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The bakery industry generates substantial food waste, leading to global environment pollution and economic losses. However, these by-products contain valuable bioactive compounds, such as melanoidins, which are brown pigmented compounds with significant antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, making them ideal functional ingredient. This study aimed to evaluate the optimal enzymatic extraction of melanoidins from bread crust using different proteolytic enzymes: pronase E, serine-endo-protease (SP), metalloenzyme protease (MP) and endoprotease papain enzyme (EP). While the yield of melanoidins from MP and EP was lower than that of pronase E, SP yield was significantly higher. No cytotoxicity of bioaccessible, gastrointestinal and colonic fractions was observed in the cell lines Caco-2, HUVEC and SHSY5Y. The antioxidant properties and ability to stabilize the hydroxyl radical were characterized in bioaccessible fractions of the four melanoidins extracts. Moreover, melanoidins positively influenced the intestinal microbiota by increasing beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, while reducing non-beneficial bacteria such as Bacteroides spp. and Clostridium leptum, with particularly significant results for SP and EP enzyme extracts. In conclusion, SP and EP enzymes appear to be viable alternatives to pronase E for obtaining melanoidin extracts as functional ingredients. These enzymes offer potential cost advantages and contribute to the sustainable utilization of bakery by-product melanoidins in various food applications. Implementing these alternatives could help to reduce food waste, environmental pollution and economic losses in the bakery industry while promoting the use of valuable bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Over the last few years the treatment choices in chemotherapy have included the 'classic' drugs, such as 5-fluorouracil, capecitabine, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan, and the more modern monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) [...], Increased oxidative stress and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity have been reported in cancer, but their relationship with chemotherapy remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to examine wether the chemotherapy treatments used in colorectal cancer had an additional effect on oxidative stress and on IDO activity. Plasma samples were collected from 27 colorectal cancer patients on cytostatic treatment, 27 with cytostatic drugs plus monoclonal antibodies (cytostatic-Mabs) and 15 non-treated patients. All patients with colorectal cancer had high plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), thioredoxin (Trx) levels, and elevated IDO activity in plasma (IDOp) and in dendritic cells (IDOc). This study shows that treatment with cytostatics have an effect on oxidative stress by increasing MDA levels and by decreasing Trx levels and IDO activity. However, treatment with cytostatic-Mabs showed no effect on MDA levels but decreased Trx levels, and the IDO activity showed values similar to the healthy group. Significant correlations between plasma IDO activity and the levels of Trx (r = 0.2062, p < 0.05) and MDA (r = 0.2873, p < 0.005) were observed. Furthermore, our study suggests that IDO activity measured as kynurenine levels could be used as a marker of the response to the chemotherapy treatments, although further studies are necessary. Key words: thioredoxin, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenasa, colorectal cancer, chemotherapy. Une augmentation du stress oxydant et de l'activite de l'indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) a ete rapportee dans le cancer, mais leurs relations a la chimiotherapie sont inconnues. Le but de cette etude etait d'examiner si des traitements de chimiotherapie utilises dans le cancer colorectal exercaient des effets supplementaires sur le stress oxydant et l'activite de l'IDO. Des echantillons de plasma ont ete recueillis de 27 patients atteints de cancer colorectal soumis a un traitement cytostatique, 27 patients soumis a un traitement cytostatique combine a des anticorps monoclonaux et 15 patients non soumis a une chimiotherapie. Les niveaux de malondialdehyde (MDA) et de thioredoxine (Trx) plasmatiques, ainsi que l'activite de l'IDO du plasma et des cellules dendritiques etaient eleves chez tous les patients atteints de cancer colorectal. Cette etude montre qu' un traitement a l'aide d' agents cytostatiques exerce un effet sur le stress oxydant en augmentant les niveaux de MDA et en diminuant les niveaux de Trx et d' activite de l'IDO. Cependant, le traitement combine d' agents cytostatiques et d'anticorps monoclonaux n'avait pas d'effet sur les niveaux de MDA mais diminuait les niveaux de Trx, alors que l'activite de l'IDO etait similaire a celle du groupe sain. Des correlations significatives entre l'activite de l'IDO plasmatique et les niveaux de Trx (r = 0,2062, p < 0,05) et de MDA (r = 0,2873, p < 0,005) ont ete observees. De plus, notre etude suggere que l'activite de l'IDO mesuree par les niveaux de kynurenine pourrait etre utilisee comme marqueur de la reponse a la chimiotherapie, quoique d' autres etudes soient encore necessaires. Mots-cles : thioredoxine, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, cancer colorectal, chimiotherapie. [Traduit par la Redaction]