognosis without intervention; however, there might be coexisting pathologies or complications such as tumors, torsion, and CPP; hence these patients should be evaluated accordingly and treated with a multidisciplinary approach., (Copyright © 2017 North American Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Type 1 diabetes is a chronic disease that causes persistent vascular injury. This study investigates the benefits of surrogate markers in early detection of vascular injury in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes., Methods: Eighty-four patients (35 male, 49 female) with type 1 diabetes for 5 or more years were included. Serum lipid profile, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), lipoprotein (a) (Lpa) and homocystein, were investigated. Patients were divided into two groups according to the duration of diabetes. Patients with and without microvascular complications were also compared., Results: Microvascular complications were present in 14 out of 48 patients in group-1 (29.1%; duration of diabetes: 5-10 years) and in 7 out of 36 patients in group-2 (19.4%; duration of diabetes: >10 years). Serum homocystein, Lpa, PAI-1 and serum lipids were not correlated with the duration of diabetes. Significantly increased triglyceride (TG) and HbA1C levels were associated with the presence of microvascular complications., Conclusion: Providing good glycemic control is very important for preventing vascular injury in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. It seems that traditional vascular surrogate markers like LDL/HDL ratio, triglycerides and HbA1C level correspond more to microvascular complications than newly defined surrogate markers that are not commonly available.

Statement of Problem: Methods to improve the retention of telescopic crowns, including the application of friction varnish and electroforming, are available. However, information about their efficiency is limited., Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the influence of 2 different friction varnishes and an electroforming method on the retention of telescopic crowns., Material and Methods: Thirty inner and outer crowns were fabricated from cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy having lengths and cervical diameters of 6 mm, 2-degree tapers, and shoulder margins of 1 mm. Fifty-μm thick layers were removed from the internal surfaces of the outer crowns with a vertical machining center to simulate wear. The retentive forces of these specimens were measured with a testing machine. FGP friction varnish (FGP Friction-Fit-System), SD friction varnish (Servo-dental), and an electroforming method (GES\Gold Electroforming System) were applied to the specimens. After the application of the 3 methods, retention values were measured, and the results analyzed with 1-way ANOVA, paired sample t test (α=.05)., Results: The increase in the retentive forces of all specimens was statistically significant (P<.01). The mean retentive forces increased from 3.6 N to 9.8 N for group FGP, 3.6 N to 4.6 N for group SD, and 3.7 N to 6.0 N for group EF. Group FGP was significantly different from group SD and group EF (P<.05), and no significant difference was observed between group SD and group EF. Mean standard deviation values of retentive forces for group FGP before, FGP after, SD before, SD after, EF before and EF after is 0.5, 2.7, 0.6, 1.3, 0.8, 2.3, respectively., Conclusions: Group FGP showed the maximum retention values. Group EF showed higher retention values than group SD., (Copyright © 2013 The Editorial Council of the Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)