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The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of the seeds, exocarp and aril extracts from Trichilia catiguaA. Juss. (Meliaceae) against Spodoptera frugiperdaand present the phytochemical study carried out with the aril extract of T. catigua. Limonoids were isolated from the aril of T. catiguathrough chromatographic techniques and their structures were proposed by spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature data. The effects of the seeds, exocarp and aril extracts from T. catiguaagainst S. frugiperdawere evaluated considering as parameters the duration and mortality of the larval phase, in addition to the pupal weight. Phytochemical investigation of the aril extracts of T. catiguahas led to the identification of the limonoids 6α-O-acetyl-7-deacetyl-14,15-dihydro-15-oxo-nimocinol (1), cedrelone (2) and 6α-O-acetyl-7-deacetylnimocinol (3). The hexane and CH2Cl2extracts of the aril showed a high rate of larval mortality (100 and 90%, respectively). In addition, a prolongation of larval phase and a reduction in the pupal weight were observed for insects treated with hexane, CH2Cl2and methanol extracts of seeds and with CH2Cl2extract of exocarp of T. catigua.

Bemisiatabaci(Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Middle-East Asia Minor 1 is a major pest of agricultural production systems. It is controlled by synthetic insecticides. Essential oils are promising eco-friendly alternatives. This study developed and characterized nanoparticles loaded with essential oils of Zanthoxylum riedelianumEngl. (Rutaceae) leaves and evaluated their potential for B. tabacimanagement. The essential oil exhibited an average yield of 0.02% (w w−1) and showed as major components γ-elemene (24.81%), phytol (18.16%), bicyclogermacrene (16.18%), cis-nerolidol (8.26%), and D-germacrene (6.52%). Characterization of the nanoparticles showed a pH between 4.5 and 6.7, a zeta potential of approximately − 25 mV, particle-size distribution ranging from 450 to 550 nm, and encapsulation efficiency close to 98%. The nanoencapsulation was an efficient process that provided photostability against photodegradation. Bioassays with crude and nanoencapsulated essential oils significantly reduced the number of nymphs and eggs of B. tabaci, with the best results observed at concentrations of 5 and 2% (v v−1). Our results demonstrated that essential oils from Z. riedelianumcan be nanoformulated resulting in a stable product while maintaining their biological activity against B. tabaciMiddle-East Asia Minor 1.

In the past decades, numerous countries of the five continents have been substantively modernizing their private law legal framework in topics related to commercial law, including secured transactions. Paraguay has not been an alien to this phenomenon and has adopted numerous harmonizing instruments developed by international organizations such as UNCITRAL, Unidroit, and the Hague Conference on Private International Law in commercial arbitration, international contracts, and the sale of goods, among others. This brief contribution describes the Paraguayan situation of access to secured credit with particular emphasis on small- and medium-sized enterprises and the legal shortcomings that obstruct financing backed by movable assets. Further, the article also discusses the road travelled to modernize the Paraguayan legal framework on secured transactions and makes recommendations for the future based on the lessons learned from the process.

The presence of aflatoxin M1(AFM1) in milk is a public health concern because milk is a significant part of human diets worldwide. In economies where AFM1monitoring is low or nonexistent, the possibility of AFM1contamination might be increased. Our study was conducted to detect and quantify AFM1in fluid milk and milk drinks of various brands, fat concentrations, packages, and heat treatments sold in the Metropolitan Area of Asunción, Paraguay. Eighty samples were collected from supermarkets in the Metropolitan Area of Asunción following a nonprobability sampling method. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for AFM1(25 to 500 ppt) was used to quantify the toxin, and results were analyzed with nonparametric methods. All samples were positive values for AFM1(above the detection limit of 25 ng/kg); 85% of the samples had 30 to 50 ng/kg, and 15% had >500 ng/kg. No significant difference in AFM1concentration was found based on fat concentration, heat treatment, or type of packaging of these milk products; however, significant differences were found between brands.

Suite au référencement du carboxymaltose ferrique injectable (CMF) dans notre hôpital gériatrique, un protocole d’utilisation a été mis en place. L’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer son bon usage ainsi que son efficacité.

Current methods to measure intraocular scattering provide information on the total scattered light, which consists of the combined contributions originating from different ocular structures. In this work, we propose a technique for the objective and independent assessment of scattering caused by the cornea and the lens based on the analysis of the contrast of the third and fourth Purkinje images. The technique is preliminarily validated first by using artificial eyes with different levels of corneal and lens scattering; second, it is validated in eyes wearing customized contact lenses to simulate corneal scattering and eyes with nuclear cataracts. Finally, it is tested on a larger population of eyes with cataracts and corneal disorders to prove its clinical usefulness.

Notre objectif principal était de passer en revue la littérature internationale concernant les mesures de prévention des conduites suicidaires chez les moins de 13ans.

Les ancillaires personnalisées dans l’arthroplastie totale de genou se définissent comme une technique innovante pour faciliter le geste opératoire. Néanmoins se pose la question encore controversée de la précision de ces guides sur mesure pour aligner les implants. L’objectif de cette étude a été d’analyser les résultats radiographiques postopératoires de 50prothèses totales du genou (PTG), en analysant plus particulièrement la pente tibiale de l’implant, difficilement contrôlable en cours d’intervention. Notre hypothèse était que les guides personnalisés déterminent de façon variable la pente tibiale.

Cancer is the second leading cause of death, preceded only by cardiovascular diseases, and there is epidemiological evidence that demonstrate this tendency is emerging worldwide. Brazil has an extensive vegetal biodiversity with more than 55,000 species listed. Such biodiversity collaborates with the finding of compounds which could be the basis for the design of new anti-tumor drugs, with fewer side effects than the conventional chemotherapy used currently. Cedrelone is a limonoid isolated from Trichilia catigua (Meliaceae) which is a native Brazilian plant. This study demonstrates that cedrelone inhibits proliferation, adhesion, migration and invasion of breast tumor cells from the line MDA-MB-231. The effects of cell migration and invasion on MDA-MB-231 cell may be explained, at least in part, by the ability of cedrelone to inhibit MMP activity. We also demonstrate that cedrelone is able to induce apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells. There are only a few works investigating the effect of limonoids in cellular processes closely related to tumor progression such as adhesion, migration and invasion. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work describing the effects of a limonoid on tumor and non-tumor cell adhesion process.

Twenty six compounds (coumarins, flavonoids and alkaloids) were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the growth of three human tumor cell lines: breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), non-small cell lung cancer (NCI-H460) and melanoma (A375-C5). Three of them [3-hydroxyflavone (6), 2'-hydroxy-3,4,4',5,6'-pentamethoxychalcone (11), Siderin (20)] were very potent in inhibiting all human tumor cell lines tested. The structure / activity relationship is discussed.

PURPOSE:To evaluate the variability of subjective corneal topography map classification between different experienced examiners and the impact of changing from an absolute to a normative scale on the classifications.METHODS:Preoperative axial curvature maps using Scheimpflug imaging obtained with the Pentacam HR (Oculus Optikgeräte, Wetzlar, Germany) and clinical parameters were sent to 11 corneal topography specialists for subjective classification according to the Ectasia Risk Scoring System. The study population included two groups: 11 eyes that developed ectasia after LASIK and 14 eyes that had successful and stable LASIK outcomes. Each case was first reviewed using the absolute scale masked to the patient group. After 3 months, the same cases were represented using a normative scale and reviewed again by the same examiners for new classifications masked to the patient group.RESULTS:Using the absolute scale, 17 of 25 (68%) cases had variations on the classifications from 0 to 4 for the same eye across examiners, and the overall agreement with the mode was 60%. Using the normative scale, the classifications from 11 of 25 (44%) cases varied from 0 to 4 for the same eye across examiners, and the overall agreement with the mode was 61%. Eight examiners (73%) reported statistically higher scores (Using the absolute scale, 17 of 25 (68%) cases had variations on the classifications from 0 to 4 for the same eye across examiners, and the overall agreement with the mode was 60%. Using the normative scale, the classifications from 11 of 25 (44%) cases varied from 0 to 4 for the same eye across examiners, and the overall agreement with the mode was 61%. Eight examiners (73%) reported statistically higher scores (P< .05) when using the normative scale. Considering all 550 topographic analyses (25 cases, 11 examiners, and two scales), the same classification from the two scales was reported for 121 case pairs (44%).CONCLUSION:There was significant inter-observer variability in the subjective classifications using the same scale, and significant intra-observer variability between scales. Changing from an absolute to a normative scale increased the scores on the classifications by the same examiner, but significant inter-observer variability in the subjective interpretation of the maps still persisted.[[J Refract Surg.2013;29(11):770–775.]

Six triterpenes and eight limonoids were evaluated for their capacity to inhibit the growth of three human tumour cell lines, breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), non-small cell lung cancer (NCI-H460) and melanoma (A375-C5). The mechanisms involved in the observed cell growth arrest of the four most potent compounds were carried out by studying their effect in cell cycle profile and programmed cell death. The results showed that one triterpene (odoratol) and two limonoids (gedunin and cedrelone) caused cell cycle arrest while only the limonoids gedunin and cedrelone were found to be very potent inducers of apoptosis.

ABSTRACTThe genome of a new human polyomavirus, known as Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV), has recently been reported to be integrated within the cellular DNA of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a rare human skin cancer. To investigate MCV seroprevalence in the general population, we expressed three different MCV VP1 in insect cells using recombinant baculoviruses. Viruslike particles (VLPs) were obtained with only one of the three VP1 genes. High-titer antibodies against VP1 VLPs were detected in mice immunized with MCV VLPs, and limited cross-reactivity was observed with BK polyomavirus (BKV) and lymphotropic polyomavirus (LPV). MCV antibodies were detected in 77% of the general population, with no variations according to age.

Objective To evaluate the nutritional status and behavior of the surgical wound following cheiloplasty.Setting Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo (HRAC/USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.Participants Forty-five nursing children aged 3 to 13 months old, either bottle-fed or spoon-fed, submitted to cheiloplasty during the study period.Results The results did not demonstrate significant differences between the study groups regarding gender, age, nutritional status, and condition of the surgical wound. Upon completion of the study, the infants of both groups were eutrophic, presenting increase in growth and development, with no hematoma, significant edema, sutural dehiscence, bleeding, or infection at the operated area.Conclusions Both kinds of nursing, spoon- and bottle-feeding, had the same influence on nutritional status and wound condition in both study groups. We suggest that bottle-feeding should be tried in patients in the postoperative period of cheiloplasty, because this method was used after surgery without causing any damage to the lip surgical wound.

This review analyzes the most relevant studies on current surgical strategies to treat glaucoma patients with cataracts.